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GRUNDFOS SP ENGINEERING MANUAL
23
45
1 In
tro
du
ctio
n
2 W
ater
su
pp
ly2.
1 R
eso
urc
es .
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92.
2 G
rou
nd
wat
er..
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92.
2.1
Gro
un
dw
ater
wel
ls..
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9
2.2.
2 R
iver
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
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92.
2.3
Gro
un
dw
ater
req
uir
emen
t...
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10
2.2.
4
Req
uir
ed r
aw/w
ell w
ater
an
d w
ater
tre
atm
ent
cap
aci
ty .
. . .
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. .
112.
2.5
Wel
l yie
ld a
nd
op
erat
ion
al e
ffici
ency
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122.
3 Su
rfa
ce w
ater
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14
2.3.
1 Fr
om
fre
sh w
ater
so
urc
es..
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142.
3.2
Fro
m t
he
sea
an
d s
alt
wat
er s
ou
rces
....
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14
3 A
pp
lica
tio
ns
3.1
Fr
esh
wat
er s
up
ply
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173.
2
Dew
ater
ing
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193.
2.1
Min
ing
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193.
3
Ho
rizo
nta
l ap
plic
atio
n..
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. 20
3.4
A
ir/g
as
in w
ater
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203.
5
Co
rro
sive
wat
er (
sea
wat
er)
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223.
6
Ho
t w
ater
an
d g
eoth
erm
al w
ater
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. 23
3.7
B
oo
ster
mo
du
les
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24
4 P
um
ps
4.1
Pu
mp
pri
nci
ple
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274
.2
Wea
r p
art
s..
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28
4.3
Pu
mp
sel
ecti
on
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284
.4
Pum
p c
urv
es a
nd
to
lera
nce
s ..
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29
5 M
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
5.1
M
oto
r ty
pes
, gen
era
l des
crip
tio
n..
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335.
2
Mo
tor
cab
les
an
d jo
ints
, ref
eren
ce t
o d
rop
ca
ble
s..
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...
355.
3
Mo
tor
pro
tect
ion
dev
ices
...
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. 36
5.4
R
edu
cin
g t
he
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t...
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. 36
5.4
.1
Dir
ect-
on
-lin
e –
DO
L..
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375.
4.2
St
ar-
del
ta –
SD
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385.
4.3
A
uto
tra
nsf
orm
er –
AT
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395.
4.4
Pr
ima
ry r
esis
tor-
typ
e st
art
er, R
R..
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39
5.4
.5
Soft
sta
rter
– S
S ..
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395.
4.6
Fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rter
s (v
ari
ab
le s
pee
d d
rive
) ..
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4
05.
5
Op
erat
ion
wit
h f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er .
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4
15.
6
CU
E va
rib
le s
pee
d d
rive
fo
r SP
pu
mp
s ..
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43
6 P
ow
er s
up
ply
6.1
Po
wer
gen
erat
ion
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4
76
.2
Vo
lta
ge
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. 4
76
.2.1
V
olt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
...
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47
6.2
.2
Ove
rvo
lta
ge
an
d u
nd
ervo
lta
ge
....
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47
6.3
Fr
equ
ency
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48
6.4
V
ari
ab
le f
req
uen
cy d
rive
s..
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48
6.5
G
rid
co
nn
ecti
on
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49
6.6
C
urr
ent
asy
mm
etry
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50
7 In
sta
llat
ion
& o
per
atio
n7.
1
Wel
ls a
nd
wel
l co
nd
itio
ns.
....
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...
557.
2
Pum
p s
etti
ng
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56
7.3
Pu
mp
an
d m
oto
r se
lect
ion
....
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...
567.
3.1
Th
e d
uty
po
int
....
....
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56
Co
nte
nts
7.3.
2
Wel
l dia
met
er..
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. 57
7.3.
3
Wel
l yie
ld .
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..
577.
3.4
Pu
mp
effi
cien
cy .
....
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57
7.3.
5
Wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
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60
7.3.
6
Der
atin
g o
f su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor
....
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60
7.3.
7
Pro
tect
ion
ag
ain
st b
oili
ng
...
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6
17.
3.8
Sl
eeve
co
olin
g..
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. 6
17.
4
Ris
er p
ipe
sele
ctio
n..
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6
27.
5
Ca
ble
sel
ecti
on
an
d s
izin
g .
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63
7.6
H
an
dlin
g..
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65
7.6
.1
Pum
p /
mo
tor
ass
emb
ly .
....
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6
57.
6.2
C
ab
le s
plic
e/C
on
nec
tio
n o
f m
oto
r ca
ble
an
d d
rop
ca
ble
....
....
....
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...
65
7.6
.3
Ris
er p
ipe
con
nec
tio
ns
...
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66
7.7
Pu
mp
s in
pa
ralle
l op
erat
ion
....
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66
7.8
Pu
mp
s in
ser
ies
op
erat
ion
...
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6
67.
9
No.
of
sta
rt/s
top
s...
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. 6
77.
10
Pum
p s
tart
up
..
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6
77.
11
VFD
op
erat
ion
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67
7.12
G
ener
ato
r o
per
atio
n..
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67
8 C
om
mu
nic
atio
n8
.1
Gen
era
l in
tro
du
ctio
n .
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...
718
.2
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s a
nd
Net
wo
rkin
g T
ech
no
log
y...
....
....
....
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. 71
8.3
SC
AD
A s
yste
ms.
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. 72
8.3
.1
SCA
DA
ma
in p
art
s..
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. 72
8.3
.2
SCA
DA
fu
nct
ion
s ..
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..
728
.3.3
W
eb-h
ost
ed S
CA
DA
...
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..
738
.4
Net
wo
rkin
g b
asi
cs..
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. 74
8.4
.1
Net
wo
rkin
g t
op
olo
gy
....
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74
8.4
.2
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s p
roto
col
....
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...
758
.4.3
Fu
nct
ion
al p
rofi
le .
....
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..
758
.4.4
Th
e fi
eld
bu
s..
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...
758
.5
GEN
Ibu
s ..
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..
768
.5.1
B
ack
gro
un
d .
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76
8.5
.2
Tech
nic
al d
escr
ipti
on
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. 76
8.5
.3
Ca
blin
g g
uid
elin
es..
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....
. 77
8.6
G
run
dfo
s G
ENIb
us
pro
du
cts
for
SP A
pp
licat
ion
s ..
....
....
....
....
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....
78
9 T
rou
ble
sho
oti
ng
9
Tro
ub
lesh
oo
tin
g..
....
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...
81
10 A
cces
sori
es10
.1
Co
olin
g s
leev
es..
....
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8
310
.2
Co
rro
sio
n p
rote
ctio
n in
sea
wat
er .
....
....
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...
83
10.2
.1
Cat
ho
dic
pro
tect
ion
...
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..
83
10.2
.2
Ga
lva
nic
cat
ho
dic
pro
tect
ion
sys
tem
s..
....
....
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..
83
10.2
.3
Imp
ress
ed c
urr
ent
cath
od
ic p
rote
ctio
n s
yste
ms
....
....
....
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..
84
10.3
D
rop
ca
ble
s ..
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84
10.4
C
ab
le jo
ints
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
85
10.5
R
iser
pip
es .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 8
5
11 A
dd
itio
na
l in
form
atio
n11
A
dd
itio
na
l in
form
atio
n .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 8
7
12 I
nd
ex12
in
dex
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
8
8
67
Intr
od
uct
ion
1.
Intr
od
uct
ion
Serv
ing
ou
r co
mm
on
inte
rest
s
Th
is e
ng
inee
rin
g m
an
ua
l h
as
bee
n c
reat
ed w
ith
a s
pec
ific
focu
s o
n o
ne
of
Gru
nd
fos’
mo
st r
eco
gn
isa
ble
an
d
po
pu
lar
pu
mp
s: t
he
SP. W
hen
it w
as
crea
ted
in t
he
late
19
60
’s, t
his
bre
akt
hro
ug
h p
rod
uct
set
new
sta
nd
ard
s
wit
hin
du
rab
ilit
y, e
ffici
ency
, an
d c
on
stru
ctio
n in
th
in-p
late
sta
inle
ss s
teel
. Th
e n
um
ero
us
pro
du
ct t
ypes
, siz
es,
an
d c
on
fig
ura
tio
n p
oss
ibil
itie
s av
ail
ab
le t
od
ay s
erve
as
a t
esta
men
t to
th
e in
no
vati
ve n
atu
re o
f th
e o
rig
ina
l
SP p
um
ps.
Wo
rkin
g w
ith
SP
pu
mp
s o
n a
da
ily b
asi
s o
ften
giv
es r
ise
to lo
ts o
f d
iffer
ent
qu
esti
on
s. W
e h
ave
crea
ted
th
is e
n-
gin
eeri
ng
ma
nu
al t
o h
elp
yo
u q
uic
kly
an
d e
asi
ly fi
nd
th
e a
nsw
ers
to a
nu
mb
er o
f th
ese
qu
esti
on
s. W
e se
rve
ou
r
com
mo
n in
tere
sts
of
pro
vid
ing
th
e b
est
po
ssib
le S
P s
olu
tio
ns
an
d s
ervi
ce f
or
all
cust
om
ers.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at t
his
en
gin
eeri
ng
ma
nu
al i
s a
su
pp
lem
ent
to a
nd
no
t a
rep
lace
men
t fo
r p
rod
uct
dat
a b
oo
klet
s
an
d i
nst
alla
tio
n m
an
ua
ls. T
he
new
est
edit
ion
s o
f th
ese
pu
blic
atio
ns
are
alw
ays
the
mo
st v
alid
an
d m
ust
be
ad
her
ed t
o.
We
hav
e ta
ken
co
nsi
der
ab
le t
ime
an
d c
are
to
ma
ke t
he
pre
sen
tati
on
as
con
ven
ien
t a
nd
ea
sy t
o u
se a
s p
oss
ible
.
We
rea
lise,
ho
wev
er, t
hat
th
ere
is a
lway
s ro
om
for
imp
rove
men
t, a
nd
invi
te y
ou
to
co
mm
ent.
Ple
ase
co
nta
ct y
ou
r
loca
l Gru
nd
fos
rep
rese
nta
tive
if t
her
e a
re s
ub
ject
s yo
u w
ou
ld li
ke t
o s
ee c
ove
red
in f
utu
re e
dit
ion
s.
We
sin
cere
ly h
op
e th
at y
ou
fin
d t
his
ma
nu
al a
use
ful r
efer
ence
to
ol i
n y
ou
r w
ork
wit
h S
P p
um
ps.
Ken
th H
. Nie
lsen
Glo
ba
l pro
gra
m D
irec
tor,
Gru
nd
fos
Ma
na
gem
ent
A/S
89
2.
Wa
ter
Su
pp
ly
Wa
ter
sup
ply
2.1
Res
ou
rces
The
am
ou
nt
of
wat
er i
n t
he
wo
rld
is
con
sta
nt.
It
is
cha
ng
ing
po
siti
on
, q
ua
lity,
ph
ase
, et
c.,
bu
t it
is
con
-
sta
nt.
Sea
wat
er a
cco
un
ts f
or
ap
pro
x. 9
7.5%
of
all
wa
-
ter.
Fres
h w
ater
acc
ou
nts
for t
he
rem
ain
ing
2.5
%. T
wo
-
thir
ds
of
the
fres
h w
ater
is
bo
un
d a
s g
laci
ers,
po
lar
ice,
an
d s
no
w c
ove
r. Th
e re
ma
inin
g, l
ess
tha
n 1
% o
f a
ll
wat
er in
th
e w
orl
d, i
s so
meh
ow
ava
ilab
le in
diff
eren
t
sou
rces
fo
r m
an
kin
d t
o u
se.
Thes
e so
urc
es a
re:
• g
rou
nd
wat
er, s
ha
llow
or
dee
p u
nd
erg
rou
nd
aq
ui-
fers
of
wat
er
• s
urf
ace
wat
er, f
rom
riv
ers
or
lake
s.
In c
ase
no
fre
sh w
ater
is
ava
ilab
le, s
eaw
ater
or
con
-
tam
inat
ed w
ater
is t
reat
ed a
nd
use
d a
s fr
esh
wat
er.
2.2
Gro
un
dw
ater
Gro
un
dw
ater
is
ty
pic
ally
b
etw
een
25
a
nd
10
,00
0
yea
rs o
ld. B
efo
re it
rea
ches
th
e a
qu
ifer
, it
ha
s b
een
fil-
tere
d a
nd
exp
ose
d t
o b
iolo
gic
al t
reat
men
t o
n it
s w
ay
thro
ug
h t
he
vari
ou
s la
yers
of
the
gro
un
d. G
rou
nd
wa
-
ter
is t
her
efo
re u
sua
lly o
f h
igh
qu
alit
y a
nd
req
uir
es
littl
e o
r n
o t
reat
men
t b
efo
re it
is c
on
sum
ed.
2.2.
1 G
rou
nd
wat
er w
ells
Irri
gat
ion
an
d w
ater
su
pp
ly s
yste
ms
serv
ing
up
to
500
,00
0 c
on
sum
ers
an
d t
he
ad
jace
nt
ind
ust
ries
are
idea
lly s
up
plie
d b
y g
rou
nd
wat
er. P
ollu
tio
n-f
ree
aq
ui-
fers
larg
er t
ha
n 6
00
km
2 are
no
rma
l. 75
to
150
wel
l-in
-
take
s sp
rea
d o
n t
he
diff
eren
t a
qu
ifer
s w
ill p
rovi
de
the
mo
st
envi
ron
men
tally
-fri
end
ly,
safe
st
an
d
relia
ble
wat
er s
ou
rces
. Fo
r w
ater
wo
rks
serv
ing
mo
re t
ha
n 1
mill
ion
co
nsu
mer
s, a
n a
dd
itio
na
l so
urc
e su
ch a
s ri
v-
erb
an
k fi
ltra
tio
n,
rive
r d
am
s, o
r d
esa
linat
ion
sh
ou
ld
be
con
sid
ered
.
The
ind
ivid
ua
l w
ells
are
to
be
exte
nd
ed i
nto
old
er
gro
un
dw
ater
at
po
lluti
on
-fre
e d
epth
s w
hen
ext
ract
-
ing
fo
r d
rin
kin
g w
ater
. Irr
igat
ion
wel
ls c
an
ea
sily
use
wat
er f
rom
th
e u
pp
er a
qu
ifer
, th
e se
con
da
ry a
qu
ifer
,
wit
h s
ligh
tly
po
llute
d w
ater
qu
alit
y. T
he
gro
un
dw
a-
ter
leve
l w
ill v
ary
ove
r th
e se
aso
ns,
bu
t is
to
be
re-
spec
ted
on
th
e ye
arl
y b
asi
s, a
s th
e m
axi
mu
m r
emo
v-
ab
le q
ua
nti
ty is
sim
ilar
to w
hat
is c
reat
ed e
very
yea
r.
If g
rou
nd
wat
er l
evel
s a
re p
erm
an
entl
y lo
wer
ed,
a
wat
er s
up
ply
dis
ast
er w
ith
an
incr
easi
ng
sa
linit
y a
nd
oth
er u
nd
esir
ed s
ub
sta
nce
s ca
n b
e ex
pec
ted
.
Fig
. 1 G
rou
nd
wa
ter
wel
l wit
h s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p
2.2.
2 R
iver
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
In r
iver
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
wel
ls, t
he
wel
l is
pla
ced
nea
rby
a r
iver
. Usi
ng
th
is m
eth
od
, th
e ri
ver
wat
er i
s fi
lter
ed
thro
ug
h t
he
gro
un
d.
This
pro
cess
is
a n
atu
ral
ad
di-
tio
n t
o a
dir
ect
inta
ke p
lan
t n
eed
ing
ca
pa
city
en
larg
e-
men
t. T
he
easy
-to
-cle
an
, p
re-fi
lter
ed w
ater
req
uir
es
less
fin
al t
reat
men
t a
nd
ext
ract
s w
ater
fro
m t
he
aq
-
uif
er w
hen
th
e ri
ver
leve
l ru
ns
low
.
Aft
er e
very
wet
per
iod
wit
h h
igh
riv
er w
ater
lev
els,
the
mu
d/d
un
g/s
edim
ents
of
the
rive
rbed
are
wa
shed
do
wn
stre
am
an
d p
art
ly r
epla
ced
by
new
sed
imen
ts.
This
nat
ura
l pro
cess
pro
vid
es p
erfe
ct c
on
dit
ion
s fo
r a
90
% r
edu
ctio
n o
f h
um
an
-in
du
ced
en
zym
es, v
iru
ses,
ba
cter
ia, p
ath
og
ens,
an
d s
o o
n. E
ach
wet
per
iod
wit
h
hig
h r
iver
wat
er l
evel
s a
lso
fills
th
e a
qu
ifer
s a
rou
nd
the
rive
r w
ith
wat
er, w
her
e it
is s
tore
d a
nd
rea
dy
for
1011
Wa
ter
sup
ply
Wa
ter
sup
ply
feed
ing
th
e ri
verb
an
k w
ells
wh
en t
he
rive
r w
ater
lev-
el r
un
s lo
w in
dry
sea
son
. Th
e st
ora
ge
of
rive
r w
ater
in
aq
uif
ers
cau
ses
less
wat
er s
tres
s o
n t
he
rive
r d
uri
ng
dry
sea
son
s.
Riv
erb
an
k w
ells
ca
n b
e co
nst
ruct
ed li
ke g
rou
nd
wat
er
wel
ls, o
r fr
om
7-8
m v
erti
cal c
asi
ng
s d
ug
do
wn
un
der
the
rive
rbed
. Th
ey c
an
be
sup
ple
men
ted
wit
h 8
-12
ho
rizo
nta
l in
ject
ed s
teel
scr
een
s o
r fi
lter
s fo
r se
di-
men
t-fr
ee w
ater
inta
ke.
Fig
. 2 R
iver
sid
e w
ell i
nst
alla
tio
ns
Fig
. 3 R
iver
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
Bac
teri
a, p
ath
ogen
s, e
tc. a
re t
rapp
ed b
y th
e
sedi
men
ts.
2.2.
3 G
rou
nd
wat
er r
equ
irem
ent
The
ba
sis
for
det
erm
inin
g t
he
gro
un
dw
ater
req
uir
e-
men
t fr
om
th
e w
ell fi
eld
s is
to
eva
luat
e th
e re
lati
on
-
ship
bet
wee
n t
he
wat
er s
tora
ge
volu
me
an
d t
he
fin
-
ish
ed w
ater
pro
du
ctio
n c
ap
aci
ty c
om
pa
red
to
pea
k
an
d d
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n.
To fi
nd
th
e p
eak
ho
url
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n, p
leas
e re
fer
to
the
MPC
-Bo
ost
er s
ecti
on
of
Gru
nd
fos
Win
CA
PS/W
eb-
CA
PS o
r fi
gu
res
4 a
nd
5.
Pum
p-o
ut
req
uir
emen
t
Wat
er is
use
d b
y m
an
y d
iffer
ent
typ
es o
f co
nsu
mer
s,
each
wit
h a
sp
ecifi
c co
nsu
mp
tio
n p
atte
rn. T
her
e a
re
ma
ny
met
ho
ds
of
calc
ula
tin
g t
he
ma
xim
um
wat
er
req
uir
emen
t, b
oth
ma
nu
al a
nd
co
mp
ute
rise
d o
nes
.
The
tab
le b
elo
w c
an
be
use
d f
or
rou
gh
ca
lcu
lati
on
of
the
wat
er r
equ
irem
ent
for:
• o
ffice
bu
ildin
gs
• re
sid
enti
al b
uild
ing
s in
cl. b
lock
s o
f fl
ats
• d
epa
rtm
ent
sto
res
• h
osp
ita
ls
• h
ote
ls.
Cat
ego
ryU
nit
sA
vera
ng
e
m3 /h
Dw
ellin
gs
2,0
00
un
its
70
Offi
ce b
uild
ing
s2,
00
0 e
mp
loye
es30
Dep
art
men
t st
ore
s2,
00
0 e
mp
loye
es55
Ho
tels
1,0
00
bed
s11
0
Ho
spit
als
1,0
00
bed
s8
0
Ma
xim
um
pea
k
loa
d (
wa
rm s
easo
n)
345
Fact
ors
fo
r ca
lcu
lati
ng
da
ily c
on
sum
pti
on
:
• M
inim
um
10
0 c
on
sum
ers
con
nec
ted
: Fa
cto
r 8
• M
inim
um
30
co
nsu
mer
s co
nn
ecte
d: F
act
or
4
• M
inim
um
10
co
nsu
mer
s co
nn
ecte
d: F
act
or
2.5
The
ma
xim
um
da
ily c
on
sum
pti
on
in
th
e ex
am
ple
ab
ove
will
be
fact
or
8 x
34
5 m
3 /h =
2,7
60
m3 /d
ay.
020
06
00
800
100
040
0
0
20406080100
Hot
els
Nu
mb
er o
f b
eds
Con
sum
pti
onm
3 /h
Hos
pit
als
Fig
. 4 P
eak
wa
ter
con
sum
pti
on
Fig
. 5 P
eak
wa
ter
con
sum
pti
on
Pea
k h
ou
rly
con
sum
pti
on
is
stat
ed, t
his
ca
n b
e co
n-
vert
ed in
to a
ssu
med
da
ily c
on
sum
pti
on
by
usi
ng
th
e
fact
ors
8/4
/2.5
.
2.2.
4
Req
uir
ed r
aw
/wel
l wat
er a
nd
w
ater
tre
atm
ent
cap
aci
ty
The
rela
tio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
wat
er s
tora
ge
an
d d
aily
con
sum
pti
on
illu
stra
tes
the
per
cen
tag
e o
f th
e d
aily
con
sum
pti
on
th
at i
s p
rese
nt
in s
tora
ge.
Wit
h t
his
per
cen
tag
e, f
ollo
w it
ho
rizo
nta
lly in
fig
. 6 t
o fi
nd
th
e
nec
essa
ry
per
cen
tag
e fo
r ra
w-w
ater
re
qu
irem
ent.
The
da
ily c
on
sum
pti
on
mu
ltip
lied
by
the
per
cen
tag
e
of
raw
-wat
er r
equ
irem
ent
pro
vid
es t
he
nec
essa
ry c
a-
pa
city
fro
m t
he
wel
l fiel
ds.
If a
tre
atm
ent
pla
nt
ha
s n
o c
lea
nw
ater
ta
nk
or
wat
er
tow
er,
the
raw
-wat
er a
nd
tre
atm
ent
cap
aci
ty m
ust
be
equ
al
to t
he
ma
xim
um
ho
url
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n,
i.e.
Qra
w-w
ater
= 3
45
m3 /h
in t
he
exa
mp
le.
If t
he
trea
tmen
t p
lan
t h
as
a c
lea
n-w
ater
ta
nk
or
a w
a-
ter
tow
er c
ap
aci
ty o
f 2,
760
m3 ,
pea
k lo
ad
sit
uat
ion
s
can
be
cove
red
fro
m t
he
rese
rvo
ir.
This
mea
ns
that
the
raw
-wat
er p
um
ps
can
ru
n c
on
sta
ntl
y a
rou
nd
th
e
clo
ck a
t 2,
760
/24
m3 /h
= 1
15 m
3 /h.
The
effec
tive
vo
lum
e o
f th
e cl
ean
-wat
er t
an
k a
nd
/or
wat
er t
ow
er a
nd
th
e m
axi
mu
m c
ap
aci
ty o
f th
e tr
eat-
men
t p
lan
t a
re c
ruci
al
for
inve
stm
ent
cost
s in
co
n-
nec
tio
n w
ith
gro
un
dw
ater
wel
ls.
In t
he
exa
mp
le, t
her
e is
a c
lea
n-w
ater
ta
nk
of
1,6
00
m3 .
This
mea
ns
that
th
e w
ater
res
ervo
ir c
om
pri
ses
1,6
00
/2,7
60
x 1
00
= 5
8%
of
the
da
ily c
on
sum
pti
on
.
At
a m
axi
mu
m p
eak
con
sum
pti
on
of
345
m3 /h
an
d
a m
axi
mu
m c
on
sum
pti
on
of
2,76
0 m
3 /day
an
d w
ith
an
eff
ecti
ve c
lea
n-w
ater
ta
nk
volu
me
of
1,6
00
m3 , t
he
raw
-wat
er c
ap
aci
ty m
ust
be
at le
ast
2,7
60
x 7
.6/1
00
=
210
m3 /h
. 7.6
is t
ake
n f
rom
fig
. 2. T
his
will
giv
e a
ma
xi-
mu
m d
uty
tim
e o
f th
e ra
w-w
ater
pu
mp
s o
f 2,
760
/210
= 1
3 h
ou
rs/d
ay.
The
210
m3 /h
are
sp
lit u
p b
etw
een
at
lea
st t
hre
e to
fou
r w
ells
. In
ca
se o
f fe
wer
wel
ls, a
sta
nd
by
inst
alla
-
tio
n m
ust
be
ma
de.
1213
Wa
ter
sup
ply
Wa
ter
sup
ply
Fig
. 6 R
aw
-wa
ter
an
d t
rea
tmen
t ca
pa
city
(m
3 /h)
as
a
per
cen
tag
e a
f th
e d
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n (m
3 /da
y)
2.2.
5 W
ell y
ield
an
d o
per
atio
na
l effi
cien
cy
Each
wel
l h
as
spec
ific
cap
aci
ty,
con
sist
ing
of
m3 /h
for
each
met
re o
f d
raw
do
wn
of
the
pu
mp
ing
wa-
ter
leve
l. W
ith
yo
ur
raw
-wat
er r
equ
irem
ent,
yo
u a
re
ab
le t
o l
oa
d e
ach
wel
l to
ob
tain
th
e lo
wes
t av
era
ge
dra
wd
ow
n.
The
sma
ller
the
dra
wd
ow
n, t
he
sma
ller
the
tota
l hea
d. T
he
sma
ller
the
volt
ag
e d
rop
in p
ow
er
cab
les,
th
e b
ette
r th
e o
per
atio
na
l effi
cien
cy.
• O
verp
um
pin
g w
ill r
esu
lt i
n d
eep
dra
wd
ow
n.
This
giv
es ro
om
for
oxi
dat
ion
, res
ult
ing
in t
he
form
atio
n
of
och
re w
hic
h m
ay c
log
wel
l sc
reen
an
d p
um
p.
This
mea
ns
incr
ease
d s
ervi
ce c
ost
s fo
r w
ell
reg
en-
erat
ion
an
d p
oss
ibly
red
uce
d w
ell l
ife.
• O
verp
um
pin
g m
ean
s lo
wer
ing
of
the
wat
er le
vel o
f
the
aq
uif
er w
hic
h c
an
res
ult
in
ch
emic
al
cha
ng
es
an
d p
reci
pit
atio
n o
f h
eavy
met
als
. In
filt
rati
on
of
ni-
trat
e a
nd
pes
tici
des
in t
he
wat
er m
ay o
ccu
r, re
sult
-
ing
in in
crea
sed
exp
ense
s fo
r w
ater
tre
atm
ent.
The
mo
st c
om
mo
n c
au
se o
f o
verp
um
pin
g o
f a
wel
l or
aq
uif
er i
s in
crea
sed
wat
er c
on
sum
pti
on
. Th
is i
s co
v-
ered
by
incr
ease
d p
um
p c
ap
aci
ty o
r lo
ng
er d
uty
tim
e
of
the
gro
un
dw
ater
pu
mp
s w
ith
ou
t in
crea
sin
g t
he
catc
hm
ent
are
a o
r th
e n
um
ber
of
wel
ls.
Aq
uif
er lo
ad
Wh
en
pu
mp
ing
at
co
nst
an
t ca
pa
city
fo
r se
vera
l
ho
urs
, th
e d
yna
mic
wat
er le
vel i
n t
he
wel
l sh
ou
ld r
e-
ma
in f
air
ly c
on
sta
nt.
If t
he
leve
l is
low
ered
co
nsi
der
-
ab
ly, t
his
mea
ns
that
th
e a
mo
un
t o
f p
um
ped
wat
er
exce
eds
the
infl
ux
. If
the
leve
l dro
ps
fro
m y
ear
to y
ear,
the
qu
an
tity
of p
um
ped
wat
er s
ho
uld
be
red
uce
d a
nd
wat
er f
rom
oth
er a
qu
ifer
s sh
ou
ld b
e u
tilis
ed.
Wel
l lo
ad
Du
rin
g t
est
pu
mp
ing
, th
e a
mo
un
t o
f p
um
ped
wat
er
is i
ncr
ease
d a
t fi
xed
in
terv
als
wh
ich
will
res
ult
in
a
low
erin
g o
f th
e d
yna
mic
wat
er l
evel
. If
th
e d
raw
-
do
wn
is p
lott
ed a
ga
inst
incr
ease
d p
um
pin
g, a
ro
ug
h
pa
rab
ola
will
res
ult
.
Lin
ear
dra
wd
ow
n a
t m
od
erat
e fl
ow
s
At
mo
der
ate
flo
ws,
th
is m
ean
s th
at t
ypic
ally
an
in
-
crea
sed
am
ou
nt
of
wat
er o
f 1
m3 /h
will
res
ult
in a
n a
l-
mo
st li
nea
r in
crea
se in
th
e d
raw
do
wn
of
10 c
m/m
3 .
An
incr
ease
fro
m 1
0 t
o 2
0 m
3 /h w
ill c
on
seq
uen
tly
re-
sult
in a
low
erin
g o
f th
e w
ater
leve
l of
ap
pro
x. 1
m.
An
incr
ease
fro
m 1
0 t
o 3
0 m
3 /h w
ill g
ive
a lo
wer
ing
of
the
wat
er le
vel o
f a
pp
rox
. 2m
.
At
mo
der
ate
flo
ws,
th
e d
raw
do
wn
cu
rve
will
be
clo
se
to l
inea
r a
s th
e in
crea
sed
dra
wd
ow
n i
s d
ue
to fl
ow
resi
sta
nce
in s
cree
n s
etti
ng
.
Para
bo
lic
dra
wd
ow
n a
t la
rge
flo
ws
At
incr
easi
ng
ly la
rge
flo
ws,
a p
rog
ress
ivel
y in
crea
sin
g
fric
tio
na
l res
ista
nce
in s
cree
n s
etti
ng
an
d a
qu
ifer
will
giv
e a
pa
rab
olic
dra
wd
ow
n c
urv
e o
f th
e se
con
d d
e-
gre
e. T
his
mea
ns
a p
rog
ress
ivel
y fa
llin
g w
ater
leve
l in
the
wel
l wit
h in
crea
sed
pu
mp
ing
.
An
in
crea
se f
rom
80
to
90
m3 /h
will
giv
e a
n a
dd
i-
tio
na
l dra
wd
ow
n o
f a
pp
rox
. 5m
; fro
m 8
0 t
o 1
00
m3 /h
ap
pro
x. 1
1 m
, i.e
. mu
ch m
ore
th
an
at
mo
der
ate
flo
ws.
The
mo
st e
con
om
ic w
ell l
oa
d o
ccu
rs a
t a
flo
w w
her
e
the
dra
wd
ow
n c
urv
e g
oes
fro
m li
nea
r to
pro
gre
ssiv
e.
If t
he
wel
l yi
eld
is
no
t su
ffici
ent
to m
eet
the
wat
er
req
uir
emen
t, e
ven
by
pro
lon
ged
op
erat
ion
, th
e fo
l-
low
ing
sh
ou
ld b
e d
on
e:
• H
ave
a s
pec
ialis
t lo
ok
at t
he
pro
ble
m.
• H
ave
a s
up
ple
men
tary
wel
l dri
lled
.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at r
ule
s a
nd
reg
ula
tio
ns
may
va
ry f
rom
cou
ntr
y to
co
un
try.
Fig
. 7 D
yna
mic
wa
ter-
leve
l va
ria
tio
ns
by
test
pu
mp
ing
1415
Wa
ter
sup
ply
Wa
ter
sup
ply
2.3
Surf
ace
wat
er
2.3.
1 Fr
om
fre
shw
ater
so
urc
esSu
rfa
ce w
ater
is
usu
ally
ta
ken
fro
m l
ake
s o
r ri
vers
.
Un
like
gro
un
dw
ater
, it
is
no
t p
rote
cted
fro
m n
atu
re
or
hu
ma
n a
ctiv
itie
s, a
nd
tre
atm
ent
is t
her
efo
re a
l-
way
s n
eces
sary
. Su
rfa
ce w
ater
lev
el a
nd
qu
alit
y w
ill
vary
ove
r th
e se
aso
ns.
Fo
r ex
am
ple
, aft
er h
eavy
ra
in-
fall,
or
sno
w m
elt,
lots
of
solid
s a
nd
sa
nd
are
wa
shed
do
wn
stre
am
.
Thes
e sh
arp
an
d a
bra
ssiv
e m
iner
als
as
wel
l as
bio
de-
gra
da
ble
mat
eria
ls a
re t
o b
e se
ttle
d o
r sc
reen
ed o
ff
bef
ore
pu
mp
in
take
to
avo
id n
egat
ive
effec
ts o
n t
he
fin
al
wat
er t
reat
men
t p
roce
ss.
