Jim X. Chen

Guide to Graphics Software Tools

With 49 niustrations

:.>- Ä INCLUDES * ^ ^ CD-ROM

Springer

Contents

Preface

Part I: A Shortcut to Computer Graphics Principles

Chapter 1 Objecto and Models

1.1 Graphics Models and Libraries - - - - - - - - - - - - /

1.2 OpenGL Programming 2

Understanding Example 1.1 3

1.3 Frame Buffer, Scan-conversion, and Clipping 5

Scan-converting Lines 6 Scan-converting Curves, Triangles, and Polygons 11 Scan-converting Characters 12 Clipping 12

1.4 Attributes and Antialiasing 13

Area Sampling 13 Antialiasing a Line with Weighted Area Sampling 14

1.5 Double-buffering for Animation - - - - - - -16

X Contents

Chapter 2 Transformation and Viewing

2.1 Geometrie Transformation - - - - - 21

2.2 2D Transformation 22

2D Translation 22 2D Rotation 23 2D Scaling 24 Compositum of 2D Transformations 25

2.3 3D Transformation and Hidden-surface Removal - - - 30

3D Translation, Rotation, and Scaling 30 Transformation in OpenGL 32 Hidden-surface Removal 37 Collision Detection 38 3D Models: Cone, Cylinder, and Sphere 38 Composition of 3D Transformations 43

2.4 Viewing 48

2D Viewing 48 3D Viewing 49 An Example of Viewing in OpenGL 53

Chapter 3 Color and Lighting

3.1 Color 55

RGB Mode and Index Mode 56

Eye Characteristics and Gamma Correction 57

3.2 Color Interpolation - - 58

3.3 Lighting - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60

Lighting Components 60 OpenGL Lighting Model 65

3.4 Vtsible-Surface Shading 71

Back-Face Culling 71 Polygon Shading Models 73 Ray Tracing and Radiosity 74

Contents XI

Chapter 4 Blending and Texture Mapping

4.1 Blending 77

OpenGL Blending Factors 78 Transparency and Hidden-Surface Removal 79 Antialiasing 81 Fog 81

4.2 Images - 83

4.3 Texture Mapping 84

Pixel and Texel Relations 84 Texture Objects 86 Texture Coordinates 88

Chapter 5 Advanced Topics

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Graphics Libraries - - - - 92

5.3 Visualization - . . . . 92

Interactive Visualization and Computational Steering 92 Data Visualization: Dimensions and Data Types 93 Parallel Coordinates 95

5.4 Modeling and Rendering - 96

Curves and Surfaces 97 Sweep Representations 97 Instances 97 Constructive Solid Geometry 97 Procedural Models 98 Fractals 98 Particle Systems 98 Image-based Modeling and Rendering 100

5.5 Animation and Simulation 101

Physics-Based Modeling and Simulation 102 Real-time Animation and Simulation 104 The Efficiency of Modeling and Simulation 107

XÜ Contents

5.6 Virtual Reality 108

5.7 Graphics on the Internet: Web3D 110

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) 110 Java3D 110

Part II: Computer Graphics Software Tools

Chapter 6 Low-Level Graphics Libraries

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 OpenGL and Mesa 111

6.3 Direct3D/DirectX 112

6.4 PHIGS and GKS-3D 112

6.5 QuickDraw3D andXGL 112

Chapter 7 Visualization

7.1 Introduction 113

7.2 Multipurpose Visualization Tools - - - 114

7.3 Volume Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

7.4 Vector Field and Fluid Flow 115

7.5 Large Data Sets - - 715

Chapter 8 Modeling and Rendering

8.1 Modeling 117

Contents Xlll

8.2 Rendering - 117

8.3 Multipurpose Tools: Modeling, Rendering, and Animation 118

Chapter 9 Animation and Simulation

9.1 Animation 119

9.2 Simulation 120

Chapter 10 Virtual Reality

10.1 Virtual Reality 121

Chapter 11 Web3D Tools and Networked Environments

11.1 Web3D 123

11.2 Distributed Interactive Simulation 123

11.3 Synchronization in a DIS 124

The Clock Reckoning 125

Chapter 12 3D File Formats

12.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127

12.2 3D File Formats 128

12.3 3D Programming Tool Libraries 129

12.4 3D Authoring Tools 129

12.5 3D File Format Converters 129

Built-In and Plug-in VRML Exporters 130 Independent 3D File Format Converters 130

