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CLB 20703

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Guidelines For Lab Report

Contents of Lab Report

� Lab report should cover:

�Summary (5%)

�Results & Tutorial (15%)

�Discussion (20%)

�Conclusions & Recommendations (5%)

�References & Appendices (5%)

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Contents of Lab Report (cont’d)

� Summary:

�Brief review on the objectives, main results, discussion and conclusions of the experiment

� Results:

�List the data collected from experiment in table

� Tutorial:

�Show the answers and solutions of the tutorial questions

Contents of Lab Report (cont’d)

� Discussion:

�Data analysis and discussion on results/findings

� Conclusions & Recommendations:

�Summary of the results and suggestions for future improvement

� References:

�Compulsory, but no limitation for the num. of ref.

� Appendices:

�Attachments of calculation, data or relevant info

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Tables and Figures

� Tables:

�All tables must be numbered using Arabic numeric (e.g. Table 1, Table 2…)

�A caption (title) should be positioned at the top of the table

� Figures:

�All figures must be numbered using Arabic numeric (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2…)

�A caption (title) should be positioned at the bottom of the figure

Mark Allocation

43. Steam generation

20Total

45. Centrifugal compressor

44. Reaction turbine

42. Performance of a steam plant

41. Refrigeration cycle

Mark (%)Experiment

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1. Refrigeration Cycle

1. Refrigeration Cycle (cont’d)

� Point 1: Point of intersection of the

isobars for Pe with the isotherms for the

temperature T5 of evaporator

� Point 2: Point of intersection of the

isobars for Pc with the isotherms for the

temperature T7 of compressor discharge

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1. Refrigeration Cycle (cont’d)

� Point 3: Lies on the point of intersection of isobars for Pc with the steam content curve

x = 0 (saturated-liquid)

� Point 4: From point 3, vertically downwards

as far as the point of intersection with the isobars for Pe

1. Refrigeration Cycle (cont’d)

� Coefficient of Performance (COP):

12

410

hh

hh

W

qCOP

−

−==

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1. Refrigeration Cycle (cont’d)

� Heat transfer in evaporator:

� Heat transfer in condenser:

� Compressor pressure ratio:

410hhq −=

23hhqc −=

Pe

Pc=Ψ

2. Steam Plant

� Quality of steam at boiler:

�hg = enthalpy of saturated-vapor at calorimeter temp T2

�hf = enthalpy of saturated-liquid at boiler P1

�hfg = enthalpy of evaporation at boiler P1

� hg, hf and hfg can be obtained from saturated

steam tables of water

fg

fg

h

hhx

−=

7

2. Steam Plant (cont’d)

� Boiler efficiency:

�h1 = enthalpy of saturated/superheated-vapor at boiler P1 and T1

�hf = enthalpy of saturated-liquid at boiler P1

� h1 and hf can be obtained from saturated/

superheated steam tables of water

Q

hhm fs

b

)( 1 −=η

2. Steam Plant (cont’d)

� Power output of the engine:

� Rankine cycle efficiency:

60

)(2 21 NFFRW

−=

π

)(1 fs

Rhhm

W

−=η

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2. Steam Plant (cont’d)

� Thermal efficiency:

�h3 = enthalpy of saturated-liquid at condensate temperature T5

)(3

hhmQ

W

fs

th−+

=η

3. Steam Generation

� Heat transfer rate to water and steam:

�mw = feed water mass flow rate

�h1 = enthalpy of saturated-liquid at T1

�h2 = enthalpy of saturated-vapor/superheated-vapor at P2 and T2

� h1 and h2 can be obtained from saturated/ superheated steam tables of water

( )12 hhmQ w −=

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3. Steam Generation (cont’d)

� Fuel heat rate:

�Vs = fuel volumetric flow rate

�GCV = gross calorific value of fuel = 119 MJ/m3

� Efficiency of steam generator:

GCVVQ sf ×=

fQ

Q=η

4. Reaction Turbine

� Plot the following turbine curves for different sets of flow rates:

�Torque vs. Speed

�Efficiency vs. Speed

�Pressure vs. Speed

�Electrical Power vs. Speed

� Determine the maximum torque, efficiency, pressure and electrical power for each curve

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5. Centrifugal Compressor

� Plot the following curves for different

speeds:

�Pressure vs. Flow Rate

�Efficiency vs. Flow Rate

�Temperature vs. Flow Rate

� Determine the maximum efficiency and

the flow rate for each speed from the

curves

5. Centrifugal Compressor (cont’d)

� Volumetric flow rate:

� Hydraulic power:

� Efficiency:

)3600()100(2

4

2

ρ

π pdQ

∆=

3600

)(100 21 QdpdpPhyd

+=

%100el

hyd

P

P=η