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
are
idea
l fo
r th
ese
ap
plic
atio
ns
wit
h p
erio
dic
un
con
-
tro
llab
ly h
igh
wat
er l
evel
s. N
ote
th
at p
ow
er c
ab
les
an
d e
lect
ric
equ
ipm
ent
mu
st b
e el
evat
ed t
o p
erm
a-
nen
tly
dry
loca
tio
ns.
Fig
. 8 S
ettl
ing
ta
nk
pri
nci
ple
For
mo
re p
erm
an
ent
inst
alla
tio
ns,
in
dir
ect
rive
rsid
e
infi
ltra
tio
n v
ia s
an
d o
r g
rave
l b
an
k fi
llin
gs
to i
nta
ke
casi
ng
s o
r ri
verb
an
k w
ells
are
rec
om
men
ded
. Th
is
nat
ura
l fi
lter
ing
im
pro
ves
the
wat
er
qu
alit
y a
nd
save
s u
p t
o 2
0%
on
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n,
chem
ica
ls
an
d t
esti
ng
at
fin
al t
reat
men
t.
Usi
ng
dir
ect
wat
er in
take
an
d s
tan
da
rd c
on
ven
tio
na
l
wat
er t
reat
men
t w
ill o
nly
res
ult
in
a m
icro
sco
pic
di-
vers
e b
iod
yna
mic
-ba
lan
ced
fa
un
a e
nte
rin
g t
he
ac-
com
pa
nyi
ng
pip
ewo
rk a
nd
ta
nk
syst
em.
The
fau
na
can
ra
ng
e fr
om
sin
gle
-cel
led
org
an
ism
s to
mill
ime-
tre-
size
d p
red
ato
rs. T
his
fau
na
mu
st b
e el
imin
ated
by
do
sin
g h
igh
lev
els
of
chlo
rin
e. D
irec
t w
ater
in
take
at
a t
emp
erat
e cl
imat
e w
ill r
equ
ire
chem
ica
l ove
rdo
sin
g
du
rin
g t
he
cold
est
sea
son
of
the
yea
r, w
hen
ch
emic
al
rea
ctio
ns
hav
e sl
ow
ed t
o n
earl
y in
act
ivit
y.
2.3.
2 Fr
om
sea
an
d s
alt
wat
er s
ou
rces
Co
ast
al s
eaw
ater
inta
ke s
ho
uld
be
pla
ced
wh
ere
the
low
est
salt
co
nte
nt
is e
xpec
ted
. In
th
e co
ast
al s
pla
sh-
ing
zo
ne,
a l
ot
of
wat
er e
vap
ora
tes
ma
kin
g t
he
salt
con
cen
trat
ion
of
rem
ain
ing
wat
ers
gre
ater
th
an
ou
t-
sid
e th
e sp
lash
ing
zo
ne.
In f
act
, it
can
be
up
to
tw
ice
as
gre
at.
This
ma
kes
it n
eces
sary
to
ext
end
th
e se
aw
ater
in
-
take
up
to
hu
nd
red
s o
f m
eter
s fr
om
th
e sp
lash
ing
zon
e to
ob
tain
th
e lo
wes
t sa
lt c
on
ten
t. T
his
typ
e o
f
inta
ke s
tru
ctu
re i
s g
ener
ally
ben
efici
al
wh
en i
nta
ke
cap
aci
ty e
xcee
ds
1,0
00
m3 /h
.
For
inta
ke c
ap
aci
ties
lo
wer
th
an
1,0
00
m3 /h
, co
r-
rosi
on
-sa
fe b
each
wel
ls a
nd
co
ast
al
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
wel
ls a
re r
eco
mm
end
ed. T
hes
e in
sta
llati
on
s ca
n p
ro-
vid
e sa
vin
gs
of
up
to
20
% p
er y
ear
on
co
sts
rela
ted
to
ma
inte
na
nce
, rep
air
, po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n a
nd
ch
emi-
cals
at
the
des
alin
atio
n p
lan
t.
Co
ast
al
ba
nk
filt
rati
on
wel
ls a
re c
on
stru
cted
lik
e ri
v-
erb
an
k fi
ltra
tio
n w
ells
, bu
t in
hig
her
co
rro
sio
n c
lass
es
to r
esis
t th
e im
pa
ct f
rom
th
e p
rese
nt
salt
s.
1617
3.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s
Ap
pli
cati
on
s
3.1
Fres
hw
ater
su
pp
lyTh
e su
pp
ly o
f fr
esh
wat
er f
or
dri
nki
ng
wat
er,
irri
ga
-
tio
n a
nd
va
rio
us
ind
ust
ria
l a
pp
licat
ion
s is
th
e m
ost
com
mo
n a
pp
licat
ion
fo
r su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s. P
um
ps
of
ma
ny
diff
eren
t d
esig
ns,
an
d m
ad
e fr
om
ma
ny
dif
-
fere
nt
mat
eria
ls c
an
be
use
d w
ith
a r
easo
na
bly
go
od
resu
lt h
ere.
Gru
nd
fos
SP p
um
ps
ma
de
of s
tain
less
ste
el E
N 1
.430
1/
AIS
I 30
4 a
re t
he
ob
vio
us
cho
ice
for
this
ap
plic
atio
n. I
f
the
wel
l is
ma
de
corr
ectl
y a
nd
pro
du
ces
clea
n, s
an
d-
free
wat
er, t
he
pu
mp
ca
n la
st f
or
ma
ny
yea
rs.
Ho
wev
er,
in s
om
e liv
esto
ck w
ater
ing
an
d i
rrig
atio
n
ap
plic
atio
ns,
th
e w
ater
qu
alit
y is
so
po
or
that
pu
mp
s
ma
de
of
sta
nd
ard
sta
inle
ss s
teel
mat
eria
l do
no
t su
r-
vive
ver
y lo
ng
. In
th
ese
case
s a
pu
mp
in
EN
1.4
40
1/
AIS
I 316
or
EN 1
.453
9/A
ISI 9
04
L st
ain
less
ste
el c
an
be
use
d.
Esti
mat
es f
or
a t
imef
ram
e fo
r ca
rryi
ng
ou
t se
vera
l
act
ivit
ies
are
fo
un
d i
n t
he
dia
gra
ms
bel
ow
. Th
ey i
n-
clu
de:
• th
e re
com
men
ded
ser
vice
per
iod
s ca
use
d b
y w
ear
an
d t
ear
• th
e ex
pec
ted
ser
vice
rep
air
co
st
• th
e lo
ss o
f effi
cien
cy in
th
e se
rvic
e p
erio
ds.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at t
he
dia
gra
ms
do
no
t re
flec
t lo
ss o
f ef-
fici
ency
ca
use
d b
y cl
og
gin
g f
rom
sed
imen
t o
r sc
ale
.
Serv
ice
inte
rva
ls f
or
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
are
su
bje
ct t
o w
ear
just
lik
e a
ll
oth
er p
um
ps.
Un
fort
un
atel
y, t
hei
r p
lace
men
t u
nd
er-
gro
un
d m
ake
s vi
ewin
g t
his
wea
r d
ifficu
lt.
The
dia
-
gra
m h
ere
ena
ble
s yo
u t
o c
alc
ula
te t
he
follo
win
g:
· W
hen
sh
ou
ld I
serv
ice
my
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p?
· H
ow
mu
ch e
ffici
ency
ha
s b
een
lo
st s
ince
th
e la
st
serv
ice?
· H
ow
mu
ch w
ill a
ren
ova
tio
n c
ost
(ap
pro
xim
atel
y)?
A n
um
ber
of
thin
gs
mu
st b
e d
eter
min
ed b
efo
reh
an
d.
They
incl
ud
e:
· W
ater
vel
oci
ty a
t th
e co
mp
on
ent
you
wis
h t
o t
est
· Th
e co
nd
itio
ns
rela
ted
to
pu
mp
mat
eria
l a
nd
th
e
pu
mp
ing
en
viro
nm
ent
· Th
e p
rese
nce
or
ab
sen
ce o
f so
lids
an
d a
gg
ress
ive
carb
on
dio
xid
e.
1819
Ap
pli
cati
on
sA
pp
lica
tio
ns
3.2
Dew
ater
ing
Dew
ater
ing
in
co
nn
ecti
on
wit
h m
inin
g a
pp
licat
ion
s
or
con
stru
ctio
n s
ites
is
oft
en d
on
e w
ith
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s. T
he
wat
er q
ual
ity
det
erm
ines
wh
eth
er t
he
pu
mp
can
be
a st
and
ard
EN
1.4
301
(AIS
I 30
4) p
um
p, o
r
if it
has
to
be
stai
nle
ss s
teel
of
a h
igh
er g
rad
e.
Wh
en
red
uci
ng
g
rou
nd
wat
er
leve
ls,
the
aqu
ifer
is
exp
ose
d t
o o
xyg
en,
crea
tin
g r
ust
an
d o
ther
ad
hes
ive
solid
s. T
hey
are
was
hed
ou
t an
d p
enet
rate
s th
e w
ell
scre
en, t
hen
pas
sin
g o
n t
o t
he
pu
mp
inle
t.
To m
ain
tain
pu
mp
per
form
ance
, th
e d
uty
po
int
is t
o
be
sele
cted
to
th
e ri
gh
t o
f th
e b
est
effici
ency
po
int.
The
hig
her
th
e ve
loci
ty in
sid
e th
e p
um
p, t
he
lon
ger
in-
terv
als
bet
wee
n s
ervi
ce c
an b
e. A
hig
h v
elo
city
pre
ven
ts
the
pu
mp
fro
m c
logg
ing
up
an
d lo
sin
g p
erfo
rman
ce. I
n
very
ad
hes
ive
mix
ture
s, i
t ca
n b
e b
enefi
cial
to
rem
ove
the
no
n-r
etu
rn v
alve
fro
m t
he
pu
mp
to
en
han
ce b
ack-
was
h o
f th
e p
um
p a
nd
pip
es a
fter
pu
mp
sto
pp
age.
3.2.
1 M
inin
g
Min
ing
is a
typ
ica
l dew
ater
ing
ap
plic
atio
n. H
ow
ever
,
the
wat
er q
ua
lity
is v
ery
oft
en a
gg
ress
ive
in r
elat
ion
to t
he
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p,
an
d h
igh
-gra
de
sta
inle
ss
stee
l is
reco
mm
end
ab
le.
A s
pec
ial
min
ing
ap
plic
atio
n i
s le
ach
min
ing
, w
her
e
an
ag
gre
ssiv
e liq
uid
is
use
d t
o d
isso
lve
the
min
era
ls
to b
e m
ined
. Th
ese
are
th
en p
um
ped
wit
h t
he
liqu
id
to t
he
surf
ace
an
d r
ecla
imed
.
On
e w
ay o
f d
oin
g t
his
is d
escr
ibed
in t
he
follo
win
g:
1. F
ind
th
e ch
lori
de
corr
osi
on
p
ote
nti
al
(ch
lori
de
equ
iva
len
t =
pp
m c
hlo
rid
e –
(0
.5 x
pp
m a
cid
)).
2. W
ith
th
is c
hlo
rid
e eq
uiv
alen
t, u
se fi
g. 1
0 t
o fi
nd
th
e
min
imu
m p
H v
alu
e ac
cep
tab
le f
or
EN 1
.453
9 (
AIS
I
90
4L)
sta
inle
ss s
teel
. If
th
e ill
ust
rati
on
in
dic
ates
that
th
ere
is a
hig
h c
orr
osi
on
ris
k, e
pox
y-co
atin
g o
f
the
mo
tor
is r
equ
ired
.
3. M
ost
po
wer
ca
ble
mat
eria
ls a
nd
ju
nct
ion
kit
s a
re
un
sta
ble
in
aci
dic
wat
ers.
If
po
ssib
le, u
se t
he
blu
e
Gru
nd
fos
TML
mo
tor
cab
le i
n f
ull
len
gth
to
th
e
jun
ctio
n b
ox
on
th
e su
rfa
ce.
4.
Inst
all t
he
pu
mp
cen
teri
ng
dev
ice
on
yo
ur
pu
mp
or
mo
tor
to e
nsu
re p
erfe
ct c
oo
ling
of
the
enti
re s
ur-
face
.
5. I
f co
rro
sio
n o
ccu
rs,
inst
all
ion
-exc
ha
ng
e u
nit
s to
bri
ng
do
wn
th
e ch
lori
de
con
ten
t, o
r in
sta
ll zi
nc
an
-
od
es a
s ca
tho
dic
pro
tect
ion
.
Fig
. 9 R
eco
mm
end
ed s
ervi
ce in
terv
als
fo
r su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s
The
cha
rt b
elo
w is
use
ful a
s a
gu
idel
ine
to d
eter
min
e
the
serv
ice
inte
rva
ls f
or
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps.
Follo
w t
he
step
s b
elo
w:
1. N
ote
po
int
1 o
n C
urv
e A
. Pu
mp
mat
eria
l an
d m
edia
con
dit
ion
s a
re a
s in
dic
ated
in t
he
leg
end
.
2. D
raw
a p
ara
llel l
ine
to t
he
rig
ht.
Imp
elle
r m
ater
ial
loss
is
ap
pro
x.
0.1
8m
m p
er 1
,00
0 h
ou
rs o
f o
per
a-
tio
n (
po
int
2).
3. F
ollo
w t
he
pa
ralle
l lin
e u
nti
l yo
u r
each
th
e d
iffer
-
enti
atio
n l
ine
that
co
rres
po
nd
s to
ag
gre
ssiv
e C
O2
an
d c
om
po
nen
t m
ater
ial.
No
te t
he
con
dit
ion
s in
the
exa
mp
le (
po
int
3).
4.
Dro
p d
irec
tly
do
wn
(9
0°)
.Th
e a
gg
ress
ive
CO
2 co
n-
ten
t h
as
incr
ease
d t
he
mat
eria
l lo
ss t
o 0
.25m
m.
No
te t
he
salin
ity
leve
l of
the
wat
er (
po
int
4).
Dra
w
a h
ori
zon
tal l
ine
thro
ug
h t
his
po
int;
follo
w it
to
th
e
left
an
d r
ead
th
e re
sult
s.
5. R
eco
mm
end
ed s
ervi
ce in
terv
als
fo
r yo
ur
pu
mp
: Af-
ter
ever
y 6
,00
0 h
ou
rs o
f o
per
atio
n (
po
int
5).
6.
Loss
of
effici
ency
: Ap
pro
x. 1
8%
(p
oin
t 6
).
7. E
stim
ated
co
st o
f re
no
vati
ng
th
e p
um
p: 7
5% o
f th
e
pri
ce o
f a
new
pu
mp
(p
oin
t 7)
.
Fig
. 10
Co
rro
sio
n d
ue
to c
hlo
rid
es
2021
Ap
pli
cati
on
sA
pp
lica
tio
ns
3.3
Ho
rizo
nta
l ap
pli
cati
on
Pum
pin
g w
ater
fro
m a
tan
k or
res
ervo
ir i
s ve
ry o
ften
don
e w
ith
a s
tan
dar
d s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p. A
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
has
man
y ad
van
tage
s co
mp
ared
to
a d
ry-i
nst
alle
d
pu
mp
su
ch a
s:
• Lo
w n
ois
e le
vel:
Th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
is
very
si-
len
t a
nd
do
es n
ot
dis
turb
an
y n
eig
hb
ou
rs.
• Th
eft
pro
of:
Th
e p
um
p is
inst
alle
d a
t th
e b
ott
om
of
the
tan
k/re
serv
oir
.
• N
o s
ha
ft s
eal:
Th
is e
limin
ates
th
e ri
sk o
f le
aka
ge
ab
ove
gro
un
d.
In h
ori
zon
tal
inst
alla
tio
ns,
Gru
nd
fos
alw
ays
reco
m-
men
ds
that
yo
u in
clu
de
a fl
ow
sle
eve
an
d b
affl
e p
late
at lo
w w
ater
leve
ls.
Fig
. 11
Flo
w s
leev
e o
n h
ori
zon
tally
inst
alle
d p
um
p
Fig
. 12
Vo
rtex
ba
ffle
pla
te o
n h
ori
zon
tally
-in
sta
lled
pu
mp
(see
n f
rom
ab
ove)
Fig
. 13
Vo
rtex
ba
ffle
pla
te o
n h
ori
zon
tally
inst
alle
d
pu
mp
(cro
ss-s
ecti
on
)
If m
ore
th
an
on
e su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
is
inst
alle
d i
n a
tan
k o
r re
serv
oir
th
e d
ista
nce
bet
wee
n t
he
pu
mp
s
mu
st e
qu
al
the
ove
rall
dia
met
er o
f th
e p
um
p a
nd
mo
tor
incl
ud
ing
co
olin
g s
leev
e.
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
use
d f
or
fou
nta
in a
pp
licat
ion
s
are
oft
en in
sta
lled
ho
rizo
nta
lly. B
eca
use
of
its
low
in-
erti
a,
a s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p i
s a
ble
to
sta
rt a
nd
sto
p
very
fa
st.
This
ma
kes
it i
dea
l fo
r fo
un
tain
ap
plic
a-
tio
ns.
Bec
au
se o
f th
e h
igh
sta
rt/s
top
fre
qu
ency
, it
is
reco
mm
end
ed t
o u
se c
an
ned
mo
tors
on
ly.
Rew
ind
-
ab
le m
oto
rs s
ho
uld
nev
er b
e u
sed
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
an
ext
rem
e n
um
ber
of
sta
rts
an
d s
top
s.
The
larg
e n
um
ber
of
sta
rts/
sto
ps
is a
lso
ha
rd o
n t
he
con
tact
ors
, w
hic
h h
ave
a l
imit
ed l
ifet
ime.
In
ord
er
to p
rote
ct t
he
mo
tor
fro
m f
ailu
re i
n t
he
con
tact
ors
,
Gru
nd
fos
reco
mm
end
s th
at y
ou
in
sta
ll th
e p
ha
se-
failu
re r
elay
bet
wee
n t
he
ove
rlo
ad
rel
ay a
nd
th
e m
o-
tor.
Fin
ally
, it
is
imp
ort
an
t to
siz
e th
e p
um
p a
nd
no
zzle
tog
eth
er, s
o t
he
pu
mp
nev
er
op
erat
es a
t m
axi
mu
m
flo
w, b
ut
alw
ays
as
clo
se t
o t
he
bes
t effi
cien
cy p
oin
t
as
po
ssib
le.
3.4
Air
/ga
s in
wat
erIf
air
/ga
s is
mix
ed i
n t
he
pu
mp
ed w
ater
, th
e p
um
p
will
un
der
per
form
, an
d s
om
etim
es e
ven
sto
p p
um
p-
ing
. A
ir/g
as
gre
atly
dis
turb
s th
e h
ydra
ulic
fu
nct
ion
s
of
cen
trif
ug
al
pu
mp
s. T
o i
mp
rove
per
form
an
ce,
the
pu
mp
mu
st b
e su
bm
erg
ed d
eep
er in
to t
he
wel
l, th
us
incr
easi
ng
th
e p
ress
ure
.
If t
hat
is n
ot
po
ssib
le, t
he
pro
ble
m m
ay b
e o
verc
om
e
by
inst
alli
ng
a s
leev
e a
rou
nd
th
e p
um
p,
bel
ow
th
e
pu
mp
in
let.
Th
e sl
eeve
sh
ou
ld e
xten
d u
pw
ard
s a
s
far
as
po
ssib
le,
bu
t n
ever
ab
ove
th
e d
yna
mic
wat
er
leve
l.
Fig
. 14
Ga
s ev
acu
ati
on
Fig
. 15
Va
cuu
m w
ells
Va
cuu
m w
ells
If t
he
wel
l wat
er c
on
tain
s so
mu
ch g
as
in s
usp
ensi
on
that
a s
leev
e is
insu
ffici
ent
to m
eet
the
wat
er q
ua
lity
req
uir
emen
ts, a
va
cuu
m m
ust
be
crea
ted
in t
he
wel
l
casi
ng
. Th
is c
an
be
do
ne
by
con
nec
tin
g a
va
cuu
m
pu
mp
to
th
e ve
nt
pip
e w
hen
th
e ca
sin
g is
her
met
ica
l-
ly s
eale
d. T
his
req
uir
es t
hat
th
e w
ell
casi
ng
is
stro
ng
eno
ug
h t
o w
ith
sta
nd
th
e va
cuu
m a
nd
th
at t
he
NPS
H
req
uir
emen
t is
met
.
2223
Ap
pli
cati
on
sA
pp
lica
tio
ns
3.5
Co
rro
sive
wat
er (
sea
wat
er)
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
are
use
d f
or
ma
ny
sea
wat
er a
p-
plic
atio
ns
like
fish
fa
rmin
g, o
ffsh
ore
ind
ust
ria
l ap
pli-
cati
on
s a
nd
wat
er s
up
ply
fo
r re
vers
e o
smo
sis-
trea
ted
wat
er.
SP p
um
ps
are
ava
ilab
le in
diff
eren
t m
ater
ials
an
d c
or-
rosi
on
cla
sses
dep
end
ing
on
th
e a
pp
licat
ion
of
the
pu
mp
s. T
he
com
bin
atio
n o
f sa
linit
y a
nd
tem
per
atu
re
is n
ot
favo
ura
ble
to
sta
inle
ss s
teel
, an
d m
ust
alw
ays
be
take
n in
to c
on
sid
erat
ion
.
A g
oo
d w
ay t
o c
om
pa
re t
he
corr
osi
on
res
ista
nce
of
sta
inle
ss s
teel
, is
to
co
mp
are
its
res
ista
nce
ag
ain
st
pit
tin
g.
The
fig
ure
use
d a
s a
co
mp
ari
son
is
calle
d:
‘Pit
tin
g R
esis
tan
ce E
qu
iva
len
t’ (
PR
E).
Fig
. 16
sh
ow
s th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
sta
inle
ss s
teel
typ
es
use
d b
y G
run
dfo
s.
PR
E =
(%
Cr)
+ (
3.3
x %
Mo
)
For
com
pa
riso
n t
o o
ther
sta
inle
ss s
teel
typ
es, w
hic
h
con
tain
Nit
rog
en (
N)
the
form
ula
loo
ks li
ke b
elo
w:
PR
EN =
(%
Cr)
+ (
3.3
x %
Mo
) +
(16
x %
N)
In a
dd
itio
n t
o t
emp
erat
ure
an
d s
alin
ity,
th
e co
rro
-
sio
n t
emp
erat
ure
is a
ffec
ted
by
the
pre
sen
ce o
f o
ther
met
als
, aci
ds
an
d b
iolo
go
cal a
ctiv
ity.
Th
is is
als
o in
di-
cate
d in
fig
. 16
.
The
cha
rt b
elo
w c
an
be
use
d f
or
the
sele
ctio
n o
f th
e
pro
per
gra
de
of
stee
l.0
200
400
600
800
1000
1400
1600
1800
2000
1200
Corr
osio
n di
agra
mEN
1.4
301,
1.4
401
and
1.45
39
Chlo
ride
[ppm
]
Temperature [°C]
020406080100 1030507090
SPR
1.45
39
SPN
1.4
401
CRN
1.4
401
SP 1
.430
1
Fig
. 17
Co
rro
sio
n d
iag
ram
Fig
. 18
Co
rro
sio
n d
iag
ram
The
ela
sto
mer
co
mp
on
ents
in t
he
pu
mp
may
als
o b
e
da
ma
ged
by
po
or
wat
er q
ua
lity,
fo
r ex
am
ple
if
the
wat
er h
as
a h
igh
co
nte
nt
of
hyd
roca
rbo
ns
an
d m
an
y
chem
ica
ls. I
n s
uch
ca
ses
the
sta
nd
ard
ela
sto
mer
ca
n
be
rep
lace
d b
y FK
M r
ub
ber
. Th
e G
run
dfo
s SP
E p
um
ps
are
pa
rtic
ula
rly
des
ign
ed to
mee
t th
ese
req
uir
emen
ts.
For
all
oth
er m
od
els,
th
e p
um
ps
can
be
spec
ified
an
d
del
iver
ed o
n r
equ
est.
3.6
Ho
t w
ater
an
d g
eoth
erm
al w
ater
Gro
un
dw
ater
clo
se t
o t
he
surf
ace
will
be
clo
se t
o t
he
aver
ag
e a
nn
ua
l a
ir t
emp
erat
ure
in
th
e re
gio
n. G
oin
g
dee
per
, th
e te
mp
erat
ure
will
in
crea
se 2
to
3 °
C f
or
each
10
0m
of
wel
l dep
th, i
n t
he
ab
sen
ce o
f g
eoth
er-
ma
l in
flu
ence
.
In g
eoth
erm
al
are
as,
th
is i
ncr
ease
mig
ht
be
as
hig
h
as
5 to
15
°C f
or
each
10
0m
of
wel
l dep
th. G
oin
g d
eep
for
wat
er r
equ
ires
tem
per
atu
re-r
esis
tan
t el
ast
om
ers,
elec
tric
al c
ab
les,
co
nn
ecti
on
s a
nd
mo
tors
.
Ho
t g
rou
nd
wat
er is
use
d f
or
gen
era
l hea
tin
g a
pp
lica
-
tio
ns,
an
d f
or
leis
ure
in
ma
ny
are
as,
esp
ecia
lly t
ho
se
wit
h v
olc
an
ic a
ctiv
ity.
The
mo
tor
liqu
id o
f yo
ur
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r h
as
a
hig
her
bo
ilin
g p
oin
t te
mp
erat
ure
th
an
th
e w
ell w
ater
pre
ven
ts t
he
mo
tor
bea
rin
g l
ub
rica
tio
n f
rom
bei
ng
red
uce
d d
ue
to t
he
low
er v
isco
sity
of
the
liqu
id. T
he
mo
tor
mu
st b
e su
bm
erg
ed d
eep
er t
o r
ais
e th
e b
oil-
ing
tem
per
atu
re a
s th
e ta
ble
bel
ow
.
Tem
per
atu
re
Va
po
ur
pre
ssu
re
Kin
emat
ic
visc
osi
ty
°C
mW
Cm
m2 /s
00
.00
611
1.79
2
40
.00
813
1.56
8
100
.012
271.
307
200
.023
371.
00
4
300
.04
241
0.8
01
40
0.0
7375
0.6
58
500
.123
350
.554
60
0.1
99
200
.475
700
.311
62
0.4
13
80
0.4
736
00
.36
5
90
0.7
010
90
.326
100
1.0
1325
0.2
94
110
1.4
326
60
.26
8
120
1.9
854
30
.24
6
130
2.70
132
0.2
28
140
3.6
1379
0.2
12
150
4.7
599
70
.19
9
160
6.1
80
65
0.1
88
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Temperature of standard seawater (21,000 ppm Cl¯) - °C
Full-
deve
lope
d pi
ttin
g re
sist
ance
equ
ival
ent i
n 60
day
s
Criti
cal c
revi
ce te
mpe
ratu
re in
stag
nant
wat
er
EN 1
.430
1/A
ISI 3
04
Criti
cal t
empe
ratu
re fo
r pe
rman
ent s
till-s
tand
ing
wat
er
Cor
rosi
on re
sist
ance
of s
eaw
ater
-sub
mer
ged
pum
ps
Pitt
ing
resi
stan
ce
PRE
= %
Cr +
3.3
x %
Mo
= 7.
5PR
E =
% C
r + 3
.3 x
% M
o=
24.3
PRE
= %
Cr +
3.3
x %
Mo
= 33
.5PR
E =
% C
r + 3
.3 x
% M
o=
34.9
EN 1
.440
1/A
ISI 3
16EN
1.4
462/
AIS
I 904
LEN
453
9/A
ISI 9
04L
Zink anodes increase temp.acceptance by 15°C
Cast iron and mild steel anodes increase temp. acceptance by 5°C
Biological activity decreases temp. acceptance by 5°C
Chlorine, sulphuric acids and chemicals decrease temp. acceptance by 8°C
En
vir
on
me
nta
l im
pa
ct
Fig
. 16
Co
rro
sio
n r
esis
tan
ce
2425
Gas
in t
he
wat
er is
to
be
exp
ecte
d w
her
e th
ere
is g
eo-
ther
mal
act
ivit
y. T
o a
void
red
uce
d p
um
p c
apac
ity
in a
geo
ther
mal
wat
er i
nst
alla
tio
n w
her
e ai
r is
mix
ed i
n,
Gru
nd
fos
reco
mm
end
s to
in
stal
l th
e p
um
p a
min
i-
mu
m o
f 50
m b
elo
w t
he
dyn
amic
wat
er le
vel.
3.7
Bo
ost
er m
od
ule
sG
run
dfo
s p
um
p t
ypes
BM
an
d B
ME
are
SP
pu
mp
s
bu
ilt in
to a
sle
eve.
By
con
nec
tin
g e
ach
un
it in
ser
ies,
a v
ery
hig
h p
ress
ure
ca
n b
e o
bta
ined
.
The
pu
mp
s a
re p
rim
ari
ly u
sed
for
reve
rse
osm
osi
s a
p-
plic
atio
ns,
pro
du
cin
g c
lea
n w
ater
fro
m p
ollu
ted
wa-
ter
or
sea
wat
er.
Gru
nd
fos
bo
ost
er m
od
ule
s a
re a
lso
use
d f
or
wat
er
sup
ply
in d
istr
ibu
tio
n n
etw
ork
s to
bo
ost
wat
er p
res-
sure
ove
r lo
ng
dis
trib
uti
on
lin
es. T
he
ma
in a
dva
nta
g-
es c
om
pa
red
to
co
nve
nti
on
al b
oo
ster
pu
mp
s a
re t
he
qu
iet
op
erat
ion
, an
d t
her
e is
no
sh
aft
sea
l th
at m
ay
lea
k.
Fig
. 19
Gru
nd
fos
BM
Ap
pli
cati
on
sA
pp
lica
tio
ns
2627
4.
Pu
mp
s
Pu
mp
s
4.1
Pu
mp
pri
nci
ple
The
SP p
um
p is
a c
entr
ifu
ga
l pu
mp
, wh
ere
the
pu
mp
pri
nci
ple
is t
o t
ran
sfo
rm m
ech
an
ica
l en
erg
y fr
om
th
e
mo
tor
to v
elo
city
en
erg
y in
th
e p
um
ped
med
ium
, an
d
ther
eby
crea
tin
g a
pre
ssu
re d
iffer
ence
in
th
e m
edia
bet
wee
n t
he
pu
mp
inle
t a
nd
ou
tlet
.
Fig
. 20
Su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
pri
nci
ple
The
pu
mp
co
nsi
sts
in
pri
nci
ple
o
f a
n
inle
t (1
), a
nu
mb
er o
f p
um
p s
tag
es (
2) a
nd
a p
um
p o
utl
et (
3).
Each
pu
mp
sta
ge
crea
tes
a p
ress
ure
diff
eren
ce,
an
d
the
mo
re p
ress
ure
nee
ded
, th
e m
ore
sta
ges
nee
d t
o
be
incl
ud
ed.
A p
um
p s
tag
e in
clu
des
an
imp
elle
r (4
) w
her
e th
e im
-
pel
ler
bla
des
tra
nsf
er e
ner
gy
to t
he
wat
er i
n t
erm
s
of
a v
elo
city
an
d p
ress
ure
in
crea
se.
Each
im
pel
ler
is
fixe
d t
o t
he
pu
mp
sh
aft
(5)
by
mea
ns
of
a s
plin
e co
n-
nec
tio
n o
r sp
lit-c
on
e co
nn
ecti
on
.
For
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps,
th
ere
are
tw
o g
ener
al d
esig
n
typ
es:
• ra
dia
l
• se
mi-
axi
al.
The
rad
ial
des
ign
is
cha
ract
eris
ed b
y a
la
rge
diff
er-
ence
bet
wee
n t
he
imp
elle
r in
let
an
d t
he
ou
tlet
dia
m-
eter
of
the
imp
elle
r. It
is
suit
ab
le w
her
e a
hig
h h
ead
is r
equ
ired
.
The
sem
i-a
xia
l des
ign
is m
ore
su
ita
ble
fo
r la
rger
flo
w
pu
mp
s.
A s
eal
rin
g (
6)
bet
wee
n t
he
imp
elle
r in
let
an
d t
he
cha
mb
er e
nsu
res
that
an
y b
ack
flo
w i
s lim
ited
. Th
e
cha
mb
er i
ncl
ud
es a
gu
ide
van
e (7
), w
hic
h l
ead
s th
e
wat
er t
o t
he
nex
t st
ag
e. It
als
o c
on
vert
s th
e d
yna
mic
pre
ssu
re in
to s
tati
c p
ress
ure
.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o g
uid
ing
th
e w
ater
into
th
e fi
rst
imp
el-
lers
, th
e p
um
p in
let
is a
lso
th
e in
terc
on
nec
tor
for
the
mo
tor.