12.6 References 131

xiv Contents

Appendix: Graphics Software Tools

A.I. Graphics Tools Listed by Categories - 137

A.II. Alphabetical Listing and Description of Graphics Tools 150

^3 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

20-sim (Simulation)

3DBuilderPro (Modeling)

3D Canvas (Modeling)

3D Choreographer (Animation)

3D Dreams/Shells 3D Author (Web3D)

3D Exploration (Web3D)

3D Grapher (Simulation)

3D ImpactPro (Web3D)

3D Instant Website (Web3D)

3D Invigorator (Modeling)

3D Magic (Web3D)

3D MeNow (Modeling)

3D Studio Max (Modeling)

3D Studio VIZ (Modeling)

3D Styler (rendering)

3D Win (File Converter)

3Danywhere (Web3D)

3DField (Visuaüzation)

3Dom (Modehng)

3DVVIEWNIX (Visuaüzation)

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152

153

154

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157

160

161

162

164

165

166

166

167

168

169

171

171

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173

A

21. AC3D (Modeling) 176

Contents XV

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31 .

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41 .

42.

AccuRender (Rendering)

AccuTrans 3D (File Converter)

ACIS 3D Toolkit (Modeling)

ActiveWorlds (VR)

Active Dimension (Modeling)

Adobe Dimensions (Rendering)

AIR (Rendering)

Aladdin (Modeling)

Alice (VR)

Amapi 3D (Modeling)

Amira (Visualization)

Amorphium (Modeling)

Analyze (Visualization)

Anfy 3D (Web3D)

Anim80R (Modeling)

Animation Master (Modeling)

Animation Stand (Animation)

Arius 3D (Modeling)

ARTlantis Render (Rendering)

AVS (Visualization)

AutoCAD2000 (Modeling)

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180

182

184

185

186

187

188

190

191

193

195

197

201

202

203

206

208

210

211

213

B

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

b3d Studio (Animation)

bCAD (Modeling)

Behemot Graphics Editor (Modeling)

Beyond 3D (Modeling)

Blender (Rendering, animation, modeling)

Blueberry (Modeling)

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215

217

218

219

221

XVI Contents

49. BMRT (Rendering) 222

50. Body Paint 3D (Modeling) 223

51. Breeze Designer (Modeling) 225

52. Bryce 3D (Rendering, modeling, animation) 227

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61 .

62.

63.

64.

Calimax Modeller (Modeling)

Carrera Studio (Modeling)

Cinema 4D (Rendering)

Clay Works (Modeling)

Corel Dream 3D (Modeling)

Cosmo Create (Web3D)

Cosmo Worlds (Web3D)

Cryonics (VR)

CrystalGraphics Power Plugin (Web3D)

Crossroads (File Converter)

Cult3D (Web3D)

CyberMotion 3D Designer (Modeling)

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232

233

234

234

235

237

236

238

240

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71 .

72.

73.

74.