For
mo
st p
um
ps
the
dim
ensi
on
s co
nfo
rms
to
the
NEM
A s
tan
da
rd fo
r 4
”, 6
” a
nd
8”.
Fo
r la
rger
pu
mp
s
an
d m
oto
rs t
her
e a
re v
ari
ou
s st
an
da
rds
dep
end
ing
on
th
e su
pp
lier.
The
pu
mp
inle
t m
ust
be
des
ign
ed in
ord
er t
o d
eliv
er t
he
wat
er t
o t
he
firs
t im
pel
ler
in t
he
bes
t p
oss
ible
way
an
d t
her
eby
min
imis
e th
e lo
sses
as
mu
ch a
s p
oss
ible
. Fo
r so
me
rad
ial d
esig
ned
imp
elle
rs,
the
inle
t a
lso
in
clu
des
a p
rim
ing
scr
ew (
fast
ened
on
the
pu
mp
sh
aft
) in
ord
er t
o s
ecu
re t
he
wat
er i
nta
ke
an
d a
void
dry
ru
nn
ing
of
the
pu
mp
.
The
pu
mp
o
utl
et
no
rma
lly
incl
ud
es
a
no
n-r
etu
rn
valv
e, w
hic
h p
reve
nts
ba
ck fl
ow
in
th
e ri
ser
pip
e,
2829
Pu
mp
sP
um
ps
wh
en t
he
pu
mp
is
sto
pp
ed. S
ever
al
ben
efits
are
ob
-
tain
ed s
uch
as:
• En
erg
y lo
ss d
ue
to b
ack
flu
sh is
avo
ided
.
• A
co
un
ter
pre
ssu
re is
alw
ays
ensu
red
, wh
en s
tart
-
ing
up
th
e p
um
p a
ga
in. T
his
is e
ssen
tia
l in
ord
er t
o
ma
ke c
erta
in t
hat
pu
mp
per
form
an
ce r
ema
ins
on
the
pu
mp
cu
rve.
• D
am
ag
e in
th
e p
um
p d
ue
to w
ater
ha
mm
erin
g i
s
limit
ed.
• C
on
tam
inat
ion
of
the
gro
un
dw
ater
du
e to
ba
ck
flu
sh is
lim
ited
.
4.2
Wea
r p
art
sD
epen
din
g o
n t
he
pu
mp
ed m
edia
an
d t
he
nu
mb
er o
f
yea
rs a
pu
mp
ha
s b
een
in o
per
atio
n, a
ser
vice
insp
ec-
tio
n o
f th
e p
um
p i
s re
com
men
ded
. Th
is i
ncl
ud
es r
e-
pla
cin
g a
ll w
ear
pa
rts
in t
he
pu
mp
. Th
e re
com
men
d-
ed s
ervi
ce p
art
s a
re:
• b
eari
ng
s, r
ad
ial
• va
lve
seat
• n
eck
rin
gs
• se
al r
ing
• u
pth
rust
rin
g.
If e
xten
sive
wea
r fr
om
sa
nd
ha
s o
ccu
rred
in
th
e
pu
mp
, re
pla
cin
g t
he
pu
mp
sh
aft
an
d i
mp
elle
rs m
ay
als
o b
e n
eces
sary
.
Ren
ewin
g t
he
wea
r p
art
s in
ca
se o
f se
rvic
e is
ess
en-
tia
l fo
r m
ain
tain
ing
a h
igh
pu
mp
effi
cien
cy a
nd
a lo
w
op
erat
ing
co
st.
For
furt
her
ser
vice
in
form
atio
n,
see
the
Gru
nd
fos
serv
ice
inst
ruct
ion
s.
4.3
Pu
mp
sel
ecti
on
Sele
ctio
n o
f a
pu
mp
sta
rts
wit
h e
stim
atin
g t
he
flo
w
an
d p
ress
ure
. Th
e to
tal h
ead
is t
he
sum
of
the
follo
w-
ing
• d
yna
mic
wat
er t
ab
le (
1)
• lif
t a
bo
ve g
rou
nd
(2)
• d
isch
arg
e p
ress
ure
(3)
• lo
sses
in p
ipes
, va
lve
an
d b
end
s (4
)
Fric
tion
loss
es: 0
m
Flow
(Q):
60 m
3 h
Hea
d: 9
0 m
: 80
m
: 50
mPi
pe le
ngth
of r
iser
pip
e: 0
m
: 10
m
Pipe
leng
th o
f dis
char
ge p
ipe:
0 m
4
4
3
2
1
Fig
. 21
Tota
l hea
d c
alc
ula
tio
n
Wh
en e
stim
atin
g t
he
flo
w d
ema
nd
, th
e w
ell
yiel
d
mu
st a
lso
be
take
n i
nto
co
nsi
der
atio
n.
Info
rmat
ion
reg
ard
ing
th
e w
ell
yiel
d i
s av
aila
ble
fro
m t
he
wel
l
dri
llers
tes
t re
po
rt,
wh
ich
is
ma
de
du
rin
g w
ell
de-
velo
pm
ent.
If
po
ssib
le,
the
nec
essa
ry fl
ow
mu
st b
e
red
uce
d a
s m
uch
as
po
ssib
le. T
his
will
min
imis
e th
e
wat
er t
ab
le d
raw
do
wn
, an
d r
edu
ce t
ota
l po
wer
co
n-
sum
pti
on
in t
erm
s o
f kw
h/m
3 .
4.4
Pu
mp
cu
rves
an
d t
ole
ran
ces
Aft
er e
stim
atin
g t
he
nec
essa
ry fl
ow
an
d h
ead
, pu
mp
sele
ctio
n c
an
be
per
form
ed b
y u
sin
g G
run
dfo
s W
in-
CA
PS/W
ebC
APS
o
r th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
p
um
p
dat
a
bo
okl
et. B
oth
so
urc
es c
on
tain
per
form
an
ce c
urv
es.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o t
he
pu
mp
hea
d,
the
req
uir
ed p
ow
er
con
sum
pti
on
is
als
o a
vaila
ble
in
th
e d
ata
bo
okl
et,
wh
ere
the
pu
mp
su
pp
lier
dis
tin
gu
ish
es b
etw
een
th
e
mo
tor
sha
ft p
ow
er o
utp
ut
P1 (p
rin
ted
on
th
e m
oto
r
na
mep
late
) an
d t
he
mo
tor
inp
ut
po
wer
, P1.
P1
is u
sed
for
sizi
ng
th
e el
ectr
ica
l in
sta
llati
on
s.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at P
4 i
s th
e h
ydra
ulic
eff
ect
pro
du
ced
by
the
pu
mp
.
Fig
. 22
Pow
er d
efin
itio
ns
No
rma
lly t
he
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n is
als
o s
ho
wn
as
a
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e fl
ow
.
Fig
ure
s 23
an
d 2
4 P
um
p p
erfo
rma
nce
pa
ram
eter
s
incl
ud
ing
to
lera
nce
s
In t
he
dat
a b
oo
klet
, in
form
atio
n r
ega
rdin
g p
um
p e
f-
fici
ency
is
als
o a
vaila
ble
, an
d i
t ca
n b
e sh
ow
n a
s th
e
pu
mp
-en
d e
ffici
ency
(b
ase
d o
n P
2 )
or
as
a c
om
ple
te
pu
mp
effi
cien
cy i
ncl
ud
ing
th
e m
oto
r (b
ase
d o
n P
1).
In s
om
e ca
ses,
lo
ses
in n
on
-ret
urn
va
lves
are
no
t in
-
clu
ded
in
th
e effi
cien
cy s
ho
wn
. Th
e effi
cien
cy c
urv
es
are
use
d f
or
the
sele
ctio
n o
f p
um
p s
ize,
wh
ere
the
bes
t effi
cien
cy a
rea
mat
ches
th
e re
qu
ired
flo
w. I
f th
e
com
ple
te p
um
p e
ffici
ency
is n
ot
sho
wn
, it
can
be
cal-
cula
ted
by
usi
ng
th
e fl
ow
(Q
), h
ead
(H
) a
nd
po
wer
inp
ut
P1:
eta to
tal =
(Q x
H x
9.8
1)/(
P1 x
36
00
)
The
NPS
H v
alu
e st
an
ds
for
“Net
Po
siti
ve S
uct
ion
Hea
d”
an
d is
a m
easu
re f
or
req
uir
ed in
let
pre
ssu
re =
min
imu
m w
ater
leve
l ab
ove
pu
mp
inle
t.
In g
ener
al,
the
NPS
H v
alu
e w
ill i
ncr
ease
fo
r b
igg
er
Fig
. 23
Fig
. 24
3031
Pu
mp
sP
um
ps
flo
ws
an
d if
th
e re
qu
ired
inle
t p
ress
ure
is n
ot
met
, it
will
res
ult
in
eva
po
rati
on
of
the
wat
er a
nd
a r
isk
of
cavi
tati
on
da
ma
ge
in t
he
pu
mp
.
In g
ener
al,
ther
e a
re m
an
y d
iffer
ent
loca
l st
an
da
rds
for
tole
ran
ces
on
per
form
an
ce c
urv
es.
Pum
p p
er-
form
an
ce f
or
Gru
nd
fos
SP p
um
ps
is s
ho
wn
acc
ord
-
ing
to
ISO
99
06
, A
nn
ex A
. Q
H c
urv
es p
rin
ted
in
th
e
do
cum
enta
tio
n s
ho
w t
he
no
min
al
curv
e. A
cco
rdin
g
to IS
O 9
90
6, A
nn
ex A
, po
wer
cu
rves
on
ly h
ave
an
up
-
per
to
lera
nce
. Fo
r effi
cien
cy c
urv
es, o
nly
lo
wer
to
ler-
an
ces
are
sh
ow
n.
Plea
se s
ee t
he
exa
mp
le s
ho
wn
in
fig
. 23
an
d 2
4 a
bo
ve. T
he
gen
era
l co
nd
itio
ns
acc
ord
-
ing
to
ISO
99
06
fo
r th
e p
erfo
rma
nce
cu
rves
in
th
is
illu
stra
tio
n a
re:
• Th
e m
easu
rem
ents
are
ma
de
wit
h a
irle
ss w
ater
at
a t
emp
erat
ure
of
20 °
C.
• C
urv
es a
pp
ly t
o a
kin
emat
ic v
isco
sity
of
1 m
m2 /s
. Wh
en p
um
pin
g li
qu
ids
wit
h a
hig
her
den
sity
, a h
igh
er m
oto
r o
utp
ut
is r
equ
ired
.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o Q
H,
Q-P
, Q
-eta
cu
rves
, a
n a
xia
l lo
ad
curv
e is
no
rma
lly a
lso
ava
ilab
le o
n r
equ
est.
Th
e d
ow
n
thru
st l
oa
d i
s cr
eate
d b
y th
e h
ydra
ulic
s a
nd
tra
ns-
ferr
ed t
o t
he
mo
tor
thru
st b
eari
ng
. Th
e to
tal
axi
al
loa
d is
ca
lcu
late
d b
y m
ult
iply
ing
th
e si
ng
le-s
tag
e va
l-
ues
by
the
nu
mb
er o
f st
ag
es. I
t ca
n b
e u
sed
to
ch
eck
wh
eth
er t
he
cap
aci
ty o
f th
e m
oto
r th
rust
bea
rin
g i
s
suffi
cien
t.
Fig
. 25
Sin
gle
-sta
ge
axi
al-
loa
d c
urv
e, S
P 6
0
3233
5.
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
ls
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
ls
5.1
Mo
tor
typ
es, g
ener
al d
escr
ipti
on
This
ch
ap
ter
dea
ls e
xclu
sive
ly w
ith
su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
-
tors
, an
d c
on
tro
ls f
or
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs. S
ub
mer
s-
ible
mo
tors
are
sp
ecia
l bec
au
se t
hey
are
des
ign
ed t
o
run
un
der
wat
er. O
ther
wis
e, t
hei
r o
per
atin
g p
rin
cip
le
is t
he
sam
e a
s a
ll o
ther
ele
ctri
c m
oto
rs.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at a
ll G
run
dfo
s 4
”, 6
”, a
nd
8”
mo
tors
con
form
to
NEM
A s
tan
da
rds.
A s
ub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r co
nsi
sts
of
a m
oto
r b
od
y a
nd
a
mo
tor
cab
le. T
he
cab
le is
det
ach
ab
le in
a p
lug
sys
tem
.
The
cab
le is
dim
ensi
on
ed f
or
sub
mer
ged
use
in o
rder
to m
inim
ise
the
spat
ial r
equ
irem
ent
alo
ng
th
e p
um
p.
The
mo
tor
cab
le is
co
nn
ecte
d t
o t
he
dro
p c
ab
le a
bo
ve
the
pu
mp
by
use
of
a c
ab
le t
erm
inat
ion
kit
. Th
e d
rop
cab
le u
sed
to
ra
ise
an
d lo
wer
th
e p
um
p.
Ca
nn
ed
In a
ca
nn
ed m
oto
r, th
e w
ind
ing
s a
re e
na
mel
wir
e (l
ike
in s
tan
da
rd s
urf
ace
mo
tors
) her
met
ica
lly s
eale
d f
rom
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
s a
nd
fille
d w
ith
em
bed
din
g m
a-
teri
al
in o
rder
to
wit
hh
old
th
e w
ind
ing
s a
nd
at
the
sam
e ti
me
incr
ease
hea
t tr
an
sfer
. Th
ese
mo
tors
hav
e
a j
ou
rna
l b
eari
ng
sys
tem
, co
nsi
stin
g o
f u
pp
er a
nd
low
er r
ad
ial b
eari
ng
s a
s w
ell a
s u
pth
rust
an
d d
ow
n-
thru
st b
eari
ng
s. T
hru
st a
nd
jo
urn
al
bea
rin
gs
run
hy-
dro
dyn
am
ica
lly in
th
e w
ater
-ba
sed
mo
tor
liqu
id.
Wet
wo
un
d (
rew
ind
ab
le)
Wet
wo
un
d m
oto
rs h
ave
a s
pec
ial
wat
er r
esis
tan
ce
wir
e, a
nd
a w
ater
tig
ht
join
t b
etw
een
th
e w
ind
ing
s
an
d t
he
mo
tor
cab
le.
The
join
t is
alw
ays
insi
de
the
mo
tor,
an
d n
o p
lug
sys
tem
is a
vaila
ble
.
The
mo
tor
liqu
id m
ain
ly c
on
sist
s o
f cl
ean
wat
er. T
he
liqu
id c
ircu
late
s a
rou
nd
th
e en
tire
mo
tor,
tra
nsf
er-
rin
g h
eat
aw
ay f
rom
win
din
gs
an
d r
oto
r a
nd
lub
rica
t-
ing
th
e b
eari
ng
sys
tem
s.
Oil
-fill
ed
An
oil-
fille
d m
oto
r is
eq
uip
ped
wit
h a
n im
pre
gn
ated
sta
nd
ard
su
rfa
ce m
oto
r w
ind
ing
. Tr
an
sfo
rmer
oil
is
fille
d in
to t
he
mo
tor
an
d u
sed
as
lub
rica
nt
an
d c
oo
l-
ing
. Th
e o
il ca
n b
e m
iner
al o
r ve
get
ab
le o
il w
ith
hig
h
insu
lati
on
res
ista
nce
. Th
e m
oto
r ca
ble
sp
lice
is t
ypi-
cally
ma
de
insi
de
the
mo
tor
as
in a
wet
wo
un
d m
o-
tors
, fe
w h
ave
plu
g s
yste
ms.
Oil-
fille
d m
oto
rs i
nco
r-
po
rate
a b
all-
bea
rin
g s
yste
m.
Sin
gle
-ph
ase
mo
tors
Ther
e a
re s
ever
al
vers
ion
s o
f si
ng
le p
ha
se m
oto
rs.
They
all
hav
e th
eir
dis
tin
ctiv
e a
dva
nta
ges
an
d d
isa
d-
van
tag
es. M
ost
typ
es n
eed
a c
ap
aci
tor
an
d s
om
e o
th-
er a
cces
sori
es,
wh
ich
is
bu
ilt i
nto
a s
tart
er b
ox
. Th
e
sta
rter
bo
x is
ded
icat
ed f
or
sta
rtin
g a
giv
en m
oto
r at
spec
ific
volt
ag
e a
nd
fre
qu
ency
.
Perm
an
ent-
spli
t ca
pa
cito
r (P
SC)
mo
tors
Sim
ple
an
d r
elia
ble
, PSC
mo
tors
hav
e a
ru
n-t
ype
ca-
pa
cito
r in
clu
ded
in t
he
circ
uit
. Th
e ca
pa
cito
r si
ze is
a
com
pro
mis
e b
etw
een
ad
din
g s
tart
ing
to
rqu
e a
nd
en
-
suri
ng
a h
igh
effi
cien
cy d
uri
ng
op
erat
ion
.
Pro
s: S
imp
le, l
ow
-co
st, r
elia
ble
an
d s
ilen
t.
Co
ns:
Lo
w lo
cked
-ro
tor
torq
ue
an
d lo
w e
ffici
ency
.
L
PSC
Swit
ch
Ove
rloa
d
Cap
acit
or
Ligh
tnin
gar
rest
or(o
pti
onal
)
Mai
n
Star
t
N PE Fig
. 26
PSC
3435
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
Ca
pa
cito
r-st
art
/in
du
ctio
n-r
un
(CSI
R)
mo
tor
The
sta
rt-u
p c
ap
aci
tor
bo
ost
s th
e to
rqu
e d
uri
ng
sta
rt
up
. Th
en it
is d
isco
nn
ecte
d b
y a
sw
itch
. Th
e C
SIR
mo
-
tor
typ
e is
typ
ica
lly u
sed
fo
r sm
alle
r kW
rat
ing
s.
Pro
s: L
ock
ed-r
oto
r to
rqu
e.
Co
ns:
No
isy
op
erat
ion
(tr
ue
sin
gle
-ph
ase
), re
lay
nee
ded
to
cu
t o
ut
the
sta
rt-u
p c
ap
aci
tor.
CSI
R
L
Mai
n
Star
t
N PE
Star
tca
p.
Rela
is
Cap
acit
or s
tart
In
du
ctio
n r
un
0,3
7 ...
0,7
5 kW
Ca
pa
cito
r-st
art
/ca
pa
cito
r-ru
n (C
SCR
) m
oto
rs
This
mo
tor
typ
e h
as
bo
th a
sta
rtin
g c
ap
aci
tor
to
bo
ost
sta
rtin
g t
orq
ue,
an
d a
ru
n c
ap
aci
tor
(PSC
). Th
is
ensu
res
a s
mo
oth
op
erat
ion
an
d a
go
od
effi
cien
cy.
The
mo
tor
typ
e co
mb
ines
th
e a
dva
nta
ges
of
bo
th o
f
the
ab
ove
typ
es.
Pro
s: G
oo
d s
tart
ing
to
rqu
e, h
igh
effi
cien
cy.
Co
ns:
Pri
ce o
f co
ntr
ol b
ox
.
CSC
R
L
Mai
n
Star
t
N PE
Star
tca
p.
Rela
is
Run
cap
.
Cap
acit
or s
tart
C
apac
itor
ru
n1,
1 - 3
,7 k
W
Res
ista
nce
-sta
rt/i
nd
uct
ion
-ru
n (
RSI
R)
mo
tor
This
mo
tor
ha
s a
rel
ay b
uilt
dir
ectl
y in
to t
he
mo
tor
win
din
g.
The
rela
y d
isco
nn
ects
th
e st
art
ing
ph
ase
wh
en t
he
mo
tor
is r
un
nin
g.
Pro
s: N
o n
eed
fo
r ca
pa
cito
rs (
no
co
ntr
ol b
ox)
, ea
se o
f
inst
alla
tio
n.
Co
ns:
Lim
ited
sta
rtin
g t
orq
ue,
lim
ited
kW
rat
ing
s
(on
ly t
hro
ug
h 1
.1 k
W).
RSIR
Swit
ch
Ligh
tnin
gar
rest
or
Ove
rloa
d
L
Mai
n
Tmac
Star
t
Bim
etal
N PE Fig
. 29
RSI
R m
oto
r
Term
ino
log
y; 2
-wir
e a
nd
3-w
ire
mo
tors
The
term
ino
log
y is
rel
ated
to
th
e n
um
ber
of
wir
es
nee
ded
in
th
e in
sta
llati
on
exc
lud
ing
ea
rth
ca
ble
. 2-
wir
e m
oto
rs m
ust
be
sup
plie
d b
y th
ree
lea
ds
: ph
ase
,
neu
tra
l en
d e
art
h. 3
-wir
e m
oto
rs m
ust
be
sup
plie
d b
y
fou
r le
ad
s: p
ha
se, n
eutr
al,
po
int
bet
wee
n s
tart
- a
nd
run
- w
ind
ing
in m
oto
r +
ea
rth
ca
ble
.
2-w
ire
mo
tors
:
• PS
C m
oto
rs a
ca
pa
cito
r is
bu
ilt in
to t
he
mo
tor.
• R
SIR
.
3-w
ire
mo
tors
:
• PS
C m
oto
rs if
th
ere
is a
ca
pa
cito
r in
th
e st
art
er b
ox
on
th
e g
rou
nd
.
• C
SIR
mo
tors
• C
SCR
mo
tors
Mo
tor
der
atin
g
Mo
tor
der
atin
g i
s w
her
e th
ere
are
sp
ecia
l re
qu
ire-
men
ts t
o t
he
mo
tor,
such
as
hig
h w
ater
tem
per
a-
ture
, vo
lta
ge
tole
ran
ces
ou
tsid
e o
f a
ccep
tab
le i
n-
terv
al,
or
volt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
. All
of
thes
e si
tuat
ion
s
stre
ss t
he
mo
tor
win
din
g m
ore
th
an
wh
at i
t h
as
bee
n d
esig
ned
fo
r.
The
sim
ple
st s
olu
tio
n i
s to
use
an
ove
rsiz
ed m
oto
r,
typ
ica
lly n
ot
mo
re t
wo
ou
tpu
t si
zes
ab
ove
th
e re
-
qu
ired
ou
tpu
t. T
he
resu
lt is
an
ext
end
ed li
feti
me,
bu
t
the
effici
ency
is
no
t o
pti
ma
l, si
nce
th
e m
oto
r n
ever
op
erat
es a
t it
s o
pti
ma
l d
uty
po
int.
Th
e p
ow
er f
act
or
is n
orm
ally
be
low
du
e to
th
e p
art
ial l
oa
d o
n t
he
con
-
stru
ctio
n.
A b
ette
r so
luti
on
is t
o h
ave
a m
oto
r sp
ecia
lly w
ou
nd
in a
la
rger
sta
ck l
eng
th.
Du
e to
th
e in
crea
sed
su
r-
face
, th
e el
ectr
ica
l d
ata
an
d c
oo
ling
ca
pa
bili
ty a
re
imp
rove
d. T
hes
e m
oto
rs a
re d
esig
ned
for
hig
her
tem
-
per
atu
res,
wid
er v
olt
ag
e to
lera
nce
s, e
tc. A
lso,
th
e ef
-
fici
ency
of
a s
tan
da
rd m
oto
r is
ma
inta
ined
or
even
incr
ease
d.
5.2
Mo
tor
cab
les
an
d jo
ints
, ref
eren
ce
to d
rop
ca
ble
s
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p i
nst
alla
tio
n a
re d
esig
ned
to
be
use
d w
ith
th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor,
the
mo
tor
cab
le
an
d t
he
join
t b
etw
een
mo
tor
cab
le a
nd
dro
p c
ab
le
un
der
wat
er. I
f fo
r a
ny
rea
son
th
e m
oto
r ca
ble
is
no
t
fully
su
bm
erg
ed, t
he
curr
ent-
carr
yin
g c
ap
aci
ty m
ust
alw
ays
be
chec
ked
. See
ch
ap
ter
7.5
as
wel
l.
Ther
efo
re, t
he
mo
tor
cab
le, j
oin
t a
nd
su
bm
erg
ed p
art
of
the
dro
p c
ab
le h
ave
a r
elat
ive
larg
e su
rfa
ce a
rea
that
is
in c
on
tact
wit
h t
he
pu
mp
ed m
edia
. It
is
im-
po
rta
nt
to c
ho
ose
th
e co
rrec
t m
ater
ial
for
the
giv
en
inst
alla
tio
n.
You
mu
st a
lso
be
aw
are
of
you
r lo
cal
dri
nki
ng
wat
er a
pp
rova
l req
uir
emen
ts.
Fig
. 27
Sch
ema
tic
dia
gra
m o
f a
CSI
R m
oto
rFi
g. 2
8 S
chem
ati
c d
iag
ram
of
a C
SCR
mo
tor
3637
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
5.3
Mo
tor
pro
tect
ion
dev
ices
Th
e sa
me
typ
e o
f m
oto
r-p
rote
ctiv
e d
evic
es u
sed
fo
r
sta
nd
ard
su
rfa
ce m
oto
rs c
an
be
use
d f
or
sub
mer
s-
ible
mo
tors
. It
is im
po
rta
nt
to s
ecu
re a
nd
lim
it s
ho
rt-
circ
uit
ing
cu
rren
ts a
nd
pro
tect
ag
ain
st p
ha
se-f
ailu
res
as
wel
l as
ove
rlo
ad
.
Mo
st s
ing
le-p
ha
se m
oto
rs h
ave
a b
uilt
-in
th
erm
al
pro
tect
or.
If t
he
pro
tect
or
is n
ot
bu
ilt i
nto
th
e w
ind
-
ing
, it
mu
st b
e in
corp
ora
ted
in
th
e st
art
er b
ox
. Th
e
pro
tect
ors
fea
ture
au
tom
atic
or
ma
nu
al
rese
t. T
her
-
ma
l p
rote
cto
rs a
re d
esig
ned
to
mat
ch t
he
mo
tor
win
din
g c
ha
ract
eris
tics
.
Pt1
00
an
d P
t10
00
are
lin
ear
resi
sto
rs. C
om
bin
ed w
ith
a s
tan
da
rd s
enso
r d
evic
e, t
hey
ca
n in
dic
ate
the
tem
-
per
atu
re d
evel
op
men
t o
ver
tim
e. O
n c
an
ned
-typ
e
mo
tors
, th
e se
nso
r d
evic
e is
pla
ced
in
th
e st
ayb
olt
ho
le;
on
wet
-wo
un
d v
ersi
on
s, t
he
sen
sor
dev
ice
is
pla
ced
in t
he
mo
tor
liqu
id.
PTC
an
d N
TC r
esis
tors
are
ra
rely
use
d in
su
bm
ersi
ble
inst
alla
tio
ns
bec
au
se t
hey
are
no
t su
ffici
entl
y fa
st
an
d r
elia
ble
to
pro
tect
th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor.
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
a s
pec
ial t
emp
erat
ure
sen
sin
g d
evic
e
calle
d T
emp
con
. It
is a
NTC
-res
isto
r b
uilt
in
nea
r th
e
win
din
g, a
nd
sen
ses
the
tem
per
atu
re. T
he
tem
per
a-
ture
is c
on
vert
ed in
to a
hig
h-f
req
uen
cy s
ign
al,
tra
ns-
mit
ted
to
th
e co
ntr
ol
pa
nel
by
mea
ns
of
po
wer
-lin
e
com
mu
nic
atio
n.
Fro
m t
he
con
tro
l p
an
el,
the
sig
na
l
can
be
pic
ked
up
by
a s
ign
al
con
vert
er,
tra
nsm
itte
d
to t
he
MP
20
4 c
on
tro
l pa
nel
an
d in
dic
ated
as
a t
em-
per
atu
re o
n t
he
MP
20
4 c
on
tro
l pa
nel
dis
pla
y. M
P 2
04
is a
ad
van
ced
mo
tor
pro
tect
or
des
ign
ed f
or
the
pro
-
tect
ion
of
the
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r a
ga
inst
net
dis
tur-
ba
nce
s.
5.4
Red
uci
ng
th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
The
pu
rpo
se o
f re
du
cin
g t
he
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t is
to p
rote
ct o
ther
eq
uip
men
t a
ga
inst
po
wer
su
rges
in
con
nec
tio
n w
ith
hig
h p
ow
er lo
ad
s. T
his
als
o p
rote
cts
the
pip
ing
ag
ain
st e
xces
sive
pre
ssu
re s
urg
es.
Ther
e
are
sev
era
l way
s o
f red
uci
ng
th
e im
pa
ct o
n t
he
ma
ins,
ho
wev
er n
ot
all
of
them
are
rel
eva
nt
to p
um
ps.
Th
is
sect
ion
co
vers
sev
era
l diff
eren
t w
ays
of
red
uci
ng
th
e
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t, a
nd
info
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t ru
nn
ing
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
wit
h f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers.
The
follo
win
g a
pp
lies
to r
ad
ial a
nd
sem
i-ra
dia
l
pu
mp
s, in
clu
din
g G
run
dfo
s SP
pu
mp
s. A
xia
l pu
mp
s
are
ho
wev
er n
ot
dea
lt w
ith
her
e.
As
the
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t o
f a
pu
mp
mo
tor
is o
ften
4-7
tim
es a
s h
igh
as
the
rate
d c
urr
ent,
th
ere
will
be
a c
on
sid
era
ble
pea
k lo
ad
of
gri
d a
nd
mo
tor
for
a s
ho
rt p
erio
d. I
n o
rder
to
pro
tect
th
e g
rid
, ma
ny
cou
ntr
ies
hav
e re
gu
lati
on
s fo
r re
du
cin
g t
he
lock
ed-
roto
r cu
rren
t. N
orm
ally
it is
giv
en a
s a
ma
xim
um
loa
d in
kW
or
in A
mp
s a
llow
ed t
o s
tart
Dir
ect
on
Lin
e
(DO
L); T
he
ma
xim
um
loa
d a
llow
ed v
ari
es q
uit
e a
lot
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
wo
rld
, so
yo
u m
ust
be
cert
ain
th
at
you
ad
her
e to
yo
ur
loca
l reg
ula
tio
ns.
In s
om
e ca
ses,
on
ly s
pec
ific
met
ho
ds
for
red
uci
ng
th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
are
allo
wed
.
The
follo
win
g t
ypes
are
des
crib
ed in
th
e fo
llow
ing
:
DO
L -
Dir
ect-
on
-lin
e
SD-
Sta
r-d
elta
AF
- A
uto
tra
nsf
orm
er
RR
– R
esis
tor
sta
rter
SS -
So
ft s
tart
er
FC -
Fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
Bef
ore
a c
ho
ice
is m
ad
e, a
pp
licat
ion
, req
uir
emen
ts
an
d lo
cal s
tan
da
rds
mu
st b
e co
nsi
der
ed.
5.4
.1 D
irec
t-o
n-l
ine
– D
OL
In D
OL
star
tin
g,
the
mo
tor
is c
ou
ple
d d
irec
tly
to t
he
gri
d b
y m
ean
s o
f a
con
tact
or
or
sim
ilar.
Ass
um
ing
all
oth
er a
spec
ts t
o b
e th
e sa
me,
DO
L st
arti
ng
will
alw
ays
giv
e th
e lo
wes
t g
ener
atio
n o
f h
eat
in t
he
mo
tor,
con
-
seq
uen
tly
pro
vid
ing
th
e lo
ng
est
life
span
of
mo
tors
up
to 4
5 kW
. A
bo
ve t
his
siz
e, t
he
mec
han
ical
im
pac
t o
n
the
mo
tor
will
be
so c
on
sid
erab
le t
hat
Gru
nd
fos
rec-
om
men
ds
curr
ent
red
uct
ion
. Fu
rth
erm
ore
, al
tho
ug
h
the
DO
L m
oto
r st
arte
r g
ives
th
e h
igh
est
lock
ed-r
oto
r
curr
ent,
it w
ill c
ause
min
imal
gri
d d
istu
rban
ce.
Lots
of
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
use
lo
ng
cab
les,
ho
wev
er.
Thes
e lo
ng
cab
les
auto
mat
ical
ly t
rig
ger
a r
edu
ctio
n o
f
the
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t d
ue
to t
he
sim
ple
ph
ysic
s in
-
volv
ed, a
s th
e re
sist
ance
in t
he
cab
le r
edu
ces
the
cur-
ren
t. If
, fo
r ex
amp
le, t
he
cab
le is
lon
g a
nd
des
ign
ed f
or
a vo
ltag
e d
rop
of
5 %
fu
ll lo
ad (
amp
s), a
red
uct
ion
of
the
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t w
ill o
ccu
r au
tom
atic
ally
. Th
e
exam
ple
bel
ow
illu
stra
tes
this
po
int.
Exam
ple
:
Fig
. 30
Cu
rren
t fl
ow
by
DO
L st
art
ing
Typ
eR
edu
ced
lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
Pri
ceFe
atu
res
in
rela
tio
n t
o
pri
ce
Spa
ce
req
uir
emen
tC
ust
om
er
frie
nd
lyR
elia
ble
Red
uce
d p
ress
ure
su
rge
Ener
gy
sav-
ing
s d
uri
ng
o
per
atio
nM
ech
an
ica
lH
ydra
uli
c
DO
LN
oLo
wO
KLo
wYe
sYe
sN
oN
oN
o
SDB
elo
w 4
5 kW
ab
ove
45
kW
No
Yes
Low
Low
Low
OK
Low
Low
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
N
oN
oN
o
AF
Yes
Med
ium
OK
Med
ium
Yes/
No
Yes
Yes/
No
No
No
RR SS
Yes
Med
ium
OK
Med
ium
Yes/
No
Yes/
No
Yes
No
Yes/
No
FCYe
sH
igh
OK
Med
ium
/h
igh
Yes/
No
Yes/
No
Yes
Yes/
No
Yes/
No
3839
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
5.4
.2 S
tar-
del
ta –
SD
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
met
ho
d f
or
red
uci
ng
th
e lo
cked
-
roto
r cu
rren
t fo
r m
oto
rs
in
gen
era
l is
st
ar-
del
ta
sta
rtin
g.
Du
rin
g s
tart
-up
, th
e m
oto
r is
co
nn
ecte
d
for
sta
r o
per
atio
n.
Wh
en t
he
mo
tor
is r
un
nin
g,
it
is s
wit
ched
ove
r to
del
ta c
on
nec
tio
n. T
his
ha
pp
ens
au
tom
atic
all
y a
fter
a fi
xed
per
iod
of
tim
e. D
uri
ng
sta
rt-u
p i
n s
tar
po
siti
on
, th
e vo
lta
ge
on
mo
tor
ter-
min
als
is
red
uce
d t
o 5
8 %
of
the
no
min
al
sta
rtin
g
volt
ag
e. T
his
sta
rtin
g m
eth
od
is
very
wel
l kn
ow
n i
n
the
ma
rket
an
d r
elat
ivel
y ch
eap
, sim
ple
an
d r
elia
ble
,
wh
ich
ma
kes
it v
ery
po
pu
lar.
Fig
. 31
Cu
rren
t fl
ow
by
SD s
tart
ing
For
SP p
um
ps,
an
d i
n g
ener
al
for
pu
mp
s w
ith
a l
ow
mo
men
t o
f in
erti
a, S
D s
tart
ing
is
no
t re
com
men
ded
du
e to
th
e fa
ct t
hat
sp
eed
is
lost
du
rin
g s
wit
chin
g
fro
m Y
/D.
A s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p g
oes
fro
m 0
to
2.9
00
rpm
wit
hin
th
ree
cycl
es (0
.06
s)!
Th
is a
lso
mea
ns
that
the
pu
mp
sto
ps
imm
edia
tely
wh
en t
he
curr
ent
is d
is-
con
nec
ted
fro
m t
he
ma
ins.
Wh
en c
om
pa
rin
g t
he
DO
L a
nd
sta
r-d
elta
lo
cked
-ro
-
tor
curr
ent,
sta
r-d
elta
sta
rtin
g r
edu
ces
the
curr
ent
at t
he
beg
inn
ing
. Wh
en s
wit
chin
g o
ver
fro
m s
tar
to
del
ta, t
he
pu
mp
slo
ws
con
sid
era
bly
, alm
ost
sto
pp
ing
com
ple
tely
. Aft
erw
ard
s, it
ha
s to
sta
rt d
irec
tly
in d
elta
(DO
L). T
he
dia
gra
m s
ho
ws
that
th
ere
is n
o r
eal r
edu
c-
tio
n o
f th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent.
Thin
gs
are
som
ewh
at d
iffer
ent
for
cen
trif
ug
al p
um
ps
wit
h a
gre
ater
dia
met
er a
nd
mas
s, a
s th
ey c
on
se-
qu
entl
y h
ave
a h
igh
er m
om
ent
of
iner
tia.
Rem
emb
er
that
sta
r o
per
atio
n fo
r to
o lo
ng
may
res
ult
in c
on
sid
er-
able
mo
tor
hea
tin
g a
nd
a r
edu
ced
life
tim
e as
a r
esu
lt.
Sub
mer
sib
le in
sta
llati
on
s w
ith
SD
sta
rter
s w
ill o
ften
be
mo
re e
xpen
sive
th
an
oth
er s
imila
r in
sta
llati
on
s.
Two
su
pp
ly c
ab
les
(6 l
ead
s) a
re r
equ
ired
fo
r th
e m
o-
tor
inst
ead
of
on
e (3
lea
ds)
in
th
e n
orm
al
situ
atio
n.
The
mo
tor
mu
st a
lso
fea
ture
tw
o s
ock
ets,
ma
kin
g i
t
typ
ica
lly 5
% m
ore
exp
ensi
ve t
ha
n a
tra
dit
ion
al,
sin
-
gle
-so
cket
mo
tor.
Fig
. 32.
Wye
eo
nfi
gu
rati
on
at
sta
rt-u
p
Aft
er a
pre
-det
erm
ined
tim
e, t
he
sta
rter
ele
ctri
cally
swit
ches
th
e w
ind
ing
s o
ver
to t
he
Del
ta C
on
fig
ura
-
tio
n, s
ho
wn
in fi
g. 3
3.
Fig
. 33.
Del
ta C
onfi
gura
tion
mot
or
5.4
.3 A
uto
tra
nsf
orm
er –
AT
In t
his
sta
rtin
g m
eth
od
, th
e vo
lta
ge
is r
edu
ced
by
mea
ns
of
au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
s. T
his
pri
nci
ple
is
als
o
calle
d t
he
Ko
rnd
orf
met
ho
d.
Fig
. 34
Cu
rren
t fl
ow
by
au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
sta
rtin
g
Wh
en t
he
mo
tor
is t
o b
e st
art
ed, i
t is
firs
t co
nn
ecte
d
to a
red
uce
d v
olt
ag
e, w
ith
full
volt
ag
e fo
llow
ing
aft
er-
wa
rds.
Du
rin
g t
his
sw
itch
ove
r, p
art
of
the
au
totr
an
s-
form
er is
co
nn
ecte
d a
s a
ch
oke
co
il. T
his
mea
ns
that
the
mo
tor
will
be
con
nec
ted
to
th
e g
rid
th
e en
tire
tim
e. M
oto
r sp
eed
will
no
t b
e re
du
ced
.
The
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n w
hen
sta
rtin
g c
an
be
seen
fro
m fi
g. 3
4.
Au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
st
art
ers
are
re
lati
vely
ex
pen
sive
,
bu
t ve
ry r
elia
ble
. Th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
nat
ura
lly
dep
end
s o
n t
he
cha
ract
eris
tics
of
mo
tor
an
d p
um
p,
an
d v
ari
es c
on
sid
era
bly
fro
m t
ype
to t
ype.
Nev
er h
ave
the
au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
in
th
e ci
rcu
it f
or
mo
re t
ha
n 3
sec
on
ds.
Fig
. 35
Typ
ica
l ele
ctri
cal d
iag
ram
fo
r a
n a
uto
tra
ns-
form
er r
edu
ced
vo
lta
ge
sta
rter
5.4
.4 P
rim
ary
resi
sto
r-ty
pe
star
ter,
RR
In t
his
sta
rtin
g m
eth
od
, th
e vo
lta
ge
is r
edu
ced
by
mea
ns
of
resi
sto
rs p
ut
in s
erie
s o
n e
ach
mo
tor
ph
ase
.
The
fun
ctio
n is
to
incr
ease
th
e re
sist
an
ce d
uri
ng
th
e
sta
rt t
hu
s lim
itin
g t
he
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t fl
ow
ing
.
A c
orr
ectl
y d
imen
sio
ned
sta
rter
will
red
uce
th
e st
art
-
ing
vo
lta
ge
(on
th
e te
rmin
als
of
the
mo
tor)
to
ap
-
pro
xim
atel
y 70
% o
f th
e lin
e vo
lta
ge.
The
sta
rter
is c
ut
ou
t b
y m
ean
s o
f a
tim
er c
on
tro
llin
g
a c
on
tact
or
wh
ich
mea
ns
that
th
e re
du
ced
vo
lta
ge
will
on
ly b
e p
rese
nt
for
the
pre
defi
ned
tim
e a
nd
th
at
the
mo
tor
is e
ner
giz
ed t
he
enti
re t
ime.
Nev
er h
ave
resi
sto
rs c
on
nec
ted
fo
r m
ore
th
an
3 s
ec-
on
ds,
as
it w
ill r
edu
ce t
he
sta
rtin
g t
orq
ue
wit
h c
on
se-
qu
entl
y in
crea
sed
win
din
g.
Fig
. 36
. Typ
ica
l ele
ctri
cal d
iag
ram
fo
r a
pri
ma
ry r
esis
-
tor
red
uce
d v
olt
ag
e st
art
er
5.4
.5 S
oft
sta
rter
– S
S A
so
ft s
tart
er is
an
ele
ctro
nic
un
it w
hic
h r
edu
ces
the
volt
ag
e a
nd
co
nse
qu
entl
y th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
by
mea
ns
of
ph
ase
-an
gle
co
ntr
ol.
The
elec
tro
nic
s
un
it c
on
sist
s o
f a
co
ntr
ol s
ecti
on
, wh
ere
the
diff
eren
t
op
erat
ing
an
d p
rote
ctiv
e p
ara
met
ers
are
set
, a
nd
a
po
wer
pa
rt w
ith
tri
acs
.
The
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t is
typ
ica
lly r
edu
ced
to
2-3
tim
es t
he
op
erat
ing
cu
rren
t.
40
41
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
Fig
. 37
Reco
mm
ende
d st
art-
up
and
stop
tim
e, m
ax. 3
sec
.
Fig
. 38
Cu
rren
t fl
ow
by
soft
sta
rtin
g
Oth
er t
hin
gs
bei
ng
th
e sa
me,
th
is a
lso
giv
es a
red
uce
d
sta
rtin
g t
orq
ue.
Th
e sl
ow
sta
rt m
ay r
esu
lt i
n a
n i
n-
crea
sed
hea
t g
ener
atio
n in
th
e m
oto
r, le
ad
ing
to
a r
e-
du
ced
lif
etim
e. W
ith
sh
ort
acc
eler
atio
n/d
ecel
erat
ion
tim
es (
such
as
thre
e se
con
ds)
, th
is i
s o
f n
o p
ract
ica
l
imp
ort
an
ce. T
he
sam
e g
oes
fo
r SD
an
d A
T st
art
ing
.
Gru
nd
fos
ther
efo
re r
eco
mm
end
s fo
llow
ing
th
e a
ccel
-
erat
ion
/dec
eler
atio
n t
imes
sta
ted
in t
he
fig
ure
wh
en
usi
ng
a s
oft
sta
rter
. It
sho
uld
no
t b
e n
eces
sary
in c
on
-
nec
tio
n w
ith
Gru
nd
fos
pu
mp
s to
ra
ise
the
sta
rtin
g
volt
ag
e a
bo
ve 5
5%.
Ho
wev
er i
f a
pa
rtic
ula
rly
hig
h
sta
rtin
g t
orq
ue
is r
equ
ired
, th
e st
art
ing
vo
lta
ge
may
be
incr
ease
d t
o a
chie
ve t
he
req
uir
ed t
orq
ue.
A s
oft
sta
rter
will
ab
sorb
a n
on
-sin
uso
ida
l cu
rren
t
an
d g
ive
rise
to
so
me
gri
d n
ois
e. I
n c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
very
sh
ort
acc
eler
atio
n/d
ecel
erat
ion
tim
es, t
his
is
of
no
pra
ctic
al
imp
ort
an
ce a
nd
do
es n
ot
con
flic
t w
ith
reg
ula
tio
ns
con
cern
ing
gri
d n
ois
e.
A n
ew s
erie
s/g
ener
atio
n o
f so
ft s
tart
ers
ha
s b
een
in-
tro
du
ced
. Th
ey a
re e
qu
ipp
ed w
ith
a p
rog
ram
ma
ble
sta
rt r
am
p f
un
ctio
n f
or
red
uci
ng
th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent
furt
her
, o
r fo
r ra
mp
ing
hig
h i
ner
tia
lo
ad
s. I
f
such
so
ft s
tart
ers
are
use
d,
ple
ase
use
ra
mp
tim
es
of
ma
x.
thre
e se
con
ds.
In
gen
era
l, G
run
dfo
s re
com
-
men
ds
that
yo
u a
lway
s in
sta
ll th
e so
ft s
tart
er w
ith
a b
ypa
ss c
on
tact
or,
ena
blin
g t
he
mo
tor
to r
un
DO
L
du
rin
g o
per
atio
n. I
n t
his
way
, wea
r a
nd
po
wer
loss
is
avo
ided
in t
he
soft
sta
rter
du
rin
g o
per
atio
n.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at if
ram
pin
g d
ow
n is
req
uir
ed, i
t m
igh
t
no
t b
e p
oss
ible
to
use
th
e b
ypa
ss c
on
tact
or
solu
tio
n
for
red
uci
ng
th
e p
ow
er c
on
sum
pti
on
du
rin
g n
orm
al
op
erat
ion
.
We
reco
mm
end
th
e u
se o
f fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rter
s if
oth
er r
am
p t
imes
are
req
uir
ed.
Tem
per
atu
re r
ead
ou
t o
f G
run
dfo
s m
oto
rs w
ith
tem
-
per
atu
re t
ran
smit
ters
is
po
ssib
le i
f th
e so
ft s
tart
er
ha
s a
byp
ass
co
nta
cto
r.
Soft
sta
rter
s m
ay o
nly
be
use
d o
n 3
ph
ase
su
bm
ers-
ible
mo
tors
.
Ma
x. t
ime
for
red
uce
d v
olt
ag
e sh
all
be
limit
ed n
ot
to
exce
ed 3
sec
on
ds.
5.4
.6 F
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
(va
ria
ble
sp
eed
dri
ve)
Freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
are
th
e id
eal
dev
ice
to c
on
tro
l
the
per
form
an
ce o
f th
e p
um
p, b
y a
dju
stin
g t
he
spee
d
of
the
mo
tor.
It is
th
eref
ore
als
o a
n id
eal s
tart
er t
ype,
bo
th f
or
red
uct
ion
of
the
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t a
nd
fo
r
red
uct
ion
of
pre
ssu
re s
urg
es.
No
te:
a l
ow
fre
qu
ency
pro
du
ces
slo
w i
mp
elle
r ro
ta-
tio
n, r
edu
cin
g p
um
p p
erfo
rma
nce
.
Fig
. 39
Pu
mp
per
form
an
ce w
ith
diff
eren
t fr
equ
enci
es
Fig
. 40
Cu
rren
t fl
ow
by
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
er s
tart
ing
Freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
are
th
e m
ost
exp
ensi
ve o
f th
e
ab
ove
-men
tio
ned
sta
rtin
g d
evic
es, a
nd
will
pri
ma
rily
be
use
d in
co
nn
ecti
on
wit
h o
per
atio
n a
t va
ria
ble
per
-
form
an
ce.
Ther
e a
re s
ever
al
typ
es o
f fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rter
s o
n
the
ma
rket
, ea
ch h
avin
g i
ts o
wn
ch
ara
cter
isti
cs.
A
bri
ef o
verv
iew
is p
rese
nte
d h
ere:
• T
he
sim
ple
st f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er i
s b
ase
d o
n a
volt
ag
e fr
equ
ency
cu
rve
. T
his
co
nve
rter
is
som
e-
tim
es c
all
ed a
n U
/f o
r V
/f c
on
vert
er.
Th
ey c
alc
u-
late
th
e a
ctu
al o
utp
ut
volt
ag
e fr
om
th
e fr
equ
ency
,
wit
ho
ut
taki
ng
th
e a
ctu
al
loa
d i
nto
co
nsi
der
a-
tio
n. D
iffer
ent
U/f
or
V/f
cu
rves
ca
n b
e ch
ose
n t
o
op
tim
ise
for
the
act
ua
l a
pp
lica
tio
n.
Pum
ps
wil
l
typ
ica
lly
use
th
e V
ari
ab
le T
orq
ue
curv
e. T
hes
e fr
e-
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s a
re t
he
chea
pes
t o
n t
he
ma
r-
ket,
an
d a
re o
ften
em
plo
yed
.
• Th
e n
ext
step
is
th
e V
ecto
r-C
on
tro
lled
fr
equ
ency
con
vert
er. T
his
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
use
s a
mo
del
of
the
mo
tor,
and
cal
cula
tes
the
ou
tpu
t vo
ltag
e b
ased
on
sev
eral
par
amet
ers
incl
ud
ing
the
actu
al lo
ad. T
his
give
s h
igh
er p
erfo
rman
ce i
n c
on
tro
llin
g th
e sh
aft
of
the
mo
tor,
such
as
a h
igh
er a
ccu
racy
of m
in-1
, to
rqu
e,
etc.
Th
ese
dri
ves
are
mo
re e
xpen
sive
th
an t
he
U/f
bas
ed d
rive
s, a
nd
are
typ
ical
ly u
sed
fo
r in
du
stri
al a
p-
plic
atio
ns.
Ho
wev
er,
they
are
als
o u
sed
in
sys
tem
s
wh
ere
inst
abili
ties
oft
en o
ccu
r. Th
e m
ore
pre
cise
way
of c
on
tro
llin
g th
e sh
aft
no
rmal
ly e
limin
ates
th
e p
rob
-
lem
s ca
use
d b
y an
inst
able
pu
mp,
Th
e ve
cto
r-co
ntr
ol-
led
dri
ves
usu
ally
hav
e a
hig
her
effi
cien
cy, o
r an
au
to-
mat
ic e
ner
gy
op
tim
izer
fu
nct
ion
.
The
ou
tpu
t se
ctio
n o
f a
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
ca
n b
e
ma
de
in t
wo
diff
eren
t w
ays:
eit
her
wit
h s
ix o
r w
ith
12 t
ran
sist
ors
.
Th
is c
an
als
o b
e re
ferr
ed t
o a
s 6
-pu
lse
an
d 1
2-p
uls
e
inve
rter
s. S
ix t
ran
sist
ors
are
th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ly
fou
nd
so
luti
on
, a
s it
is
the
chea
pes
t a
nd
th
e si
m-
ple
st w
ay o
f cr
eati
ng
an
ou
tpu
t st
ag
e. T
o r
edu
ce t
he
stre
ss o
n m
oto
r in
sula
tio
n a
nd
in
crea
se t
he
con
tro
l
per
form
an
ce,
the
12-t
ran
sist
or
ou
tpu
t st
ag
e w
as
intr
od
uce
d. 1
2-tr
an
sist
or
op
erat
ion
is t
ypic
all
y co
m-
bin
ed w
ith
ad
van
ced
co
ntr
ols
th
at a
re b
ase
d o
n fl
ux
mo
del
s o
f th
e m
oto
r. T
he
ad
van
tag
e o
f a
12-
tra
nsi
s-
tor
solu
tio
n u
sua
lly
incl
ud
es i
mp
rove
d c
on
tro
l at
low
sp
eed
s a
nd
les
s st
ress
on
th
e m
oto
r. A
12-
pu
lse
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
er l
ies
in t
he
exp
ensi
ve r
an
ge
of
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers.
Th
e m
ain
sel
ecti
on
fa
cto
r fo
r co
mb
inin
g f
req
uen
cy
con
vert
er a
nd
pu
mp
is
the
full
lo
ad
am
ps
incl
ud
ing
the
ove
rlo
ad
fa
cto
r. T
he
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
er s
ho
uld
be
cho
sen
so
it
ca
n d
eliv
er t
he
req
uir
ed c
urr
ent
all
the
tim
e. F
or
exa
mp
le,
if t
he
mo
tor
req
uir
es 9
.7 A
,
cho
se a
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
wit
h a
nd
ou
tpu
t cu
r-
ren
t at
9.7
A o
r h
igh
er.
42
43
5.5
Op
erat
ion
wit
h f
req
uen
cy
con
vert
er
Ther
e a
re s
ever
al
thin
gs
that
sh
ou
ld b
e co
nsi
der
ed
wh
en u
sin
g f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
tog
eth
er w
ith
su
b-
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs. S
om
e o
f th
e co
nd
itio
ns
for
run
nin
g
sub
mer
sib
le
mo
tors
o
n
freq
uen
cy
con
vert
ers
are
fou
nd
bel
ow
.
1a. T
he
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
er m
ust
hav
e so
me
kin
d o
f
ou
tpu
t fi
lter
to
lim
it v
olt
ag
e p
eaks
(U
pea
k) a
nd
to r
edu
ce d
U/d
t (o
r d
V/d
t) w
hic
h c
ou
rses
str
ess
on
th
e in
sola
tio
n o
f th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor.
The
ma
xim
um
vo
lta
ge
(Up
eak)
sho
uld
be
red
uce
d t
o a
leve
l o
f le
ss t
ha
n 8
50 V
(ex
cep
t fo
r th
e M
S 4
02)
;
dU
/dt
sho
uld
als
o b
e lim
ited
in
acc
ord
an
ce w
ith
the
follo
win
g t
ab
le.
Ma
x p
eak
volt
ag
e a
nd
ma
x d
U /
dt
for
Gru
nd
fos
sub
mer
sib
les
Mo
tor
seri
esM
ax
. Up
eak v
olt
ag
eM
ax
. dU
/ d
t
MS4
02
650
V P
ha
se -
Ph
ase
200
0 V
/ m
icro
s.
MS4
00
08
50 V
Ph
ase
- P
ha
se20
00
V /
mic
ro s
.
MS6
/MS6
00
08
50 V
Ph
ase
- P
ha
se20
00
V /
mic
ro s
.
MM
S6/M
MS6
00
08
50 V
Ph
ase
- G
rou
nd
500
V /
mic
ro s
.
MM
S80
00
850
V P
ha
se -
Gro
un
d50
0 V
/ m
icro
s.
MM
S10
00
08
50 V
Ph
ase
- G
rou
nd
500
V /
mic
ro s
.
MM
S120
00
850
V P
ha
se -
Gro
un
d50
0 V
/ m
icro
s.
Th
e ty
pic
al
ou
tpu
t fi
lter
s fo
r fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rt-
ers
are
LC
(a
lso
ca
lled
sin
us
filt
ers)
or
RC
filt
ers.
Freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
er s
up
plie
rs c
an
su
pp
ly d
ata
reg
ard
ing
Up
eak a
nd
dU
/dt
for
thei
r d
iffer
ent
fre-
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
ser
ies.
Ple
ase
see
ch
ap
ter
5.6
.
N
orm
ally
, filt
ers
are
als
o r
equ
ired
if lo
ng
mo
tor
ca-
ble
s a
re t
o b
e u
sed
to
get
her
wit
h t
he
freq
uen
cy
con
vert
er.
Th
e U
pea
k a
nd
dU
/dt
valu
es s
ho
uld
be
mea
sure
d
on
th
e m
oto
r te
rmin
als
.
See
tab
le a
bo
ve f
or
acc
epta
ble
va
lues
of
dV
/dt.
1b. F
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
are
no
rma
lly d
esig
ned
fo
r
use
in
an
in
du
stri
al
envi
ron
men
t. I
f a
fre
qu
ency
con
vert
er i
s u
sed
in
res
iden
tia
l a
rea
s, i
t m
igh
t b
e
nec
essa
ry t
o a
dd
so
me
kin
d o
f in
pu
t fi
lter
to
pre
-
ven
t el
ectr
ica
l d
istu
rba
nce
s fr
om
th
e fr
equ
ency
con
vert
er f
rom
aff
ecti
ng
oth
er e
qu
ipm
ent
on
th
e
sam
e m
ain
s. N
orm
ally
th
ere
are
th
ree
diff
eren
t
leve
ls o
f fi
lter
s to
sel
ect
am
on
g:
•
No
filt
er (
On
ly f
or
ind
ust
ria
l use
wh
ere
filt
erin
g
is d
on
e el
sew
her
e)
•
Filt
ers
for
ind
ust
ria
l ap
plic
atio
ns
•
Filt
ers
for
do
mes
tic
ap
plic
atio
ns.
Th
e ve
rsio
n f
or
do
mes
tic
ap
plic
atio
ns
can
be
an
ad
d-o
n f
or
the
ind
ust
ria
l ap
plic
atio
n, o
r it
ca
n b
e a
sep
ara
te v
ersi
on
.
It
is
ma
nd
ato
ry t
o f
ulfi
l th
e re
qu
irem
ents
in
th
e
ma
nu
als
fo
r th
e fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rter
fo
r ke
epin
g
the
CE
ma
rk o
n t
he
pro
du
ct.
If t
his
is
no
t d
on
e
pro
per
ly t
he
CE
ma
rkin
g is
no
t a
llow
ed.
2.
The
flo
w r
ate
pa
st t
he
mo
tor
mu
st b
e at
lea
st
0.1
5 m
/s. T
he
mo
tor
mu
st b
e fi
tted
wit
h a
co
olin
g
slee
ve i
f th
e p
um
pin
g d
oes
no
t cr
eate
su
ffici
ent
flo
w p
ast
th
e m
oto
r.
3.
Wit
h c
on
tro
l o
f su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
in
op
en s
ys-
tem
s w
ith
hig
h s
tati
c lif
t, t
he
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
will
ch
an
ge
on
ly m
od
erat
ely.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at a
red
uct
ion
of
the
pu
mp
per
form
an
ce w
ill g
ive
in-
crea
sed
gen
erat
ion
of
hea
t in
th
e m
oto
r. A
red
uc-
tio
n o
f th
e m
oto
r lif
etim
e m
ust
th
eref
ore
be
ex-
pec
ted
. Fo
r o
per
atio
n w
ith
a f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er,
Gru
nd
fos
ther
efo
re a
lway
s re
com
men
ds
usi
ng
a
mo
tor
wit
h s
pa
re c
ap
aci
ty, i
.e. a
n in
du
stri
al m
oto
r
or
a d
erat
ed s
tan
da
rd m
oto
r.
4.
The
mo
tor
freq
uen
cy:
min
.: 30
Hz
ma
x.:6
0 H
z
5.
Tem
per
atu
re p
rote
ctio
n o
f G
run
dfo
s su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
wit
h f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er i
s p
oss
ible
fo
r
mo
tors
wit
h a
bu
ilt-i
n t
her
mo
con
tact
s. T
he
mo
tor
tem
per
atu
re c
an
no
t b
e re
ad
, bu
t th
e p
rote
ctio
n is
the
sam
e. A
n a
dd
itio
na
l ca
ble
is
req
uir
ed f
or
the
mo
tor,
bu
t a
s o
per
atio
n o
f su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
by
mea
ns
of
freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
is u
sua
lly u
sed
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
ta
nk
ap
plic
atio
n, t
his
will
no
t
cau
se d
istu
rba
nce
s o
r a
dd
itio
na
l co
sts.
If t
he
po
ints
dis
cuss
ed a
bo
ve a
re m
et, t
he
mo
tor
wil
l
hav
e a
n a
ccep
tab
le li
feti
me.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at e
xter
na
l fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s re
sult
in p
ow
er lo
ss a
nd
tra
nsm
its
tra
nsi
ents
, th
ey w
ill:
• g
ener
ate
mo
re h
eat
in t
he
mo
tor
com
pa
red
to
di-
rect
on
lin
e o
per
atio
n
•
red
uce
th
e m
oto
r effi
cien
cy
•
incr
ease
th
e p
ow
er c
on
sum
pti
on
of
the
mo
tor.
Bec
au
se o
f th
is,
an
in
du
stri
al
mo
tor
sho
uld
alw
ays
be
use
d, a
s it
ha
s b
een
bu
ilt t
o c
om
pen
sate
fo
r th
ese
dis
ad
van
tag
es.
As
far
as
the
op
erat
ing
eco
no
my
is c
on
cern
ed, t
he
fol-
low
ing
sh
ou
ld b
e ta
ken
into
co
nsi
der
atio
n:
• Fr
equ
ency
co
ntr
ol o
f dee
p w
ell s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps
will
no
rma
lly n
ot
resu
lt i
n i
mp
rove
d o
per
atin
g
eco
no
my
wh
en in
sta
lled
in a
wel
l.
• It
do
es, h
ow
ever
, red
uce
th
e n
eed
fo
r la
rge
tan
ks
an
d s
pa
ce f
or
thes
e.
• Fr
equ
ency
co
ntr
ol
of
raw
-wat
er p
um
ps
red
uce
s
pre
ssu
re s
urg
es in
th
e p
ipe
syst
em a
nd
va
riat
ion
s
of
the
wat
er l
evel
in
th
e w
ell
at p
um
p s
tart
an
d
sto
p.
Ho
wev
er w
her
e so
me
kin
d o
f co
ntr
ol i
s n
eed
ed s
uch
as
con
stan
t p
ress
ure
, co
nst
ant
wel
l w
ater
lev
el, o
r si
mi-
lar,
ther
e m
igh
t b
e d
iffer
ent
leve
ls o
f im
pro
vem
ent
in
usi
ng
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s. A
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
in-
clu
des
so
me
log
ic in
pu
t an
d o
utp
ut.
It a
lso
typ
ical
ly in
-
clu
des
a P
ID c
on
tro
l sec
tio
n, f
or
esta
blis
hin
g c
on
tro
l of
the
app
licat
ion
. In
man
y ca
ses
add
itio
nal
eq
uip
men
t
can
be
om
itte
d, a
nd
th
e u
se o
f th
e fr
equ
ency
co
nve
rt-
er a
s a
star
ter
and
as
a p
art
of
the
con
tro
l sys
tem
will
imp
rove
th
e o
vera
ll ec
on
om
ic p
ersp
ecti
ve.
The
PID
co
ntr
olle
r is
wid
ely
use
d i
n c
on
tro
l ap
plic
a-
tio
ns,
an
d f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er m
anu
fact
ure
s n
orm
al-
ly g
ives
so
me
hin
ts a
bo
ut
ho
w t
o o
pti
miz
e th
e u
se o
f
this
fea
ture
.
Plea
se b
e aw
are
of
that
an
in
corr
ectl
y p
rog
ram
med
PID
co
ntr
olle
r co
uld
lea
d t
o a
n i
nst
able
per
form
ance
and
exc
essi
ve p
ress
ure
on
th
e sy
stem
.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at t
he
ram
p-u
p t
ime
to a
min
imu
m f
re-
qu
ency
of
30 H
z m
ay n
ot
take
lon
ger
th
an 3
sec
on
ds.
5.6
CU
E va
ria
ble
sp
eed
dri
ve f
or
SP
pu
mp
s
CU
E is
a G
run
dfo
s fr
equ
ency
dri
ve w
ith
a l
og
ica
l in
-
terf
ace
fo
r ea
sy s
etu
p a
nd
op
erat
ion
.
Wit
h a
CU
E, i
t is
po
ssib
le t
o c
on
tro
l p
um
p p
erfo
rm-
an
ce b
y ch
an
gin
g t
he
freq
uen
cy.
This
allo
ws
you
to
pro
gra
m a
sm
oo
th s
tart
up
an
d s
top
of
the
pu
mp
.
This
min
imis
es t
he
risk
of
da
ma
ges
on
th
e p
ress
ure
pip
e a
nd
th
e en
tire
pre
ssu
re p
ipin
g s
yste
m.
It a
lso
re-
du
ces
the
stre
ss f
rom
wat
er h
am
mer
wh
ile m
inim
is-
ing
th
e co
sts
for
valv
es a
nd
oth
er r
egu
lati
ng
dev
ices
.
Op
erat
ion
bel
ow
30
Hz
is a
ccep
tab
le f
or
no
mo
re
tha
n t
hre
e se
con
ds.
Ab
ove
30
Hz,
th
ere
is n
o l
imit
a-
tio
n r
ega
rdin
g o
per
atio
n t
ime.
Th
is m
ust
alw
ays
be
ob
serv
ed h
ow
ever
, b
oth
du
rin
g r
am
p-u
p a
nd
ra
mp
-
do
wn
seq
uen
ces.
The
ma
x. f
req
uen
cy is
60
Hz.
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
Fig
. 41
CU
E fa
mily
44
45
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
lsM
oto
rs a
nd
co
ntr
ols
The
set-
up
dat
a f
or
the
CU
E is
alw
ays
curr
ent,
an
d
no
t kW
, sin
ce s
ub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs a
re o
ften
diff
eren
t
fro
m n
orm
mo
tors
.
Fun
ctio
ns
The
CU
E a
llow
s yo
u t
o m
ain
tain
th
e fo
llow
ing
pa
-
ram
eter
s:
• C
on
sta
nt
pre
ssu
re
• C
on
sta
nt
leve
l
• C
on
sta
nt
flo
w r
ate
• C
on
sta
nt
tem
per
atu
re
• C
on
sta
nt
curv
e.
Pow
er c
ab
le
A s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p p
ow
er c
ab
le i
n a
scr
een
ed v
er-
sio
n i
s n
ot
ava
ilab
le.
No
rma
lly,
it i
s n
ot
req
uir
ed a
c-
cord
ing
to
th
e EM
C re
gu
lati
on
s d
ue
to t
he
sub
mer
ged
inst
alla
tio
n.