Deep Paint 3D (Modeling)

DesignCAD 3000 (Modeling)

DesignStudio (Modeling)

Design Workshop Pro (Modeling)

Dice (Visualization)

Director 8.5 Shockwave Studio (Web3D)

DirectX/Direct3D (Low-level Library)

DIVE (VR)

DIVERSE (VR)

DMesh (Modeling)

241

243

245

246

247

247

248

251

252

253

75. Draw3D (Modeling) 255

76. Easymodel (Modeling) 256

77. Effect3D (Modeling) 257

78. Electriclmage Universe (Modeling) 258

79. Emotion 3D (Web3D) 259

80. Enliten (Visualization) 260

81. Ensight (Visualization) 262

82. EON Studio (Simulation) 264

83. Extreme 3D (Web3D) 266

84. EZ-Motion (Web3D) 267

85. FAST (Visualization) 268

86. Ferret (Visualization) 269

87. Fieldview (Visualization) 270

88. Flesh (Modeling) 271

89. Form-Z (Modeling) 272

90. Genesis3D (Simulation) 274

91 . Geometique (Modeling) 275

92. Geomview (Visualization) 276

93. GKS-3D (Low-level Library) 278

94. Giram (Modeling) 280

95. GL Studio (Simulation) 281

96. GL4Java (Low-level Library) 281

97. GNUPlot (Visualization) 283

98. Grafitti (Modeling) 284

XVÜi Contents

99. GSLib (Modeling) 285

100. Guru 3D-Converter (File Converter) 285

_

101. HotMedia (Web3D) 286

102. Houdini (Modeling) 287

103. HyperReality/HyperSpace (Web3D) 288

104. HyperFun (Modeling) 288

i 105. Internet Character Animator (Web3D) 290

106. IDL (Visualization) 291

107. Illusion (Rendering) 293

108. Image Modeler (Modeling) 294

109. Imagine (Modeling) 295

110. Infini-D (Part ofCarrera Studio) 297

111. Inspire3D (Modeling) 299

112. Insta 3D Pro (Web3D) 301

113. InterChange (File Converter) 302

114. Internet Scene Assembler (Web3D) 303

115. Internet Space Builder (Web3D) 305

116. IRIS Explorer (Visualization) 307

117. iSpace (Web 3D) 309

118. Java3D(VR) 310

119. Jet 3D (Simulation) 311

120. Jig (Rendering) 314

121. J/View 3Dpro (Visualization) 315

Contents xix

122. K-3D (Modeling) 316

123. Khoros (Visualization) 317

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

LandForm (Modeling)

Lattice Designer (Modeling)

Legus3D (VR)

LightScape (Rendering)

LightWave 3D (Rendering)

Lightworks (Rendering)

Lipservice (Modeling)

LithTech (LDS) (Simulation)

LS-DYNA (Simulation)

LSSVista (Modeling)

Lume Tools (Modeling)

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319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

329

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136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

MapRender3D (Rendering)

Materialize 3D (File Converter)

Mathematica (Visualization)

Matlab (Visualization)

Maxtraxü (Modeling)

Maya (Modeling)

Mental Ray (Rendering)

Merlin 3D (Modeling)

Mesa (Low-level Library)

Meshwork (Modeling)

MGF (Rendering)

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332

334

334

336

338

339

340

342

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344

XX Contents

N

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

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155.

156.

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158.

159.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

MicroStation (Modeling)

MicroSystem 3D Tools (Low-level Library)

MilkShape 3D (Modeling)

MindsEye (Modeling)

Mirai (Simulation)

ModelMagic 3D (Modeling)

Molecules-3D (Modeling)

Moray (Modeling)

Motiongang (Animation)

Motivate 3D (Animation)

MR Toolkit (VR)

MultigenPro (Modeling)

Mvox (Visualization)

Natural Scene Designer (Rendering)

Ncar (Visualization)

Nemo (Web3D)

Nendo (Modeling)

Netlmmerse (Simulation)

Now3D (Modeling)

NuGraf (File Converter)

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348

349

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

362

363

364

366

367

\

166. OpenDX (Visualization)

167. Open Inventar (Visualization)

168. OpenGL (Low-level Library)

169. OpenGL For Java (Low-level Library)

170. OpenGL Volumizer (Visualization)

171. OpenWorlds (Web3D)

369

369

370

281

371

372

172. Orgamca (Modeling) 374

173.

174.

175.

176.

177.

178.

179.

180.