Ma
ins
cab
le
This
ca
ble
ru
ns
fro
m t
he
ma
ins
sup
ply
to
th
e C
UE
un
scre
ened
. Th
e ca
ble
bet
wee
n C
UE
an
d fi
lter
is
scre
ened
. Th
e ca
ble
ru
nn
ing
fro
m t
he
filt
er t
o t
he
pu
mp
mo
tor
is n
orm
ally
un
scre
ened
. Th
e tw
o e
xam
-
ple
s ill
ust
rate
th
ese
setu
ps.
If t
he
cab
le is
use
d o
uts
ide
the
wel
l in
a d
ry e
nvi
ron
-
men
t, a
scr
een
ed c
ab
le m
ay b
e u
sed
wit
h a
ca
ble
co
n-
nec
tio
n t
o t
he
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p c
ab
le a
t th
e w
ell
hea
d. fi
g. 4
2 b
elo
w s
ho
ws
ho
w a
ca
ble
sel
ecti
on
ca
n
be
use
d t
og
eth
er w
ith
CU
E a
nd
a fi
lter
. In
th
e se
con
d
exa
mp
le,
the
con
nec
tio
n b
ox
is l
oca
ted
at
the
wel
l
hea
d.
Furt
her
in
form
atio
n m
ay b
e fo
un
d i
n w
ebC
APS
on
ww
w.g
run
dfo
s.co
m.
Filt
er s
elec
tio
n
Fig
. 4
4 b
elo
w s
ho
ws
ho
w t
o s
elec
t th
e co
rrec
t fi
lter
for
the
inst
alla
tio
n.
The
ma
in d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n d
U/d
t fi
lter
s a
nd
sin
e
wav
e fi
lter
s is
:
Bo
th fi
lter
s co
nsi
st o
f co
ils a
nd
ca
pa
cito
rs. T
he
coils
an
d t
he
cap
aci
tors
are
sm
all
in v
alu
e in
th
e d
U/d
t fi
l-
ters
co
mp
are
d t
o t
he
valu
es u
sed
in s
ine
wav
e fi
lter
s.
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
a f
ull
ran
ge
of
filt
ers
to b
e u
sed
wit
h
CU
E.
Sett
ing
gu
idel
ines
• R
am
p (
up
an
d d
ow
n):
ma
xim
um
3 s
eco
nd
s. T
his
is t
o e
nsu
re t
he
lub
rica
tio
n o
f jo
urn
al b
eari
ng
s to
limit
wea
r, a
nd
pre
ven
t th
e w
ind
ing
fro
m b
eco
m-
ing
bu
rnt
ou
t.
• U
se t
emp
erat
ure
mo
nit
ori
ng
by
PT10
0 (
use
of
scre
ened
ca
ble
ca
n b
e n
eed
ed).
• H
eat
kills
th
e m
oto
r =
> lo
w is
ola
tio
n r
esis
tan
ce
=>
sen
siti
ve t
o v
olt
ag
e p
eaks
.
• M
oto
r re
com
men
dat
ion
s:
– F
or
MS:
use
mo
tors
wit
h 1
0%
ext
ra in
giv
en
du
ty p
oin
t.
–
Fo
r M
MS:
alw
ays
use
mo
tors
th
at a
re P
E2 –
PA
wo
un
d.
• R
emem
ber
to
use
a L
C fi
lter
.
• R
edu
ce p
eaks
to
ma
x. 8
00
V.
• G
run
dfo
s re
com
men
d D
an
foss
fre
qu
ency
inve
rt-
er, i
n c
om
bin
atio
n w
ith
a L
C fi
lter
.
• C
ab
les
act
as
am
plifi
ers
=>
mea
sure
pea
ks a
t th
e
mo
tor.
• D
imen
sio
n it
wit
h r
esp
ect
for
the
curr
ent
an
d n
ot
the
po
wer
ou
tpu
t.
• D
imen
sio
n t
he
coo
ling
pro
visi
on
fo
r th
e st
ato
r
tub
e at
du
ty p
oin
t w
ith
low
est
flo
w r
ate.
Th
e
min
imu
m fl
ow
m/s
alo
ng
th
e st
ato
r h
ou
sin
g
mu
st b
e co
nsi
der
ed.
• A
ssu
re t
hat
th
e p
um
p is
use
d w
ith
in t
he
inte
nd
-
ed r
an
ge
of
the
pu
mp
cu
rve.
• Fo
cus
on
th
e d
isch
arg
e p
ress
ure
an
d s
uffi
cien
t
NPS
H, a
s vi
bra
tio
ns
will
kill
th
e m
oto
r.
CU
EFi
lter
Ma
ins
Un
scre
en
ed
ca
ble
scre
en
ed
ca
ble
Un
scre
en
ed
dro
p c
ab
le
CU
E a
nd
Fil
ter
mo
un
ted
clo
se t
o w
ell
M
CU
EFi
lter
Ma
ins
Un
scre
en
ed
ca
ble
scre
en
ed
ca
ble
Un
scre
en
ed
d
rop
ca
ble
Msc
ree
ne
d
cab
leC
on
nec
tio
n
bo
x*
* B
oth
en
ds
of
the
scr
ee
ne
d c
ab
le f
rom
th
e fi
lte
r to
th
e c
on
ne
ctio
n b
ox
mu
st c
on
ne
cte
d t
o e
art
h
NO
Y
ES
Ho
w t
o c
ho
se a
fi
lte
r
Is t
he
pu
mp
an
SP
/BM
or
BM
B
Ca
ble
len
gth
<15
0m
an
dp
> 1
1 kW
Use
sin
e w
ave
fi
lte
rU
se d
U/d
t fi
lte
r
Fig
. 42
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p w
ith
ou
t co
nn
ecti
on
bo
x
Fig
. 43
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p w
ith
co
nn
ecti
on
bo
x a
nd
scr
een
ed c
ab
le
Fig
. 44
Set
tin
g g
uid
elin
es
46
47
6.
Po
we
r S
up
ply
Po
we
r S
up
ply
6.1
Po
wer
gen
erat
ion
The
follo
win
g w
ill o
nly
fo
cus
on
alt
ern
atin
g c
urr
ent
(AC
) a
s th
is i
s th
e p
rim
ary
so
urc
e o
f p
ow
er f
or
asy
n-
chro
no
us
mo
tors
.
Dis
trib
uti
on
In o
rder
fo
r g
ener
ated
po
wer
to
be
use
ful,
it m
ust
be
tra
nsm
itte
d f
rom
th
e g
ener
atin
g p
lan
t to
th
e a
rea
wh
ere
con
sum
pti
on
ta
kes
pla
ce. T
he
cha
llen
ge
is t
o
hav
e su
ffici
ent
am
ou
nt
of
ener
gy
ava
ilab
le a
t th
e
tim
e a
nd
pla
ce w
her
e w
ork
is d
ema
nd
ed.
The
mo
st e
ffici
ent
way
to
tra
nsf
er e
ner
gy
fro
m g
en-
erat
ing
pla
nt
to c
on
sum
pti
on
pla
ces
is t
o i
ncr
ease
volt
ag
e w
hile
red
uci
ng
cu
rren
t. T
his
is
nec
essa
ry i
n
ord
er t
o m
inim
ize
the
ener
gy
loss
as
con
seq
uen
ce
of
tra
nsm
issi
on
. Th
ese
loss
es a
re r
efer
red
to
as
I2 x R
loss
es, s
ince
th
ey a
re e
qu
al
to t
he
squ
are
of
the
cur-
ren
t ti
mes
th
e re
sist
an
ce o
f th
e p
ow
er li
nes
. On
ce t
he
elec
tric
al e
ner
gy
get
s n
ear t
he
end
use
r, th
e u
tilit
y w
ill
nee
d t
o s
tep
do
wn
th
e vo
lta
ge
to t
he
leve
l nee
ded
by
the
con
sum
ing
ma
chin
e. E
ach
tim
e, t
he
volt
ag
e le
vel
is c
ha
ng
ed, e
ner
gy
is l
ost
, eve
n i
n t
he
mo
st e
ffici
ent
tra
nsf
orm
ers.
6.2
Vo
lta
ge
6.2
.1 V
olt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
Sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs a
re d
esig
ned
to
op
erat
e o
n p
ow
-
er li
nes
wit
h g
iven
vo
lta
ge
an
d f
req
uen
cy.
Vo
lta
ge
un
ba
lan
ce c
an
be
reg
ula
ted
at
the
reg
ula
tin
g
bo
ard
of
the
tra
nsf
orm
er a
nd
/or
the
gen
erat
or.
The
volt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
sh
all
be
kep
t a
s sm
all
as
po
ssib
le,
as
it is
th
e p
rim
ary
so
urc
e o
f cu
rren
t u
nb
ala
nce
. Th
is
lea
ds
to t
he
crea
tio
n o
f a
dd
itio
na
l hea
t in
th
e m
oto
r.
On
e p
oss
ible
ca
use
of
volt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
is
the
un
-
equ
al d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f si
ng
le p
ha
se lo
ad
s. T
hes
e lo
ad
s
vary
ove
r ti
me.
Vo
lta
ge
un
ba
lan
ce i
s su
bse
qu
entl
y
very
diffi
cult
to
avo
id i
f th
e n
et c
on
tain
s h
igh
per
-
cen
tag
e o
f si
ng
le p
ha
se c
on
sum
pti
on
.
Use
of
two
sin
gle
ph
ase
tra
nsf
orm
ers
in s
o c
alle
d
“op
en d
elta
” co
nn
ecti
on
is
no
t re
com
men
ded
fo
r
thre
e p
ha
se s
up
ply
.
6.2
.2 O
verv
olt
ag
e a
nd
un
der
volt
ag
ePo
wer
lin
es a
re e
xpec
ted
to
del
iver
a s
pec
ific
volt
ag
e.
Nea
r th
e lo
w v
olt
ag
e tr
an
sfo
rmer
, th
ere
will
oft
en
be
an
ove
rvo
lta
ge
of
3-5%
. Wh
en t
he
po
wer
lin
es a
re
loa
ded
, a v
olt
ag
e d
rop
will
occ
ur
du
e to
oh
mic
res
ist-
an
ce in
per
iod
s o
f p
eak
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n.
Mo
st p
ow
er li
nes
are
dim
ensi
on
ed s
o t
hat
un
der
volt
-
ag
e o
f m
ore
th
an
-10
% w
ill o
ccu
r le
ss t
ha
n o
nce
a
yea
r at
th
e w
eake
st p
oin
t. B
ut
ma
ny
con
sum
ers
still
exp
erie
nce
per
iod
s o
f co
nsi
der
ab
le v
olt
ag
e d
rop
.
An
y m
oto
r w
ill s
uff
er if
it d
oes
no
t re
ceiv
e th
e vo
lta
ge
sta
mp
ed o
n t
he
na
mep
late
. If
the
volt
ag
e d
rop
s, t
he
mo
tor
torq
ue
will
be
red
uce
d a
nd
th
e sp
eed
of
the
loa
ded
mo
tor
will
co
nse
qu
entl
y b
e re
du
ced
, to
o.
As
a r
esu
lt o
f th
is, t
he
effici
ency
an
d in
du
ctio
n r
esis
t-
an
ce o
f th
e m
oto
r w
ill d
rop
. Th
is w
ill m
ake
th
e p
ow
er
con
sum
pti
on
incr
ease
, res
ult
ing
in in
crea
sed
gen
era
-
tio
n o
f h
eat
in t
he
mo
tor.
Wh
en a
fully
-lo
ad
ed c
entr
ifu
ga
l pu
mp
mo
tor r
ecei
ves
10%
un
der
volt
ag
e, t
he
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n w
ill i
n-
crea
se b
y a
pp
rox
. 5%
, an
d t
he
mo
tor
tem
per
atu
re b
y
ab
ou
t 20
%. I
f th
is t
emp
erat
ure
in
crea
se e
xcee
ds
the
ma
xim
um
tem
per
atu
re o
f th
e in
sula
tio
n m
ater
ial
aro
un
d t
he
win
din
gs,
th
ese
will
be
sho
rt-c
ircu
ited
an
d t
he
stat
or
will
be
des
tro
yed
. In
th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor,
the
tem
per
atu
re o
f th
e m
oto
r liq
uid
is
very
imp
ort
an
t fo
r th
e lu
bri
cati
on
of
the
jou
rna
l bea
rin
gs.
The
loa
d c
ap
aci
ty a
s fu
nct
ion
of
the
tem
per
atu
re c
an
be
seen
on
th
e d
iag
ram
bel
ow
.
Fig
. 45
Dia
gra
m: J
ou
rna
l bea
rin
gs
loa
d c
ap
aci
ty a
s
fun
ctio
n o
f m
oto
r liq
uid
tem
per
atu
re.
48
49
Po
we
r S
up
ply
This
is c
riti
cal i
f th
e m
oto
r is
pla
ced
in a
ho
t en
viro
n-
men
t a
nd
is b
ad
ly c
oo
led
, or
in c
ase
of
volt
ag
e a
sym
-
met
ry,
curr
ent
asy
mm
etry
or
volt
ag
e tr
an
sien
ts a
t
the
sam
e ti
me.
Usu
ally
, an
incr
ease
d w
ind
ing
tem
per
atu
re c
au
sed
by
un
der
volt
ag
e w
ill l
ead
to
fa
ster
ag
ing
of
the
insu
la-
tio
n, r
esu
ltin
g in
a r
edu
ced
life
.
In c
ase
of
ove
rvo
lta
ge
fro
m t
he
gri
d, t
he
po
wer
co
n-
sum
pti
on
an
d h
eat
gen
erat
ion
in t
he
mo
tor
win
din
gs
will
incr
ease
as
wel
l.
Fig
. 46
Cu
rren
t va
ria
tio
n a
s a
fu
nct
ion
of
ove
r- a
nd
un
der
volt
ag
e o
n a
230
V m
oto
r.
Co
ncl
usi
on
1. F
or
volt
age
vari
atio
ns
of
+6
/-10
% o
f th
e ra
ted
val
ue,
mea
sure
d a
t th
e m
oto
r te
rmin
als,
no
rmal
lif
e ca
n
be
exp
ecte
d w
hen
th
e p
ow
er c
on
sum
pti
on
is e
qu
al
to o
r le
ss t
han
th
e ra
ted
cu
rren
t st
amp
ed o
n t
he
nam
epla
te a
nd
if t
he
mo
tor c
oo
ling
is s
uffi
cien
t an
d
no
tra
nsi
ents
or
asym
met
ry o
ccu
r.
2. F
or
sho
rt/p
erio
dic
vo
ltag
e va
riat
ion
s ex
ceed
ing
+6
/-10
% o
f th
e ra
ted
val
ue,
th
e re
du
ctio
n in
life
will
be
mo
der
ate
un
til u
nd
ervo
ltag
e/o
verv
olt
age
vari
a-
tio
ns
are
so c
on
sid
erab
le t
hat
th
e st
ato
r w
ind
ing
s
are
sho
rt-c
ircu
ited
.
3. W
ith
per
man
ent
or
lon
g l
asti
ng
vo
ltag
e va
riat
ion
s
exce
edin
g +
6/-
10%
, th
e m
oto
r sh
ou
ld b
e d
erat
ed o
r
a G
run
dfo
s o
vers
ize
mo
tor
cho
sen
in
ord
er t
o o
b-
tain
acc
epta
ble
life
an
d e
ffici
ency
. Co
ntr
ol o
f m
oto
r
tem
per
atu
re is
by
use
of G
run
dfo
s M
P 20
4 e
lect
ron
-
ical
ly m
oto
r p
rote
cto
r is
alw
ays
reco
mm
end
ed.
It is
cu
sto
ma
ry t
o d
erat
e a
sta
nd
ard
mo
tor
to e
nsu
re
lon
g li
fe if
ove
rvo
lta
ge
or
un
der
volt
ag
e o
f m
ore
th
an
+6
/-10
% c
an
be
exp
ecte
d a
t th
e m
oto
r ca
ble
en
try.
Sin
gle
-ph
ase
m
oto
rs
will
o
ften
re
qu
ire
cap
aci
tor
ad
ap
tio
n w
hen
exp
ose
d t
o lo
w v
olt
ag
e su
pp
ly.
6.3
Fre
qu
ency
The
freq
uen
cy s
ho
uld
alw
ays
be
kep
t at
th
e n
om
ina
l
valu
e. If
th
e fr
equ
ency
is h
igh
er, t
he
pu
mp
may
ove
r-
loa
d t
he
mo
tor.
If t
he
freq
uen
cy i
s lo
wer
, pu
mp
per
-
form
an
ce w
ill d
rop
.
6.4
Va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ves
In o
rder
to
ma
ke r
atio
na
l ele
ctri
c p
ow
er d
istr
ibu
tio
n
uti
liti
es h
ave
ag
reed
to
use
sa
me
freq
uen
cy. T
his
en
-
ab
le d
irec
t co
nn
ecti
on
of
diff
eren
t n
ets
un
der
co
nd
i-
tio
n t
hat
th
e fr
equ
ency
an
d s
equ
ence
of
this
is
the
sam
e.
The
do
min
an
t fr
equ
enci
es u
sed
in
th
e w
orl
d t
od
ay
are
60
Hz
an
d 5
0 H
z.
The
freq
uen
cy d
eter
min
es t
he
spee
d o
f a
n a
syn
chro
-
no
us
mo
tor.
Un
fort
un
atel
y it
is
very
diffi
cult
to
ca
l-
cula
te e
xact
ly t
he
spee
d o
f a
n a
syn
chro
no
us
mo
tor.
This
is
det
erm
ined
by
the
spee
d o
f a
syn
chro
no
us
mo
tor
min
us
the
slip
.
Slip
is
defi
ned
as
the
diff
eren
ce i
n s
pee
d b
etw
een
roto
r a
nd
sta
tor
fiel
d. T
he
slip
is
the
pro
du
ct o
f th
e
resu
ltin
g t
orq
ue
– t
his
mea
ns
the
gre
ater
th
e lo
ad
,
(to
rqu
e) t
he
gre
ater
th
e sl
ip. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
th
e sl
ip
of
an
asy
nch
ron
ou
s m
oto
r is
loa
d d
epen
den
t.
The
syn
chro
no
us
spee
d c
an
be
calc
ula
ted
by
use
of
follo
win
g f
orm
ula
:
Ns
=12
0 x
f
P
Ns
= t
he
spee
d o
f th
e ro
tati
ng
ma
gn
etic
fiel
d.
120
= c
on
sta
nt.
f =
fre
qu
ency
.
P =
nu
mb
er o
f p
ole
s.
Po
we
r S
up
ply
Va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ves
(VFD
s) a
re u
sed
to
cre
ate
a “
new
” lo
cal
net
wit
h a
fre
qu
ency
diff
eren
t fr
om
wh
at t
he
sup
ply
co
mp
an
y is
pro
vid
ing
. Th
is a
llo
ws
the
freq
uen
cy a
nd
th
e m
oto
r (a
nd
pu
mp
) sp
eed
to
be
reg
ula
ted
.
Mo
der
n f
req
uen
cy d
rive
s ca
n r
egu
late
in
an
in
terv
al
bet
wee
n 0
an
d 4
00
Hz
(or
even
mo
re).
Plea
se re
mem
-
ber
, as
the
spee
d g
oes
up
th
e lo
ad
is
als
o i
ncr
easi
ng
even
tua
lly le
ad
ing
to
ris
k o
f o
verl
oa
din
g t
he
mo
tor
if
no
t d
imen
sio
ned
co
rrec
tly.
An
oth
er i
mp
ort
an
t is
sue
to r
emem
ber
is
that
th
e
freq
uen
cy d
rive
mu
st n
ot
be
use
d t
o b
oo
st v
olt
ag
e.
Wh
en y
ou
reg
ula
te t
he
volt
ag
e, t
he
freq
uen
cy m
ust
rem
ain
co
nst
an
t.
Pra
ctic
al e
xam
ple
:
Giv
en n
et =
40
0 V
, 50
Hz
In o
rder
to
hav
e b
igg
er r
egu
lati
on
are
a, y
ou
ch
oo
se
to d
imen
sio
n t
he
pu
mp
set
fo
r 6
0 H
z o
per
atio
n. T
his
giv
es r
eco
mm
end
ed r
egu
lati
on
are
a fr
om
30
– 6
0 H
z.
Hen
ce y
ou
are
no
t to
bo
ost
vo
lta
ge
you
hav
e to
cho
ose
a m
oto
r su
ited
fo
r ru
nn
ing
at
40
0 V
, 6
0 H
z
(pra
ctic
ally
th
is w
ill le
ad
into
ch
oo
sin
g a
38
0 V
, 60
Hz
mo
tor
hen
ce t
his
is a
sta
nd
ard
).
Filt
ers:
Va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ves
is b
ase
d o
n a
tec
hn
olo
gy
that
sw
itch
es (
cho
ps)
in
an
d o
ut
the
volt
ag
e. T
his
mea
ns
that
th
e re
sult
ing
ou
tpu
t fr
om
a v
ari
ab
le f
re-
qu
ency
dri
ve i
s o
nly
pa
rtly
a s
inu
soid
al
curv
e. T
he
resu
lt i
s g
ener
atio
n o
f n
ois
e o
n p
rim
ary
as
wel
l a
s
seco
nd
ary
sid
e o
f th
e va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ve.
The
pri
ma
ry s
ide
is r
egu
late
d b
y a
uth
ori
ties
an
d/o
r u
tili-
ties
an
d d
ema
nd
s R
FI fi
lter
so
luti
on
s. O
n t
he
ou
tpu
t
sid
e, t
he
cha
llen
ge
is t
he
len
gth
, th
e ty
pe,
th
e si
ze a
nd
ho
w t
he
cab
les
are
pla
ced
in t
he
inst
alla
tio
n. L
on
g c
a-
ble
s in
crea
se t
he
risk
of
crea
tin
g h
igh
vo
lta
ge
pea
ks
lea
din
g t
o d
eter
iora
tio
n o
f th
e in
sula
tio
n s
yste
m o
f
the
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r.
Gru
nd
fos
reco
mm
end
s th
e u
se o
f LC
filt
ers
on
th
e
seco
nd
ary
sid
e o
f a
ll v
ari
ab
le f
req
uen
cy d
rive
s. If
th
e
sup
pli
er o
f a
VFD
wit
h a
giv
en c
ab
le c
on
fig
ura
tio
n
wil
l is
sue
ass
ura
nce
th
at U
pea
k fo
r g
iven
mo
tor
is
no
t ex
ceed
ed a
t m
oto
r te
rmin
als
th
is c
an
be
acc
ept-
ed. S
ee t
he
tab
le o
n p
ag
e 4
2.
Cu
rren
t:
Plea
se n
ote
th
at d
imen
sio
nin
g o
f va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ves
is d
on
e fr
om
th
e cu
rren
t va
lue
of
the
mo
tor
– a
nd
th
at a
su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor
ha
s h
igh
er c
urr
ent
valu
es t
ha
n s
imila
r o
utp
ut
surf
ace
mo
tor.
6.5
Gri
d c
on
nec
tio
nB
efo
re c
on
nec
tin
g t
o g
rid
, th
e ch
ara
cter
isti
cs o
f th
e
gri
d s
ha
ll b
e kn
ow
n:
Ho
w i
s th
e q
ua
lity
of
the
net
,
wh
at k
ind
of
eart
h is
use
d a
nd
ho
w g
oo
d is
th
e su
rge
an
d li
gh
tnin
g p
rote
ctio
n?
• W
hat
vo
lta
ge
will
be
sup
plie
d a
nd
wit
h w
hat
to
ler-
an
ces?
• W
hat
fre
qu
ency
will
be
sup
plie
d a
nd
wit
h w
hat
tole
ran
ces?
• W
hat
po
wer
is a
t d
isp
osi
tio
n?
• H
ow
oft
en c
an
gri
d d
istu
rba
nce
s b
e ex
pec
ted
?
• Is
an
ow
n t
ran
sfo
rmer
fo
rese
en o
r w
ill a
co
mm
on
tra
nsf
orm
er b
e u
sed
? If
a c
om
mo
n t
ran
sfo
rmer
is
use
d, a
sk h
ow
eve
n lo
ad
of
the
net
is a
ssu
red
(o
nly
ap
plic
ab
le f
or
3-p
ha
se m
oto
rs).
The
sup
ply
fro
m t
he
gri
d t
o t
he
mo
tor
is n
orm
ally
re-
ferr
ed t
o a
s th
e n
et s
up
ply
. N
et s
up
ply
is
the
po
wer
line
hav
ing
th
e vo
lta
ge
for
ma
chin
e u
ses.
Net
qu
alit
y
we
div
ide
into
so
ca
lled
“st
iff”
or
“so
ft”
net
.
A g
iven
gri
d v
olt
ag
e is
tra
nsf
orm
ed i
nto
ap
pro
pri
ate
net
vo
lta
ge
by
use
of
a t
ran
sfo
rmer
.
The
chea
pes
t w
ay o
f tr
an
sfo
rmin
g a
giv
en g
rid
vo
lt-
ag
e in
to a
pp
rop
riat
e n
et v
olt
ag
e is
do
ne
thro
ug
h a
so c
alle
d a
uto
tra
nsf
orm
er. P
lea
se n
ote
th
at t
his
is n
ot
po
ssib
le in
all
cou
ntr
ies.
In o
rder
to
pro
tect
th
e su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor,
you
nee
d
a d
evic
e th
at c
an
iso
late
th
e m
oto
r fr
om
th
e n
et/g
rid
sup
ply
in
ca
se o
f p
rob
lem
s. G
run
dfo
s re
com
men
ds
the
use
of
elec
tro
nic
mo
tor
pro
tect
or
dev
ice
MP
20
4.
5051
Po
we
r S
up
ply
6.6
Cu
rren
t a
sym
met
ryLo
w c
urr
ent
asy
mm
etry
giv
es t
he
bes
t m
oto
r effi
cien
-
cy a
nd
lo
ng
est
life.
It
is t
her
efo
re i
mp
ort
an
t to
hav
e
all
ph
ase
s lo
ad
ed e
qu
ally
. B
efo
re m
easu
rin
g t
ake
s
pla
ce, i
t sh
ou
ld b
e ch
ecke
d t
hat
th
e d
irec
tio
n o
f ro
ta-
tio
n o
f th
e p
um
p i
s co
rrec
t, i
.e. t
he
on
e w
hic
h g
ives
the
hig
hes
t p
erfo
rma
nce
. Th
e d
irec
tio
n o
f ro
tati
on
can
be
cha
ng
ed b
y in
terc
ha
ng
ing
tw
o p
ha
ses.
Th
e
curr
ent
asy
mm
etry
sh
ou
ld n
ot
exce
ed 5
%.
If t
her
e
is a
MP
20
4 c
on
nec
ted
, 10
% w
ill b
e a
ccep
tab
le.
It i
s
calc
ula
ted
by
mea
ns
of
the
follo
win
g t
wo
fo
rmu
las:
I (%
) =
I ph
ase
ma
x. –
I aver
ag
e
I aver
ag
e(
)
x 1
00
[%
]
(
)I (
%)
=I p
ha
se –
I aver
ag
e m
in.
I aver
ag
e
x 1
00
[%
]
The
ma
xim
um
va
lue
is u
sed
as
an
exp
ress
ion
of
the
curr
ent
asy
mm
etry
. Th
e cu
rren
t m
ust
be
mea
sure
d
on
all
thre
e p
ha
ses
as
illu
stra
ted
bel
ow
. Th
e b
est
con
-
nec
tio
n i
s th
e o
ne
wh
ich
giv
es t
he
low
est
curr
ent
asy
mm
etry
. In
ord
er n
ot
to h
ave
to c
ha
ng
e th
e d
irec
-
tio
n o
f ro
tati
on
wh
en t
he
con
nec
tio
n is
ch
an
ged
, th
e
ph
ase
s m
ust
alw
ays
be
mo
ved
as
illu
stra
ted
. MP
20
4
ma
kes
it p
oss
ible
no
t o
nly
to
pro
tect
ag
ain
st t
oo
hig
h
a c
urr
ent
asy
mm
etry
, bu
t a
lso
to
hav
e re
ad
ou
ts o
f th
e
act
ua
l va
lues
if u
sed
wit
h a
n R
100
. Th
is m
ake
s it
ea
sy
to fi
nd
th
e o
pti
ma
l co
nn
ecti
on
.
Fig
. 47
Op
tim
al c
on
nec
tio
n
Exa
mp
le
See
the
dia
gra
m in
fig
. 45
an
d t
he
tab
le b
elo
w.
Step
1C
on
nec
tio
n 1
UZ
31
AV
X 2
6 A
WY
28
ATo
tally
85
A
Co
nn
ecti
on
2Z
30
AX
26
AY
29
ATo
tally
85
A
Co
nn
ecti
on
3Z
29
AX
27
AY
29
ATo
tally
85
A
Step
2=
Tota
l cu
rren
t
3 x
3=
28
.3 A
85
+ 8
5 +
85
3 x
3A
vera
ge
curr
ent:
Step
3M
ax
. am
ps.
diff
eren
ce f
rom
ave
rag
e:
Co
nn
ecti
on
1 =
31
- 28
.3 =
2.7
AC
on
nec
tio
n 2
= 2
8.3
- 2
6 =
2.3
AC
on
nec
tio
n 3
= 2
8.3
- 2
7 =
1.3
A
Step
4%
un
ba
lan
ce:
Co
nn
ecti
on
1 =
9.5
% -
no
go
od
Co
nn
ecti
on
2 =
8.1
% -
no
go
od
Co
nn
ecti
on
3 =
4.6
% -
ok
Step
5If
th
e cu
rren
t u
nb
ala
nce
is g
reat
er t
ha
n 5
%, t
he
po
wer
co
mp
an
y sh
ou
ld b
e co
nta
cted
. As
an
alt
ern
ativ
e, a
d
erat
ed o
r in
du
stri
al m
oto
r p
rote
cted
by
an
MP
20
4
sho
uld
be
use
d.
On
th
e re
mo
te c
on
tro
l, yo
u w
ill b
e a
ble
to
rea
d t
he
act
ua
l cu
rren
t a
sym
met
ry. A
cu
rren
t u
nb
ala
nce
of
5%
corr
esp
on
ds
to a
vo
lta
ge
un
ba
lan
ce o
f 1-
2%.
Even
a s
ma
ll vo
lta
ge
un
ba
lan
ce g
ives
a la
rge
curr
ent
un
ba
lan
ce.
This
un
ba
lan
ce,
in t
urn
, ca
use
s u
nev
en
dis
trib
uti
on
of
hea
t in
th
e st
ato
r w
ind
ing
s le
ad
ing
to
ho
t sp
ots
an
d l
oca
l o
verh
eati
ng
. Th
e ke
y re
sult
s a
re
illu
stra
ted
gra
ph
ica
lly b
elo
w.
Po
we
r S
up
ply
02
46
8
010203050 4060%
Cu
rren
t u
nb
alan
ce
Vol
tage
un
bal
ance
%
Fig
. 48
Rel
ati
on
ship
bet
wee
n v
olt
ag
e a
nd
cu
rren
t
un
ba
lan
ce
Fig
. 49
Rel
ati
on
ship
bet
wee
n v
olt
ag
e u
nb
ala
nce
an
d
tem
per
atu
re
Cu
rren
t u
nb
ala
nce
ca
n b
e cr
eate
d b
y th
e p
osi
tio
n-
ing
of
the
dro
p c
ab
les.
If ja
cket
ed c
ab
les
are
use
d, n
o
pro
ble
ms
sho
uld
be
exp
ecte
d. I
f si
ng
le le
ad
is u
sed
it
is a
lway
s re
com
men
d t
o p
lace
th
e th
ree
ph
ase
co
n-
du
cto
rs o
n o
ne
sid
e o
f th
e ri
ser
pip
e a
nd
th
en h
ave
the
eart
h le
ad
dia
go
na
lly o
pp
osi
te.
Vo
lta
ge
tra
nsi
ents
/ li
gh
tnin
g
Pow
er li
nes
are
su
pp
ose
d t
o d
eliv
er s
inu
soid
al s
ha
ped
wav
es o
n a
ll th
ree
ph
ase
s. T
he
sin
uso
ida
l sh
ap
ed
wav
es p
rod
uce
d a
t th
e p
ow
er s
tati
on
are
ad
ded
to
the
tra
nsi
ents
in t
he
dis
trib
uti
on
sys
tem
.
Sou
rces
of
tra
nsi
ents
:
1. F
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
wit
ho
ut
filt
ers
2. S
oft
sta
rter
s
3. C
on
tact
ors
fo
r b
ig m
ach
ines
4.
Ca
pa
cito
rs f
or
pro
cess
ma
chin
es
5. L
igh
tnin
g
1.
Freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
wit
ho
ut
filt
ers
Mo
der
n f
re-
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s w
ith
an
LC
or
RC
filt
er c
an
be
pro
tect
ed s
o t
hat
th
ey d
o n
ot
pro
du
ce v
olt
ag
e
pea
ks a
bo
ve 8
50V
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
ca
ble
s o
f u
p
to 1
00
m b
etw
een
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
an
d m
oto
r.
This
is
fully
acc
epta
ble
an
d a
ny
Gru
nd
fos
mo
tor
wit
h c
orr
ect
rati
ng
an
d c
oo
ling
will
hav
e a
n a
ccep
t-
ab
le l
ife.
Fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s o
f th
e P
WM
typ
e
(Pu
lse
Wid
th M
od
ula
tio
n)
wit
ho
ut
LC o
r R
C fi
lter
yiel
d a
n o
utp
ut
volt
ag
e w
hic
h d
iffer
s m
uch
fro
m
the
idea
l sin
uso
ida
l cu
rve
wit
h t
ran
sien
ts o
f 6
00
V
at 4
00
V m
ain
s a
nd
dU
/dt:
20
00
-24
00
V/u
s, m
eas-
ure
d a
t a
ca
ble
len
gth
of
1m,
dep
end
ing
on
th
e
ma
ke. T
hes
e tr
an
sien
ts w
ill i
ncr
ease
wit
h i
ncr
eas-
ing
ca
ble
len
gth
bet
wee
n f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er a
nd
mo
tor.
At
200
m,
for
inst
an
ce,
the
tra
nsi
ents
will
be
do
ub
le a
t th
e m
oto
r ca
ble
plu
g, i
.e. U
pea
k eq
ua
ls
120
0V
an
d d
U/d
t: 1
200
V/u
s (4
00
V m
ain
s). T
he
re-
sult
will
be
red
uce
d li
feti
me
of
the
mo
tor.
Bec
au
se
of
this
, fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
s m
ust
at
lea
st c
on
tain
an
RC
filt
er t
o e
nsu
re o
pti
mu
m m
oto
r lif
e.
2. A
co
nn
ecte
d s
oft
sta
rter
will
ab
sorb
a n
on
-sin
uso
i-
da
l cu
rren
t a
nd
giv
e ri
se t
o a
cer
tain
gri
d n
ois
e. In
con
nec
tio
n w
ith
ver
y sh
ort
acc
eler
atio
n/d
ecel
era
-
tio
n t
imes
, th
is i
s o
f n
o p
ract
ica
l im
po
rta
nce
an
d
do
es n
ot
con
flic
t w
ith
reg
ula
tio
ns
con
cern
ing
gri
d
no
ise.
If t
he
sta
rt-u
p t
ime
is lo
ng
er t
ha
n t
hre
e se
c-
on
ds,
th
e n
on
-sin
uso
ida
l tr
an
sien
ts w
ill o
verh
eat
the
mo
tor
win
din
gs
an
d c
on
seq
uen
tly
aff
ect
the
liftt
ime
of
the
mo
tor.
5253
Po
we
r S
up
ply
3. B
ig m
ach
ines
sta
rtin
g D
OL
or
in s
tar-
del
ta c
on
-
nec
tio
n m
ay c
reat
e sp
ark
s a
nd
sen
d c
on
sid
era
ble
tra
nsi
ents
ba
ck t
o t
he
gri
d w
hen
th
e co
nta
cto
rs
are
op
ened
. Th
ese
surg
es c
an
ha
rm t
he
sub
mer
s-
ible
mo
tor.
4.
Pha
se c
om
pen
sati
on
of
pro
cess
pla
nts
may
co
n-
tain
co
mp
licat
ed c
on
tro
ls w
ith
ma
ny
an
d b
ig c
a-
pa
cito
rs w
hic
h s
end
su
rges
ba
ck t
o t
he
gri
d. S
urg
es
can
be
ha
rmfu
ll fo
r su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
.
5. A
sev
ere
stro
ke o
f lig
htn
ing
dir
ectl
y o
n a
wel
l in
-
sta
llati
on
, st
art
er o
r p
ow
er s
up
ply
will
gen
era
lly
des
tro
y a
ll liv
ing
org
an
ism
s a
nd
all
elec
tric
al i
nst
al-
lati
on
s. T
he
tra
nsi
ents
fro
m s
uch
a s
tro
ke o
f lig
ht-
nin
g w
ill b
e at
lea
st 2
0-1
00
kV
an
d t
he
gen
erat
ion
of
hea
t en
ou
gh
to
mel
t th
e in
sula
tio
n m
ater
ials
.
Lig
htn
ing
str
ikin
g t
he
gri
d w
ill g
ener
ate
tra
nsi
ents
wh
ich
will
pa
rtly
be
ab
sorb
ed b
y th
e lig
htn
ing
ar-
rest
ers
int
gri
d s
yste
m. T
he
fun
ctio
n o
f a
lig
htn
ing
arr
este
r is
to
lea
k th
e o
verv
olt
ag
e to
ea
rth
. If
a
low
-vo
lta
ge
gri
d i
s h
it d
irec
tly
by
ligh
tnin
g t
her
e
is a
ris
k o
f tr
an
sien
ts o
f m
ore
th
an
10
-20
kV
at
the
pu
mp
mo
tor
sta
rter
. If
sta
rter
an
d m
oto
r a
re
no
t co
rrec
tly
pro
tect
ed b
y lig
htn
ing
arr
este
rs a
nd
eart
hin
g, t
he
inst
alla
tio
n m
ay b
e d
am
ag
ed, a
s it
is
inst
alle
d i
n e
lect
rica
lly c
on
du
ctin
g g
rou
nd
wat
er,
wh
ich
is t
he
bes
t ki
nd
of
eart
hin
g t
her
e is
.
Dam
age
to s
ub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs f
rom
lig
htn
ing
may
aris
e b
oth
in
co
nn
ecti
on
wit
h p
ow
er s
up
ply
th
rou
gh
ove
rhea
d c
able
s an
d u
nd
erg
rou
nd
cab
les.
In a
reas
wit
h
freq
uen
t lig
htn
ing
, th
e b
est
pro
tect
ion
of
bo
th s
tart
er
and
su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor
is t
o in
stal
l lig
htn
ing
arr
este
rs
on
th
e d
isch
arg
e si
de
of
the
star
ter
mai
n s
wit
ch a
nd
con
nec
t th
em t
o g
rou
nd
ing
ro
ds
or
if p
oss
ible
to
th
e
rise
r m
ain
of
the
wel
l if
this
is m
ade
of
stee
l.
At
the
bo
reh
ole
, lig
htn
ing
arr
este
rs s
ho
uld
be
fitt
ed
on
th
e d
isch
arg
e si
de
of
the
iso
lati
on
sw
itch
gro
un
d-
ed t
o t
he
rise
r m
ain
an
d t
he
wel
l ca
sin
g i
f m
ad
e o
f
stee
l. Fo
r d
eep
in
sta
llati
on
s, l
igh
tnin
g a
rres
ters
ca
n
be
fitt
ed i
n t
he
mo
tor
cab
le,
too,
as
tra
nsi
ents
do
u-
ble
th
e vo
lta
ge
in a
20
0m
dro
p c
ab
le. B
ut
in g
ener
al,
ligh
tnin
g a
rres
ters
sh
ou
ld b
e p
osi
tio
ned
so
th
at t
hei
r
fun
ctio
n c
an
be
chec
ked
by
per
iod
ic m
egg
ing
as
they
wea
r o
ut
wh
en e
xpo
sed
to
mu
ch h
eavy
lig
htn
ing
.
If t
he
po
wer
su
pp
ly s
uff
ers
fro
m h
eavy
lig
htn
ing
tra
nsi
ents
, ca
ll th
e p
ow
er c
om
pa
ny
to h
ave
them
tes
t
thei
r lig
htn
ing
arr
este
rs a
t th
e tr
an
sfo
rmer
sta
tio
n.
If a
sys
tem
ha
s b
een
ex
po
sed
to
lig
htn
ing
, all
co
m-
po
nen
ts i
n t
he
sta
rter
bo
x s
ho
uld
be
tho
rou
gh
ly
test
ed. T
he
con
tact
or
may
be
bu
rned
on
on
e p
ha
se
wh
ich
may
giv
e ri
se t
o v
olt
ag
e a
nd
cu
rren
t u
nb
al-
an
ce i
n t
he
mo
tor.
Th
e co
nta
cto
r o
r th
e th
erm
al
rela
y ca
n b
e b
urn
ed o
n s
ever
al
ph
ase
s w
hic
h m
ay
cau
se b
oth
un
der
volt
ag
e a
nd
un
ba
lan
ce. T
he
ther
-
ma
l re
lay
may
be
bu
rned
wh
ich
mea
ns
that
it
can
-
no
t tr
ip a
nd
co
nse
qu
entl
y ca
nn
ot
pro
tect
th
e m
oto
r
win
din
gs.
On
ly s
om
e o
f th
e m
oto
rs w
hic
h a
re d
am
-
ag
ed b
y li
gh
tnin
g a
re d
estr
oye
d b
y th
e st
roke
itse
lf;
the
rest
a
re
da
ma
ged
b
y co
nse
qu
enti
al
effec
ts.
Gru
nd
fos
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs t
ype
MS
40
2 h
ave
an
in
sula
tio
n l
evel
of
up
to
15
kV. T
his
is
the
ma
xi-
mu
m v
olt
ag
e p
eaks
, wh
ich
th
e m
oto
r is
ex
po
sed
to
in p
ract
ice,
e.g
. in
co
nn
ecti
on
wit
h l
igh
tnin
g c
lose
to t
he
inst
all
atio
n.
Lig
htn
ing
dir
ectl
y o
n t
he
pu
mp
inst
all
atio
n i
s ex
clu
ded
her
e. A
dd
itio
na
l li
gh
tnin
g
pro
tect
ion
is t
her
efo
re n
ot
nec
essa
ry.
Po
we
r S
up
ply
5455
7. Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
7.1
Wel
ls a
nd
wel
l co
nd
itio
ns
A w
ell
is a
ho
le,
stre
tch
ing
fro
m t
he
surf
ace
of
the
eart
h t
o t
he
un
der
gro
un
d a
qu
ifer
, wh
ere
the
gro
un
d-
wat
er is
fou
nd
. Th
e d
epth
of
the
wel
l may
va
ry f
rom
a
few
met
ers
to s
ever
al h
un
dre
d m
eter
s.
Wel
ls a
re t
ypic
ally
dri
lled
wit
h s
pec
ial d
rilli
ng
eq
uip
-
men
t, w
hic
h is
ab
le t
o p
entr
ate
the
vari
ou
s la
yers
of
the
gro
un
d, s
uch
as
san
d, c
lay,
bed
rock
, etc
. In
sid
e th
e
dri
lled
ho
le a
ca
sin
g (p
ipe)
is t
ypic
ally
inst
alle
d, w
hic
h
pre
ven
ts t
he
wel
l fro
m c
olla
psi
ng
aro
un
d t
he
pu
mp
.
Bel
ow
th
e ca
sin
g, a
nd
in
lin
e w
ith
th
e a
qu
ifer
, is
an
-
oth
er ‘c
asi
ng
’ wit
h fi
ne
slo
ts. T
his
is
the
wel
l sc
reen
,
wh
ere
the
slo
ts a
llow
s th
e w
ater
to
en
ter
the
wel
l. It
ho
lds
ba
ck s
an
d a
nd
la
rger
pa
rtic
les
tryi
ng
to
en
ter
the
wel
l. Se
e fi
g. 5
0.
To i
mp
rove
th
e fi
lter
ing
fu
nct
ion
, th
e b
ore
ho
le t
ypi-
cally
fea
ture
s a
dia
met
er t
hat
is
2-3”
la
rger
th
an
th
e
casi
ng
. A
fin
e sa
nd
gra
vel
pa
ck fi
lter
is
pla
ced
be-
twee
n t
he
casi
ng
an
d t
he
aq
uif
er,
as
sho
wn
fig
. 4
5.
Som
e ca
sin
gs
com
e w
ith
a p
re-m
ad
e g
rave
l p
ack
filt
er.
Ma
de
corr
ectl
y, t
his
filt
erin
g m
eth
od
pre
ven
ts
san
d a
nd
silt
fro
m e
nte
rin
g t
he
wel
l.
Fig
. 50
Typ
ica
l gro
un
dw
ate
r w
ell c
om
po
nen
ts
Reco
mm
end
atio
ns
on
san
d c
on
ten
t va
ries
fro
m o
ne
cou
ntr
y to
an
oth
er.
The
Nat
ion
al
Gro
un
d W
ater
Ass
oci
atio
n (
NG
WA
) in
USA
rec
om
men
ds
the
follo
win
g s
an
d l
imit
s in
wel
l
wat
er:
• 1.
10 m
g/l
in
wat
er u
sed
fo
r fo
od
an
d b
ever
ag
e
pro
cess
ing
.
• 2.
50 m
g/l
in
wat
er f
or
pri
vate
ho
mes
, in
stit
uti
on
s
an
d in
du
stri
es.
• 3.
10 m
g/l
in w
ater
for
spri
nkl
er ir
rig
atio
n, i
nd
ust
ria
l
eva
po
rati
ve c
oo
ling
an
d o
ther
ap
plic
atio
ns
wh
ere
a m
od
erat
e co
nte
nt
of
solid
s is
no
t p
art
icu
larl
y
ha
rmfu
l.
• 4
.15
mg
/l in
wat
er f
or
flo
od
irri
gat
ion
.
5657
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
If t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
of s
an
d e
xcee
ds
15 m
g/l
, so
mu
ch
mat
eria
l w
ill b
e re
mo
ved
fro
m t
he
wel
l th
at t
he
aq
-
uif
er a
nd
th
e st
rata
ab
ove
it
may
co
llap
se a
nd
th
us
sho
rten
th
e lif
e o
f th
e w
ell.
Gru
nd
fos
per
mit
s a
sa
nd
co
nte
nt
of
no
mo
re t
ha
n 5
0
pp
m in
th
e w
ell w
ater
. Wit
h a
sa
nd
co
nte
nt
of
50 m
g/
l, th
e p
um
p e
ffici
ency
an
d t
he
liftt
ime
will
rem
ain
ac-
cep
tab
le f
or
up
to
25,
00
0-3
5,0
00
du
ty h
ou
rs, e
qu
al t
o
ap
pro
x. f
ou
r ye
ars
of
op
erat
ion
fo
r ei
gh
t h
ou
rs a
day
.
If t
he
we
ll w
ate
r h
as
a s
an
d c
on
ten
t h
igh
er
tha
n
50 m
g/l
, a s
pe
cia
l p
um
p a
nd
mo
tor
is a
vail
ab
le o
n
req
ue
st.
Bef
ore
th
e w
ell c
an b
e p
ut
into
op
erat
ion
, it
mu
st b
e d
e-
velo
ped
. A n
ew w
ell w
ill a
lway
s p
rod
uce
so
me
san
d a
nd
silt
in t
he
beg
inn
ing
, an
d w
ell d
evel
op
men
t is
th
e p
roc-
ess
of
pu
mp
ing
a n
ew w
ell f
ree
fro
m s
and
an
d s
ilt. I
t is
do
ne
by
pu
mp
ing
wit
h a
ver
y h
igh
flo
w, w
hic
h d
raw
s
the
fin
e p
arti
cles
in
th
e aq
uif
er i
nto
th
e fi
lter
of
the
wel
l. Th
is s
low
ly m
akes
th
e fi
lter
mo
re e
ffec
tive
. Aft
er
app
roxi
mat
ely
on
e d
ay o
f pu
mp
ing
, th
e w
ell i
s n
orm
ally
pu
mp
ed c
lean
, an
d is
read
y fo
r n
orm
al o
per
atio
n.
The
pu
mp
use
d f
or
wel
l dev
elo
pm
ent
wea
rs o
ut
rela
-
tive
ly q
uic
kly
bec
au
se o
f th
e h
igh
sa
nd
co
nte
nt,
an
d
it s
ho
uld
th
eref
ore
alw
ays
be
rep
lace
d w
ith
a n
ew
pu
mp
as
soo
n a
s th
e w
ell d
oes
no
t p
rod
uce
an
y m
ore
san
d.
The
pu
mp
mu
st a
lway
s b
e in
sta
lled
ab
ove
th
e sc
reen
are
a o
f th
e ca
sin
g.
In t
his
way
, yo
u e
nsu
re t
hat
th
e
wat
er i
s fo
rced
pa
st t
he
mo
tor,
pro
vid
ing
ad
equ
ate
mo
tor
coo
ling
. If
the
pu
mp
ca
n n
ot
be
inst
alle
d a
bo
ve
the
scre
en fi
lter
, a
co
olin
g s
leev
e is
alw
ays
reco
m-
men
ded
to
cre
ate
the
nec
essa
ry fl
ow
alo
ng
th
e m
o-
tor
for
pro
per
co
olin
g. S
ee c
ha
pte
r 10
.
7.2
Pum
p s
etti
ng
Pum
p s
etti
ng
is
the
dep
th a
t w
hic
h t
he
pu
mp
ha
s
bee
n i
nst
alle
d b
enea
th t
he
gro
un
d. T
he
pu
mp
mu
st
be
ab
le t
o l
ift
the
wat
er f
rom
th
e a
qu
ifer
to
th
e su
r-
face
an
d d
eliv
er a
cer
tain
min
imu
m p
ress
ure
.
Wh
en t
he
pu
mp
is in
sta
lled
, th
e d
raw
do
wn
an
d t
he
dyn
am
ic w
ater
leve
l mu
st a
lway
s b
e kn
ow
n. D
uri
ng
op
erat
ion
, th
e w
ater
mu
st n
ever
fa
ll b
elo
w t
he
inle
t
of
the
pu
mp
. Th
e ri
sk o
f ca
vita
tio
n i
s n
orm
all
y ve
ry
sma
ll w
ith
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s. H
ow
ever
, N
PSH
of
the
spec
ific
pu
mp
in
its
du
ty p
oin
t, s
ho
uld
alw
ays
be
chec
ked
.
Min
imu
m p
um
p in
let
sub
mer
gen
ce in
met
ers:
NPS
H
(m)
– 1
0 (
m).
Fig
. 51
Sta
tic
an
d d
yna
mic
wa
ter
leve
l
7.3
Pum
p a
nd
mo
tor
sele
ctio
nPl
ease
see
ch
ap
ter
4 f
or
sizi
ng
an
d s
elec
tio
n o
f su
b-
mer
sib
le p
um
ps.
7.3.
1 Th
e d
uty
po
int
The
du
ty p
oin
t o
f th
e p
um
p is
th
e fl
ow
wh
ere
pu
mp
effici
ency
is b
est.
Th
e p
um
p m
ust
be
sele
cted
so
th
e
req
uir
ed fl
ow
is a
s cl
ose
as
po
ssib
le t
o t
he
du
ty p
oin
t,
or
slig
htl
y to
th
e ri
gh
t o
f th
e d
uty
po
int.
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
7.3.
2 W
ell d
iam
eter
In g
ener
al,
the
larg
er t
he
dia
met
er o
f th
e p
um
p, t
he
hig
her
th
e effi
cien
cy.
Ho
wev
er, t
he
pu
mp
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
fit
into
th
e w
ell,
an
d a
cer
tain
min
imu
m c
lea
ran
ce b
etw
een
mo
tor
surf
ace
an
d i
nte
rna
l w
ell
dia
met
er i
s th
eref
ore
al-
way
s re
qu
ired
.
In a
co
rrec
tly
des
ign
ed w
ell,
wit
h t
he
wel
l scr
een
be-
low
th
e p
um
p a
nd
mo
tor,
the
wat
er h
as
to p
ass
th
e
clea
ran
ce b
etw
een
th
e ca
sin
g a
nd
th
e m
oto
r. Th
is
will
ca
use
a f
rict
ion
loss
.
If a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e th
e m
oto
r is
ecc
entr
ic p
osi
tio
ned
in t
he
wel
l wit
h o
ne
sid
e a
ga
inst
th
e ca
sin
g, t
he
sin
-
gle
sid
ed in
let
of
wat
er in
to t
he
pu
mp
will
cre
ate
tur-
bu
len
ces
an
d a
ffec
t th
e p
erfo
rma
nce
of
the
pu
mp
.
Fig
. 52
sho
ws
the
fric
tio
n lo
ss f
or
clea
ran
ce f
rom
4 t
o
16 m
m i
n a
6“
wel
l, a
nd
fig
. 53
is s
ho
win
g t
he
sam
e
for
a 8
” w
ell.
Bo
th t
he
turb
ule
nce
an
d t
he
fric
tio
n lo
ss w
ill r
esu
lt in
pu
mp
un
der
per
form
an
ce,
wh
ich
in
so
me
situ
atio
ns
can
be
extr
eme.
In w
ell
s w
ith
we
ll s
cre
en
are
a p
osi
tio
ne
d a
bo
ve
the
pu
mp
, th
e w
ate
r h
as
to p
ass
th
e c
lea
ran
ce b
e-
twe
en
th
e p
um
p a
nd
th
e c
asi
ng
, w
hic
h w
ill
cau
se
a f
rict
ion
loss
.
If a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e th
e p
um
p is
po
siti
on
ed e
ccen
tric
ag
ain
st t
he
casi
ng
, it
will
res
tric
t th
e in
flo
w a
t h
alf
of
the
suct
ion
inte
rco
nn
ecte
r. Th
is s
ing
le s
ided
U-t
urn
of
inle
t w
ater
will
cre
ate
inle
t tu
rbu
len
ce a
ffec
tin
g
the
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e p
um
p.
Fig
. 54
sh
ow
s th
e w
ors
t ca
se t
urb
ule
nce
/fri
ctio
n lo
ss
at 6
” p
um
ps
in 6
” w
ells
of
diff
eren
t d
iam
eter
s .
Fig
. 55
sho
ws
the
wo
rst
case
tu
rbu
len
ce/f
rict
ion
lo
ss
at 8
” p
um
ps
in 8
” w
ells
of
diff
eren
t d
iam
eter
s.
The
turb
ule
nce
an
d f
rict
ion
will
be
seen
as
un
der
per
-
form
an
ce o
f th
e p
um
p.
7.3.
3 W
ell y
ield
Ma
ny
pu
mp
s a
re a
ble
to
ove
rpu
mp
th
e w
ell,
wh
ich
mea
ns
it w
ill r
un
dry
in
a s
ho
rt p
erio
d o
f ti
me.
Th
e
pu
mp
mu
st b
e se
lect
ed w
ith
du
e re
spec
t to
th
e ca
-
pa
city
of
the
wel
l, so
ove
rpu
mp
ing
is
avo
ided
. W
e
ther
efo
re r
eco
mm
end
mo
nit
ori
ng
th
e w
ater
ta
ble
.
Seve
ral p
rob
lem
s m
ay a
rise
fro
m o
verp
um
pin
g:
• D
ry r
un
nin
g a
nd
pu
mp
da
ma
ge
• In
filt
rati
on
of
no
n-p
ota
ble
wat
er, i
.e. s
eaw
ater
• C
hem
ica
l re
act
ion
s in
th
e w
ell
wh
en o
xyg
en c
on
-
tact
s th
e d
ry a
qu
ifer
.
Exce
ssiv
e d
raw
do
wn
als
o t
rig
ger
s in
crea
sed
po
wer
con
sum
pti
on
, sin
ce it
mu
st b
e co
mp
ensa
ted
wit
h a
d-
dit
ion
al p
um
p li
ft.
7.3.
4 P
um
p e
ffici
ency
All
pu
mp
s h
ave
thei
r p
eak
effici
ency
ove
r a
rel
ativ
ely
na
rro
w fl
ow
ra
ng
e. T
his
ra
ng
e is
no
rma
lly u
sed
to
sele
ct t
he
pu
mp
. A
Gru
nd
fos
SP4
6 h
as
its
pea
k effi
-
cien
cy a
t a
nd
aro
un
d 4
6 m
3 /h fl
ow
, ju
st a
s SP
60
lie
s
aro
un
d 6
0 m
3 /h, a
nd
so
on
fo
r a
ll o
ther
SP
pu
mp
s.
If t
he
flo
w re
qu
irem
ent
falls
bet
wee
n t
wo
mo
del
s, i.
e.
66
m3 /h
, bo
th a
n S
P6
0 a
nd
an
SP
77 m
ay b
e u
sed
wit
h
the
sam
e effi
cien
cy. S
om
e o
f th
e o
ther
cri
teri
a c
om
e
into
pla
y a
s a
res
ult
:
• W
ell d
iam
eter
(se
e ch
ap
ter
7.3.
2)
• W
ell y
ield
(se
e ch
ap
ter
7.3.
3)
• Sp
are
ca
pa
city
.
5859
Fig
. 52
Fric
tio
n lo
ss, 6
”
Fig
. 53
Fric
tio
n lo
ss, 8
”
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Fig
. 54
U-t
urn
, 6”
Fig
. 55
U-t
urn
, 8”
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
60
61
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
7.3.
5 W
ater
tem
per
atu
reTh
e lim
itin
g f
act
or
is t
he
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r a
nd
coo
ling
of
the
mo
tor.
Co
olin
g is
th
e ke
y to
a lo
ng
life
-
tim
e o
f th
e m
oto
r.
Sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs in
stal
led
at
max
imu
m a
ccep
tab
le
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
mu
st b
e co
ole
d a
t a
flo
w r
ate
of
at
leas
t 0
.15
m/s
, wh
ich
en
sure
s tu
rbu
lar
flo
w. T
his
vel
oc-
ity
is e
nsu
red
by
no
t le
ttin
g t
he
pu
mp
flo
w d
rop
bel
ow
a ce
rtai
n m
inim
um
val
ue.
See
fig
. 56
.
In la
rge
dia
met
er w
ells
or
tan
ks it
may
be
nec
cess
ary
to u
se a
flo
w s
leev
e to
in
crea
se t
he
flo
w a
lon
g t
he
mo
tor
to m
inim
un
0.1
5 m
/s. S
ee c
ha
pte
r 10
as
wel
l.
In t
he
dia
gra
m b
elo
w, t
he
mo
tor
is a
ssu
med
to
be
po
-
siti
on
ed a
bo
ve t
he
scre
en s
etti
ng
.
Ma
xim
um
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
:
The
ma
xim
um
tem
per
atu
res
sho
wn
bel
ow
are
ba
sed
on
flo
w a
lon
g t
he
mo
tor
of
0.1
5 m
/s
MS
40
2 30
°C
MS
40
00
4
0 °
C
MS
40
00
I 6
0 °
C
MS
60
00
4
0 °
C
MS
60
00
I 6
0 °
C
MS6
T30
30
°C
MS6
T60
6
0 °
C
MM
S w
ith
PV
C w
ire:
25
°C
MM
S w
ith
PE2
/PA
wir
e:
40
°C
Wat
er
tem
per
atu
res
ab
ove
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
lim
it
Gru
nd
fos
MS
40
2 m
oto
rs m
ust
no
t b
e u
sed
at
liqu
id
tem
per
atu
res
ab
ove
30
°C. O
per
atio
n w
ith
MS
40
00
an
d M
S6 i
s p
oss
ible
at
a l
iqu
id t
emp
erat
ure
ab
ove
the
giv
en t
emp
erat
ure
lim
it, i
f th
e m
oto
r is
der
ated
(See
fig
. 57
in c
ha
pte
r 7.
3.6
).
In g
ener
al,
ho
wev
er,
this
will
sh
ort
en t
he
life
of
the
mo
tor.
It i
s im
po
ssib
le t
o s
ay b
y h
ow
mu
ch,
as
this
dep
end
s o
n a
nu
mb
er o
f o
ther
pa
ram
eter
s, e
.g.
the
volt
ag
e su
pp
ly, m
oto
r lo
ad
, mo
tor
coo
ling
co
nd
itio
ns,
etc.
Fo
llow
ing
th
e re
com
men
dat
ion
s in
th
is m
an
ua
l
ho
wev
er, s
ho
uld
pro
vid
e a
n a
ccep
tab
le li
feti
me.
In t
hes
e ca
ses,
we
reco
mm
end
th
at t
he
pu
mp
is s
erv-
iced
an
d a
ll ru
bb
er p
art
s re
pla
ced
eve
ry t
hre
e ye
ars
in o
rder
to
kee
p c
on
sta
nt
effici
ency
an
d e
nsu
re a
no
r-
ma
l lif
etim
e.
At
op
erat
ion
ab
ove
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
lim
it,
wa
rra
nty
issu
es m
ust
alw
ays
be
ag
reed
up
on
. No
wa
rra
nty
ca
n
be
giv
en w
ith
ou
t d
erat
ing
an
d M
P 2
04
pro
tect
ion
.
7.3.
6 D
erat
ing
of
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rsM
ult
iply
th
e m
oto
r si
ze (
P2)
wit
h t
he
der
atin
g f
act
or.
This
giv
es t
he
der
ated
mo
tor
ou
tpu
t P
2. T
hat
is
the
ma
xim
um
lo
ad
th
at m
ay b
e a
pp
lied
on
th
e m
oto
r.
In m
an
y ca
ses
this
res
ult
s in
a m
oto
r th
at is
on
e si
ze
big
ger
th
an
ori
gin
ally
ca
lcu
late
d.
Fig
. 56
Ma
xim
um
fu
ll-lo
ad
co
olin
g w
ate
r te
mp
era
ture
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Fig
. 57
Der
ati
ng
of
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs
Exa
mp
le:
A M
S6T3
0 w
ith
sta
nd
ard
rat
ing
, P2
= 3
0 k
W, i
s a
ble
to
pro
du
ce 3
0 x
0.9
= 2
7 kW
in
40
°C w
ater
at
a c
oo
ling
flo
w r
ate
of
0.1
5 m
/s. T
he
sub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r sh
ou
ld
be
inst
alle
d a
t th
e re
com
men
ded
dep
th.
Plea
se n
ote
th
at d
erat
ing
of
MS
40
00
I an
d M
S6T6
0 is
no
t re
com
men
ded
.
7.3.
7 P
rote
ctio
n a
ga
inst
bo
ilin
gIn
ord
er t
o p
rote
ct t
he
mo
tor
ag
ain
st b
oili
ng
at
pu
mp
sto
p a
nd
co
nse
qu
entl
y a
co
olin
g w
ater
sto
p, i
t sh
ou
ld
be
inst
alle
d 5
m b
elo
w t
he
dyn
am
ic w
ater
lev
el. T
his
will
ra
ise
the
bo
ilin
g p
oin
t.
Fig
. 58
Req
uir
ed w
ate
r te
mp
era
ture
/in
sta
llati
on
dep
th o
f M
S 4
00
0 a
nd
MS
60
00
For
MS
40
00
an
d M
S6, t
he
bes
t a
nd
sim
ple
st p
rote
c-
tio
n a
ga
inst
ove
rlo
ad
an
d e
xces
sive
tem
per
atu
res
is t
o m
easu
re t
he
mo
tor
tem
per
atu
re b
y m
ean
s o
f
an
MP
20
4.
For
oth
er s
ub
mer
sib
le m
oto
rs,
a P
t10
0/
Pt1
00
0 m
ay b
e u
sed
to
mo
nit
or
the
tem
per
atu
re.
7.3.
8 S
leev
e co
oli
ng
Flo
w p
ast
th
e m
oto
r m
ust
be
a m
inim
um
of
0.1
5 m
/s
in o
rder
to
sec
ure
pro
per
co
olin
g o
f th
e m
oto
r.
If t
he
min
imu
m fl
ow
pa
st t
he
mo
tor
can
no
t b
e o
b-
tain
ed t
he
nat
ura
l w
ay,
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
a r
an
ge
of
coo
ling
sle
eves
th
at e
nsu
re c
orr
ect
flo
w a
nd
co
olin
g,
an
d a
re e
asy
to
wo
rk w
ith
. Flo
w s
leev
es a
re t
ypic
ally
use
d w
hen
th
e p
um
p is
inst
alle
d in
a re
serv
oir
or t
an
k,
or
in a
wel
l, w
her
e th
e w
ater
flo
ws
to t
he
pu
mp
fro
m
ab
ove
, an
d t
her
efo
re d
oes
no
t co
ol
the
mo
tor.
Ther
e
mu
st b
e re
aso
na
ble
sp
aci
ng
bet
wee
n t
he
casi
ng
an
d
the
ou
ter
dia
met
er t
o li
mit
th
e p
ress
ure
dro
p.
62
63
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
The
reco
mm
end
ed m
in. s
pa
cin
g b
etw
een
ca
sin
g a
nd
flo
w s
leev
e m
ay b
e ca
lcu
late
d f
rom
th
e fo
rmu
la b
e-
low
:
v =
Q x
354
(D
2 – d
2 )
v =
m/s
. Mu
st b
e m
ax
. 3 m
/s t
o li
mit
hea
d lo
ss
Q =
m3 /h
D =
Ca
sin
g in
ner
dia
met
er in
mm
d =
Flo
w s
leev
e o
ute
r d
iam
eter
in m
m.