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

189.

PageDive (Web3D)

Painter 3D (Modeling)

Panard Vision (Rendering)

Panorama Tools (Web3D)

Paraform Modeling)

PHIGS (Low-level Library)

PhotoModeler (Modeling)

Plot 3D (Simulation)

Polytrans (File Converter)

Poser4 (Animation)

PovLab (Modeling)

PovRay (Rendering)

Pro-Engineer (Modeling)

ProPak 3D (Web3D)

ProtoCAD (Modeling)

Pv3 (Visualization)

PV-Wave (Visualization)

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376

377

380

381

383

385

386

387

388

389

390

392

392

394

394

396

190. Quick3D (File Converter) 396

191. QuickDraw 3D (Low-level Library) 398

192. Radiance (Rendering) 398

193. Ray Dream Studio (Part of Carrera Studio) 399

194. Raygun 3 (Rendering) 394

195. Rayshade (Rendering) 401

XXÜ Contents

196. Realax VR Studio (Modeling) 402

197. Realflow (Modeling) 402

198. RealiMation (Simulation) 404

199. Realsoft 3D (Modeling) 404

200. Reflex|Drama (Modeling) 406

201. ReelMotion (Simulation) 407

202. RenderDrive (Rendering) 409

203. RenderMan (Rendering) 409

204. RenderPark (Rendering) 411

205. RenderWare (Rendering) 412

206. Renoir (Modeling) 414

207. Rhino3D (Modeling) 415

208. Room Designer/VirtuaBD (Modeling) 417

209. ROSS (Visualization) 418

210. RXscene (Modeling) 419

211. Sart (Rendering) 420

212. STK (Visualization) 421

213. Sced (Modeling) 422

214. SciAn (Visualization) 424

215. Sculpt3D (Modeling) 426

216. Shave (Modeling) 427

217. Shout3D (Web3D) 428

218. Simply3D (Web3D) 430

219. Simul8 (Simulation) 431

220. SketchUp (Modeling) 432

221. SoftF/X (Modeling) 433

222. Softimage (Modeling) 434

Contents XXÜi

T

223. Softy 3D (Modeling) 435

224. SolidBuilder (Modeling) 436

225. SolidThinking (Modeling) 442

226. Star-CD (Visualization) 445

227. Strata 3D Pro (Modeling) 447

228. StudioTools (Modeling) 448

229. Summit3D(VR) 449

230. Superficie (Rendering) 449

231. Swift3D (Web3D) 450

232. Tecplot (Visualization) 452

233. Terragen (Rendering) 455

234. Texture Lab - Tiling Tools (Rendering) 457

235. TrueSpace (Modeling) 459

236. TurboCAD (Modeling) 459

Ü

237. UleadCool3D(Web3D) 460

238. UnrealEd (Modeling) 461

239. Unrealty(VR) 462

240. Varkon (Modeling) 464

241. Vecta3D-Max (Rendering) 466

242. VectorWorks (Modeling) 466

243. Vega (Simulation) 468

244. VFleet (Rendering) 469

245. View3D (Visualization) 470

246. Vis5D (Visualization) 472

XXIV Contents

W

X

z

247. VisAD (Visualization) 474

248. Visviva (Modeling) 477

249. VisuaB (Visualization) 479

250. VizStream (Web3D) 480

251. VolVis (Visualization) 482

252. VoxBlast (Visualization) 482

253. VP-Sculpt (Modeling) 484

254. VR Charts (Visualization) 485

255. VREK(VR) 486

256. VRML (VR) 369

257. vrTool(VR) 486

258. VTK (Visualization) 487

259. Vue dEsprit (Rendering) 489

260. Wilbur (File Format) 490

261. WorldUp (Simulation) 495

262. WorldBuilder (Modeling) 492

263. WorldToolKit (VR) 494

264. Xara 3D (Web3D) 496

265. XGL (Low-level Library) 497

266. ZBrush (Rendering) 497