1. I
f th
e w
ell
wat
er c
on
tain
s la
rge
am
ou
nts
of
iro
n
(an
d i
ron
ba
cter
ia),
ma
ng
an
ese
an
d l
ime,
th
ese
sub
sta
nce
s w
ill
be
oxi
dis
ed
an
d
dep
osi
ted
o
n
the
mo
tor
surf
ace
. Th
is i
s a
pp
rox
. 5-
15 °C
wa
rmer
tha
n t
he
infl
ux
wat
er.
In c
ase
of
slo
w fl
ow
pa
st
the
mo
tor,
this
bu
ild-u
p o
f a
hea
t in
sula
tin
g l
ay-
er o
f o
xid
ized
min
era
ls a
nd
met
als
may
res
ult
in
ho
t sp
ots
in
th
e m
oto
r w
ind
ing
in
sula
tio
n.
This
tem
per
atu
re in
crea
se m
ay r
each
va
lues
wh
ich
will
red
uce
th
e in
sula
tin
g a
bili
ty a
nd
co
nse
qu
entl
y
the
mo
tor
life.
A c
oo
ling
sle
eve
alw
ays
giv
es a
tu
r-
bu
lar
flo
w p
ast
th
e m
oto
r. Tu
rbu
len
t fl
ow
giv
es
op
tim
um
co
olin
g i
rres
pec
tive
of
the
cha
ract
er o
f
the
dep
osi
ts.
2. I
f th
e g
rou
nd
wat
er is
ag
gre
ssiv
e o
r co
nta
ins
chlo
-
rid
e, t
he
corr
osi
on
rat
e w
ill d
ou
ble
fo
r ev
ery
15 °C
incr
ease
in
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
. A
co
olin
g s
leev
e
will
th
eref
ore
red
uce
th
e ri
sk o
f m
oto
r co
rro
sio
n.
3. A
t th
e to
p o
f th
e w
ell,
oxi
dis
ed r
aw w
ater
is f
ou
nd
.
Each
tim
e th
e p
um
p s
tart
s, t
he
wat
er l
evel
in
th
e
wel
l is
lo
wer
ed.
This
dra
ws
new
oxy
gen
in
to t
he
wel
l. Th
is o
xid
atio
n o
f th
e to
p f
ew m
eter
s is
ha
rm-
less
un
less
th
e o
xyg
en r
each
es t
he
scre
en.
If t
he
infl
ux
of
raw
wat
er t
hro
ug
h t
he
scre
en w
ith
a lo
w
con
ten
t o
f o
xyg
en is
mix
ed w
ith
wat
er c
on
tain
ing
fres
h o
xyg
en,
iro
n,
ma
ng
an
ese
an
d l
ime
will
oxi
-
diz
e a
nd
be
dep
osi
ted
in t
he
scre
en s
lots
. Th
is w
ill
red
uce
th
e effi
cien
cy a
nd
co
nse
qu
entl
y th
e ca
pa
c-
ity
of
the
wel
l. A
wa
rm s
ub
mer
sib
le m
oto
r w
ith
ou
t
coo
ling
sle
eve
will
hea
t u
p t
he
surr
ou
nd
ing
wat
er
wh
en s
wit
ched
off
.
The
ther
ma
l eff
ect
will
m
ake
th
e h
eate
d
wat
er
mo
ve t
ow
ard
s th
e to
p o
f th
e w
ell.
At
the
sam
e ti
me,
oxi
diz
ed w
ater
will
mo
ve t
ow
ard
s th
e sc
reen
set
tin
g.
Wh
en u
sin
g a
co
olin
g s
leev
e, t
he
mo
tor
will
ru
n a
t
a lo
wer
tem
per
atu
re a
nd
wh
en t
he
mo
tor
sto
ps,
th
e
coo
ling
sle
eve
will
ab
sorb
th
e re
sid
ua
l hea
t fr
om
th
e
mo
tor
an
d c
on
seq
uen
tly
pre
ven
t w
ater
fro
m m
ovi
ng
up
wa
rd b
eca
use
of
the
ther
ma
l eff
ect
an
d o
xid
ated
wat
er f
rom
mo
vin
g d
ow
nw
ard
. Th
is w
ill c
on
trib
ute
to lo
ng
er p
erio
ds
bet
wee
n w
ell s
calin
gs.
For
thes
e a
pp
licat
ion
s,
the
risk
o
f lo
cal
hea
tin
g
sho
uld
be
con
sid
ered
, pa
rtic
ula
rly
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
ho
rizo
nta
l in
sta
llati
on
s a
nd
wh
ere
seve
ral p
um
ps
are
inst
alle
d n
ext
to e
ach
oth
er.
In s
uch
ca
ses,
co
olin
g
slee
ves
sho
uld
alw
ays
be
use
d.
7.4
Ris
er p
ipe
sele
ctio
nTh
e ch
oic
e o
f ri
ser
ma
in d
epen
ds
on
sev
era
l diff
eren
t
fact
ors
:
• D
isch
arg
e p
ress
ure
an
d in
sta
llati
on
dep
th
• Th
e a
gg
ress
ivit
y o
f th
e g
rou
nd
wat
er
• Fr
icti
on
loss
/ o
per
atin
g c
ost
• A
cces
sib
ility
an
d c
ost
of
alt
ern
ativ
e
• Pr
iori
ty o
f in
itia
l co
sts
in r
elat
ion
to
ser
vice
an
d r
e-
pa
ir c
ost
s at
a la
ter
sta
ge.
Fig
. 59
Req
uir
ed p
ipe
pre
ssu
re c
lass
at
diff
eren
t in
sta
l-
lati
on
dep
ths
an
d a
ctu
al p
ress
ure
at
gro
un
d le
vel
The
ag
gre
ssiv
ity
of
mo
st g
rou
nd
wat
er i
s so
mo
der
-
ate
that
co
ated
or
ga
lva
niz
ed s
teel
pip
es w
ill b
e fu
lly
acc
epta
ble
.
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
PEL
or
PEM
ris
er m
ain
s a
re p
rim
ari
ly u
sed
fo
r d
om
es-
tic
ap
plic
atio
ns.
In
ca
se o
f w
ater
wh
ich
is
so a
gg
res-
sive
th
at i
t w
ill a
tta
ck e
ven
th
e b
est
sta
inle
ss s
teel
,
rep
lace
ab
le z
inc
an
od
es s
ho
uld
be
fitt
ed i
n o
rder
to
pro
tect
mo
tor
an
d p
um
p. I
n s
uch
inst
alla
tio
ns,
it w
ill
be
too
exp
ensi
ve t
o p
rote
ct s
tain
less
ste
el r
iser
ma
ins
ag
ain
st c
orr
osi
on
.
In s
uch
ca
ses
the
Wel
lma
ster
is r
eco
mm
end
ed.
See
cha
pte
r 10
.
Fric
tio
n lo
ss in
ris
er m
ain
s
Fric
tio
n lo
ss in
pip
es o
r h
ose
s co
ntr
ibu
tes
sig
nifi
can
t-
ly t
o t
he
po
wer
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f a
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
.
A s
ma
ll d
iam
eter
ste
el p
ipe
is c
ost
-wis
e at
tra
ctiv
e,
bu
t it
cre
ates
a lo
t o
f in
tern
al f
rict
ion
, an
d o
ver
tim
e
this
is
go
ing
to
in
crea
se. T
he
resu
lt i
s h
igh
er p
ow
er
con
sum
pti
on
an
d c
ost
s.
A l
arg
er d
iam
eter
sta
inle
ss s
teel
pip
e re
pre
sen
ts a
larg
er in
vest
men
t, b
ut
the
low
er f
rict
ion
loss
req
uir
es
less
en
erg
y fo
r p
um
pin
g.
The
smo
oth
in
tern
al
sur-
face
is r
eta
ined
ea
sier
, req
uir
ing
less
ma
inte
na
nce
for
clea
nin
g.
Exa
mp
le:
Flo
w is
54
m3 /h
, or
15 l/
s.
Fric
tio
n l
oss
in
10
0m
of
3” p
ipe
an
d
100
m o
f 4
”
pip
e is
ca
lcu
late
d f
rom
a f
rict
ion
loss
ta
ble
.
3” p
ipe:
14
m
4”
pip
e: 3
.8 m
Ch
oo
sin
g a
4”
pip
e in
stea
d o
f a
3”
pip
e sa
ves
mo
re
tha
n 1
0 m
hea
d p
er 1
00
m o
f p
ipe.
The
ener
gy
savi
ng
s a
re c
alc
ula
ted
as
follo
ws:
kWh
=Q
x H
36
7xη
=54
x 1
0.2
36
7x0
.6=
2.4
5 kW
h
Flex
ible
ho
ses
spec
ially
des
ign
ed f
or
pre
ssu
rise
d w
a-
ter,
like
Wel
lma
ster
, a
re a
n a
lter
nat
ive
to s
tain
less
stee
l p
ipes
. So
me
typ
es a
re e
ven
ap
pro
ved
fo
r u
se
wit
h p
ota
ble
wat
er.
This
so
luti
on
is
gen
era
lly r
eco
mm
end
ed a
s a
ris
er
pip
e fo
r su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s. B
eca
use
of
the
ho
se d
e-
sig
n, t
he
dia
met
er w
ill s
wel
l sl
igh
tly
wh
en t
he
ho
se
is p
ress
uri
sed
, an
d t
hu
s d
ecre
ase
fri
ctio
n lo
ss. A
t th
e
sam
e ti
me,
it a
lso
pre
ven
ts t
he
bu
ilt u
p o
f sc
alin
g o
n
the
surf
ace
, wh
ere
the
con
sta
nt
cha
ng
e o
f th
e d
iam
-
eter
fo
rces
th
e sc
alin
g t
o b
rea
k o
ff.
The
ho
se s
olu
tio
n a
lso
ma
kes
pu
mp
pu
llin
g f
ast
er
com
pa
ired
wit
h t
he
tra
dit
ion
al
pip
ing
so
luti
on
, a
nd
is t
her
efo
re a
lso
rec
om
men
ded
wh
en f
req
uen
t p
ull-
ing
fo
r se
rvic
e h
as
to b
e d
on
e.
Nev
er u
se fi
re h
ose
s, n
ylo
n h
ose
s o
r th
e lik
e w
hic
h
ag
e q
uic
kly,
an
d d
o n
ot
hav
e th
e re
qu
ired
pre
ssu
re
rati
ng
. Th
ere
is a
ris
k th
at p
um
p a
nd
mo
tor
will
fa
ll
do
wn
into
th
e w
ell w
hic
h m
ay r
equ
ire
the
dri
llin
g o
f
a n
ew w
ell.
Rem
emb
er t
o a
tta
ch a
wir
e to
all
ho
se
inst
alla
tio
ns
to p
reve
nt
the
pu
mp
fro
m f
alli
ng
in
to
the
wel
l.
The
dis
adva
nta
ge
of
flex
ible
ho
se s
olu
tio
ns
is t
hat
som
etim
es i
t is
diffi
cult
to
pre
ven
t th
e h
ose
s fr
om
get
tin
g i
nto
co
nta
ct w
ith
th
e g
rou
nd
. Th
is c
an c
ause
con
tam
inat
ion
fro
m b
acte
ria
and
ger
ms,
wh
ich
can
-
no
t b
e re
mo
ved
un
less
yo
u e
mp
loy
exp
ensi
ve s
pec
ial
equ
ipm
ent.
Wh
en d
imen
sio
nin
g r
iser
mai
ns
and
raw
-
wat
er p
ipes
by
mea
ns
of
dia
gra
ms
or
PC p
rog
ram
mes
,
rem
emb
er t
o u
se a
pip
e su
rfac
e ro
ug
hn
ess
of
1 m
m.
7.5
Ca
ble
sel
ecti
on
an
d s
izin
gTh
e d
rop
ca
ble
is
the
cab
le r
un
nin
g f
rom
th
e w
ell
hea
d t
o t
he
mo
tor
cab
le t
hat
is a
tta
ched
to
th
e su
b-
mer
sib
le m
oto
r.
No
rma
lly, t
he
dro
p c
ab
le h
as
fou
r w
ires
, wh
ere
on
e is
a g
rou
nd
/PE
wir
e. I
n s
om
e lo
cal
are
as,
a g
rou
nd
/PE
is n
ot
req
uir
ed. A
lway
s ch
eck
loca
l re
gu
lati
on
ab
ou
t
gro
un
din
g b
efo
re c
ab
le t
ype
is s
elec
ted
.
Oth
er c
rite
ria
fo
r d
rop
ca
ble
sel
ecti
on
are
:
1.
Cu
rren
t ca
rryi
ng
ca
pa
city
2.
Vo
lta
ge
dro
p
3.
Wat
er q
ua
lity
an
d t
emp
erat
ure
4.
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er a
pp
rova
l req
uir
emen
ts
5.
Reg
ula
tio
ns
64
65
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Cu
rren
t-ca
rryi
ng
ca
pa
city
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p d
rop
ca
ble
is
nev
er d
imen
sio
ned
for
the
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t, a
s th
e m
oto
r st
art
s u
p
in l
ess
tha
n 1
/10
of
a s
eco
nd
. A
lway
s u
se t
he
full
loa
d c
urr
ent
fro
m t
he
na
mep
late
as
the
dim
ensi
on
-
ing
cu
rren
t. T
he
enti
re le
ng
th o
f th
e d
rop
ca
ble
is n
ot
sub
mer
ged
in
wat
er,
so a
dd
itio
na
l co
olin
g f
rom
th
e
wat
er m
ay b
e en
cou
nte
red
.
Typ
ica
l gu
idel
ines
fo
r m
ax
. am
ps
in s
ub
mer
sib
le d
rop
cab
les: D
imen
sio
n (
mm
2 )M
ax
. cu
rren
t (A
)
1.5
18.5
2.5
25
434
64
3
106
0
168
0
2510
1
3512
6
5015
3
7019
6
95
238
120
276
150
319
185
364
240
430
300
49
7
Plea
se a
lway
s ch
eck
the
loca
l gu
idel
ines
, wh
ich
ove
r-
rule
th
e ta
ble
ab
ove
.
Vo
lta
ge
dro
p
The
cab
le m
ust
be
size
d s
o t
he
volt
ag
e d
rop
do
es n
ot
exce
ed 3
%. U
nd
er n
o c
ircu
mst
an
ces
mu
st t
he
volt
ag
e
at t
he
mo
tor
term
ina
ls b
e lo
wer
th
an
th
e m
inim
um
volt
ag
e fo
r th
e m
oto
r, w
hic
h is
th
e ra
ted
vo
lta
ge
mi-
nu
s 10
%.
The
ma
xim
um
len
gth
is
calc
ula
ted
acc
ord
ing
to
th
e
form
ula
s sh
ow
n b
elo
w:
Ma
x.
cab
le
len
gth
o
f a
si
ng
le-p
ha
se
sub
mer
sib
le
pu
mp
:
L =
U x
∆U
l x
2 x
10
0 x
(co
sφ x
+
sinφ
x X
l)[m
]
Ma
x.
cab
le
len
gth
o
f a
th
ree-
ph
ase
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
:
L =
U x
∆U
l x
1,7
3 x
10
0 x
(co
sφ x
+
sinφ
x X
l)[m
]
U =
Rat
ed v
olt
ag
e [V
]
U =
Vo
lta
ge
dro
p [
%]
I =
Rat
ed c
urr
ent
of
the
mo
tor
[A]
ρ =
Sp
ecifi
c re
sist
an
ce: 0
.02
[mm
²/m
]
q
= C
ross
-sec
tio
n o
f su
bm
ersi
ble
dro
p c
ab
le [
mm
²]
XI =
In
du
ctiv
e re
sist
an
ce: 0
.078
x 1
0-3
[�
/m]
Wat
er q
ua
lity
an
d t
emp
erat
ure
Th
e b
est
cab
le m
ater
ial
for
clea
n w
ater
is
EPR
(EP
M
or
EPD
M).
Th
is m
ater
ial h
as
go
od
ele
ctri
c p
rop
erti
es
com
bin
ed w
ith
a g
oo
d r
esis
tan
ce t
o w
ater
. Th
is t
ype
of
cab
le is
alw
ays
reco
mm
end
ed w
hen
th
e p
um
ped
wat
er i
s n
ot
con
tam
inat
ed w
ith
hyd
roca
rbo
ns.
EP
R
off
ers
on
ly li
mit
ed r
esis
tan
ce t
o h
ydro
carb
on
s, h
ow
-
ever
.
In li
gh
ter
hyd
roca
rbo
n s
olu
tio
ns,
a C
hlo
rop
ren
e ca
ble
may
be
use
d.
In h
eavi
er c
on
cen
trat
ion
s o
f h
ydro
carb
on
s it
may
be
nec
essa
ry t
o u
se P
TFE
(Te
flo
n)
jack
eted
ca
ble
. T
he
SPE
vers
ion
of
the
SP p
um
ps
com
es s
tan
da
rd w
ith
PTFE
mo
tor
cab
le,
an
d m
ake
s it
su
ita
ble
fo
r p
um
p-
ing
wat
er w
ith
a h
igh
co
nte
nt
of
hyd
roca
rbo
ns.
A l
ow
er c
ost
so
luti
on
is
a s
tan
da
rd C
hlo
rop
ren
e
typ
e o
f ca
ble
. Sp
ecifi
cati
on
s m
ay b
e o
bta
ined
fro
m
Gru
nd
fos.
Wh
en t
he
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
in
crea
ses,
th
e ca
ble
mu
st b
e d
erat
ed. T
he
curr
ent
carr
yin
g c
ap
aci
ty o
f th
e
dro
p c
ab
les
is u
sua
lly v
alid
at
30 °C
. A
t h
igh
er t
em-
per
atu
res,
th
is m
ust
alw
ays
be
com
pen
sate
d i
n a
c-
cord
an
ce w
ith
th
e ta
ble
bel
ow
.
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Ca
ble
typ
eTM
L-A
-BH
07R
N
Insu
lati
on
m
ater
ial
EPR
NR
/SR
Am
bie
nt
tem
p.
°CC
orr
ecti
on
fa
cto
rC
orr
ecti
on
fa
cto
r
101.
181.
29
151.
141.
22
201.
101.
15
251.
05
1.0
5
301.
00
1.0
0
350
.95
0.9
1
40
0.8
90
.82
45
0.8
40
.71
500
.77
0.5
8
550
.71
0.4
1
60
0.6
3-
65
0.5
5-
700
.45
-
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er a
pp
rova
l
All
Gru
nd
fos
mo
tors
ou
tsid
e N
ort
h A
mer
ica
an
d J
a-
pa
n a
re d
eliv
ered
fro
m f
act
ory
wit
h d
rin
kin
g w
ater
-
ap
pro
ved
mo
tor
cab
les.
If t
he
pu
mp
is u
sed
for
pu
mp
-
ing
p
ota
ble
w
ater
, G
run
dfo
s a
lway
s re
com
men
ds
als
o u
sin
g a
dro
p c
ab
le t
hat
ha
s a
dri
nki
ng
wat
er a
p-
pro
val.
Reg
ula
tio
ns
Loca
l re
gu
lati
on
s m
ust
alw
ays
be
chec
ked
an
d f
ol-
low
ed.
7.6
Ha
nd
lin
g
7.6
.1 P
um
p /
mo
tor
ass
emb
lyG
run
dfo
s su
bm
ersi
ble
p
um
ps
an
d
mo
tors
a
re
all
ma
de
in a
cco
rda
nce
wit
h N
EMA
sta
nd
ard
s. T
hey
are
fully
co
mp
atib
le w
ith
pu
mp
s a
nd
mo
tors
th
at c
on
-
form
to
th
ese
sta
nd
ard
s a
s w
ell.
Gru
nd
fos
reco
m-
men
ds
alw
ays
usi
ng
on
ly a
Gru
nd
fos
pu
mp
to
get
her
wit
h a
Gru
nd
fos
mo
tor
an
d v
ice
vers
a.
For
det
aile
d a
ssem
bly
inst
ruct
ion
s p
lea
se s
ee t
he
in-
div
idu
al
inst
alla
tio
n a
nd
op
erat
ing
in
stru
ctio
ns
for
SP p
um
ps.
7.6
.2 C
ab
le s
pli
ce/c
on
nec
tio
n o
f m
oto
r ca
ble
an
d d
rop
ca
ble
Fau
lty
or
un
app
rove
d c
able
join
ts a
re f
req
uen
t ca
use
s
of
bu
rned
-ou
t m
oto
rs. G
run
dfo
s-re
com
men
ded
pro
d-
uct
s o
r p
rod
uct
s o
f si
mila
r q
ual
ity
sho
uld
be
cho
sen
and
th
e m
anu
fact
ure
r’s g
uid
elin
es fo
llow
ed. A
ny
cab
le
join
t m
ust
be
wat
erti
gh
t an
d h
ave
an in
sula
tio
n re
sist
-
ance
of
min
imu
m 1
0 m
egao
hm
s, m
easu
red
in a
su
b-
mer
ged
sta
te a
fter
24
ho
urs
in w
ater
. In
ord
er t
o o
bta
in
this
, all
cab
le p
arts
mu
st b
e 10
0%
cle
an a
nd
all
oth
er
req
uir
emen
ts i
nd
icat
ed i
n t
he
serv
ice
man
ual
an
d i
n
serv
ice
vid
eo p
rog
ram
mes
ob
serv
ed.
Ther
e ar
e fo
ur
way
s o
f m
akin
g a
cab
le jo
int.
1. H
eat
shri
nk
Hea
t sh
rin
k is
a p
last
ic t
ub
e w
ith
th
e in
sid
e co
vere
d
wit
h g
lue.
Wh
en e
xpo
sed
to
hea
t, i
t w
ill s
hri
nk,
an
d
the
glu
e m
elts
, an
d m
ake
s a
wat
erti
gh
t ca
ble
sp
lice.
It t
ake
s a
lot
of
pra
ctic
e to
per
form
th
is k
ind
of
join
t.
Furt
her
mo
re, h
igh
tem
erat
ure
are
req
uir
ed f
or
larg
e
cab
le t
ypes
. Lig
hte
rs a
nd
ho
bb
y h
eate
rs a
re n
ot
suffi
-
cien
t. T
he
ad
van
tag
e o
f th
is p
rin
cip
le is
th
at t
he
con
-
nec
tio
n d
oes
no
t re
qu
ire
tim
e fo
r d
ryin
g b
ut
is r
ead
y
imm
edia
tely
aft
er fi
ttin
g.
2. R
esin
Sea
ling
wit
h r
esin
is t
he
old
est
an
d b
est
kno
wn
typ
e
of
join
t. I
t is
als
o t
he
join
t w
hic
h i
s si
mp
lest
to
ca
rry
ou
t co
rrec
tly.
It c
an
be
per
form
ed in
th
e fi
eld
wit
ho
ut
spec
ial t
oo
ls. T
he
dis
ad
van
tag
e is
th
at it
mu
st h
ard
en
for
at le
ast
24
ho
urs
. As
far
as
the
pri
ce is
co
nce
rned
,
ther
e is
no
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
th
is a
nd
sh
rin
k fl
ex.
3. T
ap
e
It i
s im
po
rta
nt
to u
se s
pec
ial
tap
e fo
r co
nn
ecti
ng
sub
mer
sib
le c
ab
les.
Ta
pe
join
ts s
ho
uld
on
ly b
e u
sed
at w
ater
pre
ssu
res
bel
ow
5 m
.
4. P
lug
co
nn
ecti
on
It is
imp
ort
an
t n
ot
to u
se c
ab
le jo
int
kits
or t
ap
e w
hic
h
are
mo
re t
ha
n t
hre
e ye
ars
old
. Th
is a
ge
limit
sh
ou
ld
be
red
uce
d t
o o
ne
yea
r if
sto
red
ab
ove
15
°C. A
lway
s
test
th
e ca
ble
join
t d
uri
ng
ma
inte
na
nce
.
Mo
tor
cab
le p
lug
The
mo
tor
cab
le p
lug
mu
st a
lway
s b
e fi
tted
at
the
torq
ue
stat
ed i
n t
he
do
cum
enta
tio
n.
In c
ase
of
lu-
66
67
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
bri
cati
on
of
the
cab
le p
lug
, a
no
n-c
on
du
ctiv
e m
ate-
ria
l sh
ou
ld b
e u
sed
(e.
g. s
ilico
ne
pa
ste)
. Mo
tor
cab
le
plu
gs
that
are
mo
re t
ha
n t
hre
e ye
ars
old
sh
ou
ld n
ot
be
reu
sed
, as
they
may
hav
e lo
st t
he
ab
ility
to
ma
ke a
safe
, wat
er t
igh
t co
nn
ecti
on
.
7.6
.3 R
iser
pip
e co
nn
ecti
on
s Su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s a
re a
vaila
ble
bo
th w
ith
RP
an
d
NPT
th
rea
ds,
as
wel
l as
fla
ng
es in
va
rio
us
sta
nd
ard
s.
In g
ener
al,
ho
wev
er,
Gru
nd
fos
reco
mm
end
s fi
ttin
g
a 5
0 c
m l
eng
th o
f p
ipe
firs
t to
th
e p
um
p. T
his
giv
es
go
od
ha
nd
ling
of
the
pu
mp
du
rin
g t
he
inst
alla
tio
n,
as
the
pu
mp
do
es n
ot
bec
om
e to
o lo
ng
. It
als
o le
aves
roo
m f
or
the
cla
mp
wh
ich
ho
lds
the
pu
mp
un
til
the
nex
t p
ipe
ha
s b
een
fitt
ed.
As
an
alt
ern
ativ
e to
a t
hre
ad
ed c
on
nec
tio
n,
vari
ou
s
fla
ng
e ty
pes
ca
n b
e o
ffer
ed:
Gru
nd
fos
fla
ng
es,
JIS
fla
ng
es a
nd
DIN
fla
ng
es.
Pip
e co
nn
ecti
on
s a
nd
inst
all
atio
n
Gru
nd
fos
sta
nd
ard
fla
ng
es a
re m
ad
e p
art
icu
larl
y fo
r
fitt
ing
into
a w
ell.
This
mea
ns
that
th
ey d
o n
ot
com
-
ply
wit
h a
ny
nat
ion
al
no
r in
tern
atio
na
l st
an
da
rds;
they
hav
e b
een
dim
ensi
on
ed t
o w
ith
sta
nd
Gru
nd
fos
pu
mp
pre
ssu
res.
Ther
e a
re
seve
ral
ad
van
tag
es
in
usi
ng
G
run
dfo
s
sta
nd
ard
fla
ng
es i
nst
ead
of
oth
er fl
an
ges
. Th
ey a
re
no
t o
nly
ch
eap
er,
an
d b
eca
use
of
thei
r d
imen
sio
n
they
are
ea
sier
to
fit
into
th
e w
ell.
Gru
nd
fos
can
su
pp
ly c
ou
nte
r fl
an
ges
fo
r G
run
dfo
s
fla
ng
es, w
hic
h c
an
be
wel
ded
on
to t
he
firs
t p
ipe.
7.7
Pum
ps
in p
ara
llel
op
erat
ion
Para
llel p
um
pin
g o
per
atio
n is
oft
en u
sed
wit
h a
va
ri-
ab
le c
on
sum
pti
on
pat
tern
. A s
ing
le p
um
p o
per
atio
n
wo
uld
req
uir
e a
hig
h c
ap
aci
ty p
um
p, w
her
e th
e sp
are
cap
aci
ty i
s o
nly
use
d i
n a
ver
y sh
ort
per
iod
. Th
e in
-
vest
men
t w
ou
ld b
e ve
ry h
igh
, a
nd
th
e o
per
atio
na
l
effici
ency
to
o l
ow
. Th
e p
eaks
may
als
o r
esu
lt i
n a
d-
dit
ion
al d
raw
do
wn
of
the
dyn
am
ic w
ater
leve
l wit
h a
nu
mb
er o
f w
ater
- a
nd
wel
l qu
alit
y is
sues
as
a r
esu
lt.
Thes
e p
rob
lem
s a
re t
ypic
ally
avo
ided
by
usi
ng
on
e o
f
the
follo
win
g:
1.
Seve
ral s
mal
ler
casc
ade
op
erat
ed p
um
ps
(ad
dit
ion
-
al p
um
ps
star
ts a
nd
sto
ps
as d
eman
d c
han
ges
)
2.
Freq
uen
cy c
on
tro
l o
f th
e p
um
p v
ia a
pre
ssu
re
tra
nsd
uce
r
3.
A c
om
bin
atio
n o
f 1
an
d 2
.
For
corr
ect
pu
mp
sel
ecti
on
, th
e w
ell’s
ch
ara
cter
isti
cs
mu
st b
e kn
ow
n,
eith
er f
rom
th
e w
ell
log
or
a t
est
pu
mp
ing
.
7.8
Pu
mp
s in
ser
ies
op
erat
ion
Wit
h p
um
p s
etti
ng
dee
per
th
an
th
e m
ax
. h
ead
ca
-
pa
city
of
a s
tan
da
rd S
P p
um
p,
it m
ay b
e co
up
led
in
seri
es w
ith
a B
M p
um
p (
SP in
sle
eve)
. See
fig
. 60
.
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
Fig
. 60
Ser
ies
cou
ple
d s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
p
7.9
Nu
mb
er o
f st
art
/sto
ps
In o
rder
to
get
a m
axi
mu
m l
ife
ou
t o
f th
e su
bm
ersi
-
ble
pu
mp
s, t
he
nu
mb
er o
f st
art
s m
ust
be
limit
ed. I
t is
usu
ally
th
e m
oto
r th
at is
th
e lim
itin
g f
act
or.
It is
als
o
nec
essa
ry t
o s
tart
th
e m
oto
r at
lea
st o
nce
per
yea
r to
avo
id it
fro
m s
eizi
ng
up
.
The
tab
le
bel
ow
sh
ow
s th
e re
com
men
ded
m
ax
.
nu
mb
er o
f st
art
s fo
r d
iffer
ent
mo
tor
typ
es:
Incl
. N, R
an
d R
E ve
rsio
ns
Min
. sta
rts
per
yea
rM
ax
. sta
rts
per
ho
ur
Ma
x. s
tart
s p
er d
ay
MS
40
21
100
300
MS
40
00
110
030
0
MS6
/MS
60
00
130
300
MM
S 6
00
01
1536
0
MM
S 8
00
01
1024
0
MM
S 10
00
01
819
0
MM
S 12
00
01
512
0
7.10
Pu
mp
sta
rt-u
p
Det
aile
d i
nfo
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t m
eth
od
s fo
r re
du
cin
g
lock
ed-r
oto
r cu
rren
t, s
ee c
ha
pte
r 5.
You
sh
ou
ld a
lway
s fo
llow
th
e in
stru
ctio
ns
fou
nd
in
the
inst
alla
tio
n a
nd
op
erat
ing
in
stru
ctio
ns
for
each
pu
mp
reg
ard
ing
sta
rt u
p.
For
pu
mp
s in
ser
ies
con
nec
tio
ns,
rem
emb
er t
o s
tart
them
in
th
e co
rrec
t se
qu
ence
: th
e p
um
p w
ith
th
e
low
est
am
bie
nt
pre
ssu
re m
ust
be
sta
rted
firs
t.
For
pu
mp
s in
pa
ralle
l o
per
atio
n,
rem
emb
er t
hat
air
ven
tin
g p
oss
ibili
ties
are
alr
ead
y b
uilt
into
th
e sy
stem
.
This
will
pre
ven
t a
ir lo
ckin
g.
7.11
VFD
op
erat
ion
See
cha
pte
r 5.
7.12
Gen
erat
or
op
erat
ion
Eng
ine
dri
ven
gen
erat
ors
fo
r su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
are
oft
en o
ffer
ed a
cco
rdin
g t
o s
tan
da
rd c
on
dit
ion
s, e
.g.
• M
ax
. alt
itu
de
ab
ove
sea
leve
l: 1
50 m
• M
ax
. air
inle
t te
mp
erat
ure
: 30
°C
• M
ax
. hu
mid
ity:
60
%.
68
69
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
If t
hes
e lim
its
are
exc
eed
ed, t
he
sta
nd
ard
die
sel
en-
gin
e a
nd
po
ssib
ly t
he
gen
erat
or
hav
e to
be
der
ated
in
ord
er t
o g
ive
the
mo
tor
suffi
cien
t p
ow
er s
up
ply
.
Wh
en o
rder
ing
a g
ener
ato
r se
t, a
ltit
ud
e, a
ir i
nle
t
tem
per
atu
re a
nd
ma
xim
um
hu
mid
ity
sho
uld
be
giv
-
en t
o t
he
ma
nu
fact
ure
r to
hav
e th
e g
ener
ato
r fa
cto
ry
der
ated
. Gen
erat
or
sets
fo
r th
ree-
ph
ase
su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tors
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
wit
hst
an
d 3
5% v
olt
ag
e re
du
c-
tio
n d
uri
ng
sta
rt-u
p.
For
the
sele
ctio
n o
f in
tern
ally
reg
ula
ted
gen
erat
ors
ava
ilab
le,
stic
k to
th
e ta
ble
s b
elo
w f
or
con
tin
uo
us
bre
ak
kW f
or
sin
gle
-ph
ase
an
d t
hre
e-p
ha
se m
oto
rs
wit
h D
OL
sta
rt.
Exa
mp
les
of
der
atin
g f
act
ors
fo
r
sta
nd
ard
die
sel e
ng
ines
Exa
mp
les
of
der
atin
g f
act
ors
fo
r
sta
nd
ard
gen
erat
ors
Alt
itu
de:
3.5%
fo
r ev
ery
300
m a
bo
ve
150
m a
bo
ve s
ea le
vel (
2.5%
fo
r
turb
o-c
ha
rged
en
gin
es).
Alt
itu
de:
2.5%
fo
r ev
ery
300
m a
bo
ve
100
0 m
ab
ove
sea
leve
l.
Air
inle
t te
mp
erat
ure
:
2% f
or
ever
y 5.
5 °C
ab
ove
30 °C
(3%
fo
r tu
rbo
-ch
arg
ed
eng
ines
).
Air
inle
t te
mp
erat
ure
:
5% f
or
ever
y 5
°C a
bo
ve 4
0 °C
.
Hu
mid
ity:
6%
at
100
% h
um
idit
y.
Sub
mer
sib
le
mo
tor
rati
ng
for
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
an
d
thre
e-p
ha
se
vers
ion
s [k
W]
Gen
erat
or
rati
ng
Elev
atio
n o
f
ma
x. 1
50 m
an
d a
hu
mi-
dit
y o
f 10
0%
Elev
atio
n o
f
ma
x. 7
50 m
an
d a
hu
mi-
dit
y o
f 10
0%
Die
sel e
ng
ine
rati
ng
at
an
am
bie
nt
tem
per
atu
re o
f
[kW
]
[kW
]
30
°C
40
°C
[kW
]
[kW
]
30 °C
4
0 °C
[kW
]
[kW
]
0.2
5
0.3
7
0.5
5
0.7
5
1.1
1.5
2.2
3.7
5.5
7.5
11.0
15.0
18.5
22.0
30.0
37.0
45.
0
55.0
75.0
90
.0
110
.0
132.
0
150
.0
185.
0
1.
5
1.0
2.
0
1.5
2.
5 2.
0
3.
0
2.5
4
.0
3.0
5.
0
4.0
7.
0
6.0
11
.0
9.0
16
.0
12.5
19
.0
15.0
28
.0
22.0
38
.0
30.0
50
.0
40
.0
55
.0
45.
0
75
.0
60
.0
9
5.0
75
.0
11
0.0
9
0.0
13
5.0
11
0.0
18
5.0
15
0.0
220
.0
175.
0
250
.0
200
.0
31
3.0
25
0.0
34
4.0
27
5.0
39
6.0
33
0.0
1.
25
1.3
2.
0
2.1
2.
5 3.
1
3.
0
3.1
4
.0
4.2
5.
0
5.2
7.
0
7.3
10
.0
10.4
14
.0
14.6
17
.0
17.7
25
.0
26.0
35
.0
36.0
4
5.0
4
7.0
50
.0
52.0
6
5.0
6
8.0
8
3.0
8
6.0
10
0.0
10
4.0
120
.0
125.
0
16
5.0
17
2.0
19
2.5
200
.0
220
.0
230
.0
27
5.0
29
0.0
30
5.0
31
5.0
36
5.0
4
05.
0
1.
4
1.4
3
2.
3 2.
3
2.
8
2.8
6
3.
4
3.4
4
4
.5
4.5
8
5.
6
5.73
7.
8
8.0
11
.1
11.5
15
.6
16.0
19
.0
20.0
28
.0
29.0
39
.0
40
.0
50
.0
52.0
56
.0
57.0
72
.0
75.0
9
2.0
9
5.0
111
.0
115.
0
133
.0
137.
0
18
3.0
18
9.0
215
.0
220
.0
24
4.0
25
0.0
30
5.0
31
5.0
335
.0
345.
0
40
5.0
4
15.0
If t
he
gen
erat
or
an
d d
iese
l en
gin
e a
re d
erat
ed a
cco
rd-
ing
to
th
e ta
ble
, th
e fo
llow
ing
cri
teri
a a
pp
ly:
1.
Th
e vo
lta
ge
dro
p a
t th
e g
ener
ato
r w
ill n
ot
exce
ed
10%
du
rin
g s
tart
-up
. Th
is m
ean
s th
at i
t is
po
ssi-
ble
to
use
eve
n t
he
fast
est
un
der
volt
ag
e p
rote
c-
tio
n o
n t
he
ma
rket
in t
he
sta
rter
bo
x o
f th
e p
um
p
mo
tor.
2.
Gen
erat
or
an
d d
iese
l en
gin
e w
ill h
ave
a n
orm
al
life
as
the
new
fu
lly r
un
-in
en
gin
e is
on
ly l
oa
ded
ap
pro
x.
70%
wit
h c
on
tin
uo
us
pu
mp
mo
tor
rate
d
curr
ent.
A d
iese
l en
gin
e w
ill t
ypic
ally
hav
e m
axi
-
mu
m e
ffici
ency
(lo
wes
t fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
per
kW
ou
tpu
t) a
t 70
-80
% o
f m
axi
mu
m lo
ad
.
Inst
all
ati
on
& o
pe
rati
on
3.
By
au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
st
art
o
r in
sta
llati
on
o
f a
Gru
nd
fos
MP
20
4 f
or
un
der
volt
ag
e p
rote
ctio
n,
it
is p
oss
ible
to
ch
oo
se b
oth
a g
ener
ato
r a
nd
die
sel
eng
ine
tha
n a
re 2
0%
sm
alle
r th
an
sta
ted
in t
he
ta-
ble
. Th
is,
ho
wev
er,
mea
ns
freq
uen
t m
ain
ten
an
ce
of
air
filt
er a
nd
in
ject
ion
no
zzle
s, c
lea
nin
g o
f th
e
coo
ler
an
d c
ha
ng
e o
f o
il. F
urt
her
mo
re,
it w
ill r
e-
sult
in a
vo
lta
ge
dro
p d
uri
ng
sta
rt-u
p o
f u
p t
o 2
0%
.
If t
he
loss
in
th
e d
rop
ca
ble
an
d m
oto
r ca
ble
of
up
to
15%
is
ad
ded
, th
e to
tal
volt
ag
e lo
ss w
ill b
e
mo
re t
ha
n 3
5% a
t th
e m
oto
r. Th
is i
s n
o p
rob
lem
for
thre
e-p
ha
se m
oto
rs, b
ut
som
etim
es f
or
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
mo
tors
, wh
ich
will
oft
en r
equ
ire
an
ove
rsiz
e
sta
rtin
g c
ap
aci
tor
for
low
sta
rt-u
p v
olt
ag
es.
Ther
e a
re t
wo
typ
es o
f g
ener
ato
rs:
inte
rna
lly a
nd
ex-
tern
ally
-reg
ula
ted
.
Inte
rna
lly-r
egu
late
d g
ener
ato
rs h
ave
an
ad
dit
ion
al
win
din
g i
n t
he
gen
erat
or
stat
or
an
d a
re a
lso
ca
lled
self
-exc
ited
. Th
e ex
tra
win
din
g s
ense
s th
e o
utp
ut
curr
ent
an
d i
ncr
ease
s th
e o
utp
ut
volt
ag
e a
uto
mat
i-
cally
.
Inte
rna
lly-r
egu
late
d g
ener
ato
rs n
orm
ally
sh
ow
th
e
bes
t ru
nn
ing
effi
cien
cy.
Exte
rnal
ly-r
egu
late
d
gen
erat
ors
u
se
an
exte
rnal
ly
mo
un
ted
vo
ltag
e re
gu
lato
r th
at s
ense
s th
e o
utp
ut
volt
age.
As
the
volt
age
dip
s at
mo
tor
star
t-u
p, t
he
reg
-
ula
tor
incr
ease
s th
e o
utp
ut
volt
age
of
the
gen
erat
or.
An
ext
ern
ally
-reg
ula
ted
gen
erat
or
is t
o b
e d
imen
-
sio
ned
ap
pro
xim
atel
y 50
% h
igh
er i
n k
W/k
VA
rat
ing
to d
eliv
er t
he
sam
e st
art
ing
to
rqu
e a
s a
n i
nte
rna
lly
reg
ula
ted
gen
erat
or.
Gen
erat
or
freq
uen
cy i
s a
ll im
po
rta
nt
as
the
mo
tor
spee
d v
ari
es w
ith
th
e fr
equ
ency
[H
z].
Du
e to
pu
mp
affi
nit
y la
ws,
a p
um
p r
un
nin
g a
t 1
to 2
Hz
bel
ow
mo
-
tor
na
mep
late
fre
qu
ency
will
no
t m
eet
its
per
form
-
an
ce c
urv
e. C
on
vers
ely,
a p
um
p r
un
nin
g 1
or
2 H
z
hig
her
may
tri
p t
he
ove
rlo
ad
rel
ay.
Gen
erat
or
op
erat
ion
Alw
ays
sta
rt t
he
gen
erat
or
bef
ore
th
e m
oto
r is
sta
rt-
ed a
nd
alw
ays
sto
p t
he
mo
tor
bef
ore
th
e g
ener
ato
r is
sto
pp
ed. T
he
mo
tor
thru
st b
eari
ng
may
be
da
ma
ged
if g
ener
ato
rs a
re a
llow
ed t
o c
oa
st d
ow
n w
ith
th
e m
o-
tor
con
nec
ted
. Th
e sa
me
con
dit
ion
occ
urs
wh
en g
en-
erat
ors
are
allo
wed
to
ru
n o
ut
of
fuel
.
7071
8.
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n
8.1
Pu
rpo
se o
f co
mm
un
icat
ion
an
d
net
wo
rkin
g
Ther
e a
re t
wo
ma
in p
urp
ose
s o
f u
sin
g d
ata
co
mm
u-
nic
atio
n a
nd
net
wo
rkin
g in
rel
atio
n t
o e
qu
ipm
ent
an
d m
ach
iner
y in
all
ind
ust
ria
l in
sta
llati
on
s o
r in
pro
cess
ing
inst
alla
tio
ns
like
wat
er s
up
ply
pla
nts
:
To c
entr
ali
se s
up
ervi
sio
n a
nd
co
ntr
ol
It is
wel
l do
cum
ente
d t
hat
mo
st a
uto
mat
ion
sys
tem
s
can
ben
efit
sub
sta
nti
ally
fro
m c
entr
alis
atio
n o
f co
n-
tro
l a
nd
su
per
visi
on
. Th
e is
sues
th
at a
re m
ost
oft
en
men
tio
ned
are
:
• O
pti
mis
e p
erfo
rma
nce
(e.
g.
ener
gy
an
d m
ater
ial
savi
ng
s)
• O
pti
mis
e p
roce
ss q
ua
lity
(co
rrec
tive
act
ion
s)
• B
ette
r m
ain
ten
an
ce (
serv
ice
on
dem
an
d)
• R
edu
ctio
n o
f ru
nn
ing
co
sts
(e.g
. sta
ff c
utt
ing
)
• O
rga
nis
ed/q
uic
k re
act
ion
to
fa
ult
s (m
inim
ise
do
wn
tim
e)
• Ea
sy a
cces
s to
cu
rren
t d
ata
an
d t
he
po
ssib
ility
to
sto
re d
ata
in d
ata
ba
ses
(rep
ort
gen
erat
ion
)
Syst
ems
for
this
kin
d o
f ce
ntr
al
ma
na
gem
ent
are
calle
d S
CA
DA
sys
tem
s (S
up
ervi
sory
Co
ntr
ol
an
d D
ata
Acq
uis
itio
n)
To r
eali
se d
istr
ibu
ted
sys
tem
s
Ma
ny
of
tod
ay’s
au
tom
atio
n s
yste
ms
wo
uld
nev
er b
e
rea
lisa
ble
wit
ho
ut
dat
a c
om
mu
nic
atio
n. I
n a
n a
uto
-
mat
ion
sys
tem
, dis
cree
t d
evic
es, w
hic
h a
re p
hys
ica
lly
sep
ara
ted
, hav
e to
exc
ha
ng
e d
ata
. Th
ese
are
typ
ica
lly
in t
he
form
of
mea
sure
d p
hys
ica
l va
lues
, co
mm
an
ds
an
d s
et p
oin
ts.
The
dis
cree
t d
evic
es w
ork
to
get
her
to
fu
lfil a
su
per
ior
pu
rpo
se (
e.g
. su
pp
lyin
g w
ater
) a
nd
by
do
ing
so
th
ey
con
stit
ute
wh
at i
s ca
lled
a d
istr
ibu
ted
sys
tem
. Ea
ch
dev
ice
is li
ke a
co
mp
on
ent
in a
larg
er e
nti
ty, c
on
trib
-
uti
ng
to
th
e o
vera
ll p
erfo
rma
nce
, effi
cien
cy a
nd
rel
i-
ab
ility
of
the
syst
em.
The
nu
mb
er o
f d
iscr
eet
dev
ices
ca
n o
ften
be
very
hu
ge
an
d s
o c
an
th
e d
ista
nce
bet
wee
n t
hem
. In
th
ese
case
s th
e co
mm
un
icat
ion
an
d n
etw
ork
ing
in
its
elf
bec
om
es t
he
mo
st im
po
rta
nt
an
d v
uln
era
ble
pa
rt o
f
the
syst
em a
nd
its
ab
ility
to
fu
lfil i
ts p
urp
ose
.
It i
s im
po
rta
nt
that
th
e se
lect
ion
of
net
wo
rk a
nd
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
pro
toco
l is
no
t a
lim
itin
g f
act
or
for
the
syst
em p
erfo
rma
nce
an
d e
spec
ially
th
at it
is n
ot
a li
mit
ing
fa
cto
r fo
r th
e fu
ture
gro
wth
an
d fl
exib
ility
.
8.2
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s a
nd
net
wo
rkin
g
tech
no
log
y Th
e u
se o
f co
mm
un
icat
ion
an
d n
etw
ork
ing
is
inev
ita
ble
in m
od
ern
au
tom
atio
n s
yste
ms,
bu
t th
e
kin
d o
f sy
stem
an
d t
he
use
d t
ech
no
log
y is
ver
y
div
ersi
fied
. Sys
tem
s m
ad
e b
efo
re 1
99
5 w
her
e a
lmo
st
alw
ays
ba
sed
on
ele
ctri
cal c
ab
les,
wh
erea
s th
e te
ch-
no
log
y to
day
off
er fi
ber
op
tics
or
rad
io c
om
mu
nic
a-
tio
n a
s a
n a
lter
nat
ive
(or
com
bin
ed)
solu
tio
n.
Op
tica
l fib
ers
are
flex
ible
an
d c
an
be
bu
nd
led
as
ca-
ble
s. I
t is
esp
ecia
lly
ad
van
tag
eou
s fo
r lo
ng
-dis
tan
ce
com
mu
nic
atio
ns,
bec
au
se li
gh
t p
rop
ag
ates
th
rou
gh
the
fib
er w
ith
litt
le a
tten
uat
ion
co
mp
are
d t
o e
lect
ri-
cal
cab
les.
Ad
dit
ion
all
y, t
he
lig
ht
sig
na
ls p
rop
ag
at-
ing
in t
he
fib
er c
an
be
mo
du
late
d a
t ra
tes
as
hig
h a
s
40
Gb
/s, a
nd
ea
ch fi
ber
ca
n c
arr
y m
an
y in
dep
end
ent
cha
nn
els,
ea
ch b
y a
diff
eren
t w
avel
eng
th o
f li
gh
t.
Fib
er is
als
o im
mu
ne
to e
lect
rica
l in
terf
eren
ce, w
hic
h
als
o m
ean
s im
mu
nit
y to
da
ma
gin
g v
olt
ag
e su
rges
ind
uce
d b
y li
gh
tnin
g –
a b
ig a
dva
nta
ge
wh
en u
sin
g
lon
g-d
ista
nce
ca
bli
ng
in o
utd
oo
r in
sta
llat
ion
s.
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n u
sin
g r
ad
io s
ign
als
fa
lls
in t
wo
cate
go
rie
s: S
ho
rt d
ista
nce
an
d l
on
g d
ista
nce
ra
dio
com
mu
nic
ati
on
. We
kn
ow
th
e t
ech
no
log
y o
f sh
ort
dis
tan
ce r
ad
io c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
fro
m w
ire
less
LA
Ns.
Mo
st f
ield
bu
sse
s o
ffe
r w
ire
less
re
pe
ate
rs t
o e
xte
nd
the
fi
eld
bu
s co
mm
un
ica
tio
n
dis
tan
ce
ove
r re
la-
tive
ly s
ho
rt r
an
ge
s o
r to
avo
id u
sin
g c
ab
les
wh
ere
cab
lin
g w
ou
ld b
e c
ost
ly o
r im
pra
ctic
al (
e.g
. mo
vin
g
dev
ice
s).
Lon
g d
ista
nce
ra
dio
co
mm
un
icat
ion
ca
n b
e b
ase
d
on
pri
vate
ra
dio
tel
emet
ry.
The
UH
F b
an
d b
etw
een
40
0 M
Hz
to
500
MH
z h
as
bec
om
e in
tern
atio
na
lly
ad
op
ted
fo
r lo
w p
ow
er l
icen
se-f
ree
use
fo
r d
igit
al
dat
a a
nd
tel
emet
ry s
yste
ms.
It h
as
the
ad
van
tag
e o
f
pro
pa
gat
ing
in d
irec
t lin
e o
f si
gh
t a
nd
will
pen
etra
te
con
ven
tio
na
l bu
ildin
g m
ater
ials
. Fo
r d
ista
nce
s a
bo
ve
100
0 m
, ra
dio
s w
ith
hig
her
po
wer
req
uir
ing
a li
cen
sed
cha
nn
el is
typ
ica
lly n
eed
ed.
7273
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nC
om
mu
nic
ati
on
SCA
DA
sys
tem
so
ftw
are
oft
en h
as
net
wo
rk s
erve
r ca
-
pa
bili
ty, m
ean
ing
th
at i
f th
e h
ost
PC
is
con
nec
ted
to
a L
AN
or
to t
he
inte
rnet
, it
will
be
po
ssib
le t
o l
og
on
to t
he
syst
em r
emo
tely
fro
m a
no
ther
net
wo
rk c
on
-
nec
ted
PC
. Th
e SC
AD
A s
yste
m s
oft
wa
re is
a s
tan
da
rd
pa
cka
ge
(ava
ilab
le f
rom
ma
ny
diff
eren
t so
ftw
are
ven
-
do
rs),
bu
t w
ith
a h
igh
deg
ree
of
cust
om
ized
ad
ap
ta-
tio
n (d
ata
, fu
nct
ion
s, g
rap
hic
s, e
tc).
1.
Esta
blis
h t
he
hea
lth
of
the
syst
em
–
Is
syst
em O
K (
op
erat
ing
as
inte
nd
ed a
nd
fu
lfill-
ing
its
pu
rpo
se)?
–
Do
es t
he
syst
em n
eed
ser
vice
(ca
use
an
d k
ind
)?
–
Is
the
syst
em b
roke
n d
ow
n (
cau
se)?
2.
Dis
pla
y sy
stem
va
ria
ble
s/co
nd
itio
ns
–
Co
nd
itio
ns
(lik
e o
n/o
ff) i
llust
rate
d w
ith
gra
ph
ics
an
d c
olo
rs
–
Im
po
rta
nt
syst
em v
ari
ab
les
dis
pla
yed
on
sys
tem
dra
win
g (
pre
ssu
re, fl
ow
, etc
.)
–
Im
po
rta
nt
syst
em v
ari
ab
les
sho
wn
gra
ph
ica
lly
3.
Ala
rm lo
gg
ing
an
d a
larm
ro
uti
ng
–
Ma
na
gin
g d
uty
ro
ster
s
–
Ro
uti
ng
of
mes
sag
es (
e.g
. SM
S)
4.
Dat
a lo
gg
ing
/ R
etri
eva
l of
log
ged
dat
a
–
In
terf
ace
to
dat
ab
ase
(e.
g. M
icro
soft
SQ
L)
–
Dat
a p
roce
ssin
g /
Dat
a s
tori
ng
/ G
rap
hic
al v
isu
-
aliz
atio
n
5.
Co
ntr
ol
–
Ma
nu
ally
op
erat
ion
–
Au
tom
atic
op
erat
ion
–
Clo
sed
loo
p c
on
tro
l (ra
re)
6.
Setu
p
–
Dis
pla
y m
ain
set
up
pa
ram
eter
s
–
Ch
an
gin
g o
f m
ain
set
up
pa
ram
eter
s
7.
Ma
inte
na
nce
info
rmat
ion
–
Ma
inte
na
nce
pla
n a
nd
his
tory
–
Sp
are
pa
rts
list
–
Ma
nu
als
, ph
oto
s, in
stru
ctiv
e vi
deo
s
8.
Exp
ert
syst
em
–
Art
ifici
al i
nte
llig
ence
–
Fa
ult
dia
gn
ost
ics
–
Dec
isio
n s
up
po
rt
9.
Inte
rfa
cin
g t
o E
nte
rpri
se R
eso
urc
e Pl
an
nin
g (
ERP
).
8.3
.3 W
eb-h
ost
ed S
CA
DA
A
SC
AD
A s
yste
m s
oft
wa
re w
hic
h r
un
s o
n a
web
ser
ver
inst
ead
of
on
a n
orm
al W
ind
ow
s P
C i
s ca
lled
a w
eb-
ho
sted
SC
AD
A s
yste
m.
All
dat
a i
s a
cces
sib
le v
ia t
he
inte
rnet
by
the
use
of
a w
eb-b
row
ser
(e.g
. In
tern
et
Exp
lore
r).
The
sub
syst
ems
can
be
mo
nit
ore
d a
nd
op
erat
ed fr
om
an
y P
C i
n a
ny
loca
tio
n w
ith
in
tern
et a
cces
s a
ll o
ver
the
wo
rld
. Th
ere
is n
o n
eed
to
in
sta
ll a
n e
xpen
sive
soft
wa
re s
yste
m o
n o
ne
or
mo
re P
C.
The
SCA
DA
sys
tem
so
ftw
are
an
d a
ll th
e d
ata
res
ides
on
th
e w
eb s
erve
r, w
hic
h c
ou
ld b
e o
per
ated
by
a c
on
-
tra
cto
r (s
yste
m in
teg
rato
r) o
r b
y th
e cu
sto
mer
(e.
g. a
cen
tra
l web
ser
ver
for
a c
om
ple
te m
un
icip
alit
y).
The
cust
om
er/u
ser
do
esn
’t h
ave
to w
orr
y a
bo
ut
in-
form
atio
n,
com
mu
nic
atio
n a
nd
so
ftw
are
/ha
rdw
are
tech
no
log
y b
ut
can
co
nce
ntr
ate
on
th
e p
ract
ica
l u
se
of
the
dat
a a
nd
th
e p
ract
ica
l ma
inte
na
nce
of
the
sub
-
syst
em.
Pass
wo
rds
ensu
re t
hat
on
ly a
uth
ori
sed
per
son
nel
re-
ciev
es a
cces
s to
op
erat
e sp
ecifi
c su
bsy
stem
s.
Fig
. 62
Illu
stra
tio
n o
f th
e p
rin
cib
le in
web
-ho
sted
SCA
DA
For
rad
io c
om
mu
nic
atio
n in
are
as
that
are
co
vere
d b
y
exis
tin
g o
per
ato
r n
etw
ork
s lik
e G
SM t
he
easi
est
(bu
t
no
t a
lway
s th
e ch
eap
est)
way
of
esta
blis
hin
g r
emo
te
com
mu
nic
atio
n i
s b
y su
bsc
rip
tio
n t
o t
his
ser
vice
. It
is u
p t
o t
he
cust
om
er (
or
the
syst
em i
nte
gra
tor
he
is u
sin
g)
to e
xam
ine
an
d a
sses
s if
th
e d
ema
nd
s fo
r
com
mu
nic
atio
n s
pee
d, r
esp
on
se t
ime
an
d r
elia
bili
ty
are
fu
lfille
d.
In r
ecen
t ye
ars
Eth
ern
et n
etw
ork
ing
tec
hn
olo
gy,
wit
h
the
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
pro
toco
l TC
P/IP
, w
hic
h h
as
tra
-
dit
ion
ally
bee
n u
sed
fo
r LA
Ns
an
d w
hic
h h
as
bec
om
e
tota
lly d
om
inat
ing
wit
hin
th
at fi
eld
, h
as
sta
rted
to
mig
rate
to
fiel
db
us
ap
plic
atio
ns.
Her
e it
no
w e
nte
rs
into
co
mp
etit
ion
w
ith
th
e tr
ad
itio
na
l fi
eld
bu
sses
like
Dev
iceN
et, P
rofi
bu
s, M
od
bu
s, e
tc.,
bu
t in
stea
d o
f
rep
rese
nti
ng
on
e co
her
ent
pro
toco
l, Et
her
net
TC
P/IP
sho
ws
up
in
ma
ny
inco
mp
atib
le s
tan
da
rds
like
Eth
-
ern
et I
P (
a D
evic
eNet
va
ria
nt)
, Pr
ofi
net
(a
Pro
fib
us
vari
an
t), M
od
bu
s TC
P (
a M
od
bu
s va
ria
nt)
an
d s
imila
r
sta
nd
ard
s th
at a
re b
ase
d o
n (
an
d c
om
pat
ible
wit
h)
corr
esp
on
din
g o
ld fi
eld
bu
sses
. Th
e fa
ct t
hat
so
me
new
Eth
ern
et s
tan
da
rds
like
Eth
erC
at t
hat
are
sp
e-
cia
lly d
esig
ned
to
uti
lize
the
hig
h s
pee
d a
dva
nta
ges
of
Eth
ern
et h
ave
als
o e
mer
ged
ha
s n
ot
ma
de
the
cho
ice
an
d c
om
pat
ibili
ty s
itu
atio
n w
ith
in n
etw
ork
-
ing
of
au
tom
atio
n s
yste
ms
easi
er.
8.3
SC
AD
A s
yste
ms
8.3
.1 S
CA
DA
ma
in p
art
sTh
e th
ree
ma
in p
art
s o
f a
typ
ica
l SC
AD
A s
yste
m a
re:
1. A
ma
ster
co
mp
ute
r
The
com
pu
ter
(e.g
. a
PC
ru
nn
ing
Win
do
ws
or
Un
ix)
ha
s H
MI
(Hu
ma
n M
ach
ine
Inte
rfa
ce)
soft
wa
re a
nd
a d
ata
ba
se.
Nu
mer
ou
s sp
ecia
lized
th
ird
pa
rty
HM
I/
SCA
DA
so
ftw
are
pa
cka
ges
are
ava
ilab
le. S
om
e ex
am
-
ple
s a
re iF
ix f
rom
GE
Fan
uc,
Cit
ectS
CA
DA
fro
m C
itec
t,
SIM
ATI
C f
rom
Sie
men
s a
nd
Wo
nd
erw
are
fro
m In
ven
-
sys.
2. A
nu
mb
er o
f o
uts
tati
on
s
An
ou
tsta
tio
n o
ften
rep
rese
nts
an
au
ton
om
ou
s su
b-
syst
em. A
uto
no
mo
us
mea
ns
that
if t
he
con
nec
tio
n t
o
the
SCA
DA
sys
tem
is b
roke
n, t
he
sub
syst
em is
ab
le t
o
keep
on
op
erat
ing
alo
ne
an
d s
till
fulfi
llin
g it
s p
urp
ose
(e.g
. su
pp
lyin
g w
ater
to
a t
an
k).
The
ove
rall
syst
em
des
ign
(ch
oic
e o
f te
chn
olo
gy
an
d e
qu
ipm
ent)
sh
ou
ld
aim
at
sub
syst
em a
uto
no
my
wh
enev
er p
oss
ible
an
d
alw
ays
wit
ho
ut
exce
pti
on
en
sure
th
at s
ub
syst
ems
are
fa
ilsa
fe a
nd
will
ret
urn
to
a p
red
icta
ble
wel
l-d
e-
fin
ed a
nd
sec
ure
sta
te if
co
mm
un
icat
ion
wit
h S
CA
DA
is b
roke
n. T
he
ou
tsta
tio
n w
ill t
ypic
ally
be:
• A
PLC
(Pr
og
ram
ma
ble
Lo
gic
Co
ntr
olle
r)
• A
DD
C (
Ded
icat
ed D
igit
al C
on
tro
ller)
• A
gat
eway
to
an
oth
er (
un
der
lyin
g)
net
wo
rk
3. A
co
mm
un
icat
ion
s in
fra
stru
ctu
re
This
is w
hat
tie
s it
all
tog
eth
er. A
mix
of
tech
no
log
ies
will
oft
en b
e u
sed
as
no
sin
gle
tec
hn
olo
gy
(net
wo
rk
or
pro
toco
l) s
pa
ns
all
dem
an
ds
in m
ore
co
mp
lex
ap
-
plic
atio
ns.
Fig
. 61
Illu
stra
tio
n o
f th
e m
ain
pa
rts
of
a S
CA
DA
syst
em
8.3
.2 S
CA
DA
fu
nct
ion
sB
elo
w is
a li
st o
f th
e fu
nct
ion
s th
at is
typ
ica
lly f
ou
nd
in S
CA
DA
sys
tem
so
ftw
are
pa
cka
ges
. Th
e lis
t is
pri
ori
-
tize
d w
ith
th
e m
ost
im
po
rta
nt
fun
ctio
ns
at t
he
top
.
7475
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nC
om
mu
nic
ati
on
8.4
Net
wo
rkin
g b
asi
cs
8.4
.1 N
etw
ork
to
po
log
y
Ref
ers
to t
he
way
in w
hic
h t
he
net
wo
rk o
f co
mm
un
i-
cati
ng
dev
ices
is
con
nec
ted
. Ea
ch t
op
olo
gy
is s
uit
ed
to s
pec
ific
task
s a
nd
ha
s it
s o
wn
ad
van
tag
es a
nd
dis
-
ad
van
tag
es.
In a
sta
r n
etw
ork
, a
ll w
irin
g i
s d
on
e fr
om
a c
entr
al
po
int
(e.g
. a
hu
b o
r a
cen
tra
l co
ntr
olle
r).
It h
as
the
gre
ates
t ca
ble
len
gth
s o
f a
ny
top
olo
gy
an
d t
hu
s u
ses
the
mo
st a
mo
un
t o
f ca
ble
. Et
her
net
net
wo
rks
are
usu
ally
ba
sed
on
th
e st
ar
top
olo
gy.
Fig
. 63
Sta
r to
po
log
y
Ad
van
tag
esD
isa
dva
nta
ges
• Ea
sy t
o a
dd
new
dev
ices
• C
entr
aliz
ed c
on
tro
l, n
et-
wo
rk/h
ub
mo
nit
ori
ng
• H
ub
fa
ilure
cri
pp
les
all
de -
vice
s co
nn
ecte
d t
o t
hat
hu
b
A r
ing
net
wo
rk, i
s a
net
wo
rk t
op
olo
gy
in w
hic
h e
ach
net
wo
rk d
evic
e co
nn
ects
to
exa
ctly
tw
o o
ther
dev
ic-
es, f
orm
ing
a c
ircu
lar
pat
hw
ay f
or
sig
na
ls. D
ata
tra
v-
els
fro
m d
evic
e to
dev
ice,
wit
h e
ach
dev
ice
ha
nd
ling
ever
y p
ack
et. T
he
old
IB
M L
AN
sta
nd
ard
To
ken
Rin
g
an
d t
he
ind
ust
ria
l fi
eld
bu
s In
terb
us
are
bo
th u
sin
g
the
rin
g t
op
olo
gy.
Fig
. 64
Rin
g t
op
olo
gy
Ad
van
tag
esD
isa
dva
nta
ges
• Eq
ual
acc
ess
for
all d
evic
es
• Ea
ch d
evic
e h
as f
ull
acce
ss
spee
d t
o t
he
rin
g
• O
nly
slig
ht
per
form
ance
dro
p
wit
h in
crea
sed
no.
of
dev
ices
.
• C
ost
ly w
irin
g
• D
ifficu
lt a
nd
exp
ensi
ve c
on
-n
ecti
on
s
In a
bu
s n
etw
ork
, all
dev
ices
co
nn
ect
to t
he
sam
e ca
-
ble
seg
men
t. W
irin
g i
s n
orm
ally
do
ne
po
int
to p
oin
t
in a
ch
ain
fa
shio
n o
r vi
a d
rop
ca
ble
s. T
he
cab
le i
s
term
inat
ed a
t ea
ch e
nd
. M
essa
ges
are
tra
nsm
itte
d
alo
ng
th
e ca
ble
are
vis
ible
to
all
dev
ices
co
nn
ecte
d t
o
that
ca
ble
. Mo
st fi
eld
bu
sses
(e.g
. Pro
fib
us,
Dev
iceN
et,
GEN
Ibu
s) u
se t
he
bu
s to
po
log
y, b
ut
des
pit
e th
e n
am
e,
fiel
db
uss
es c
an
als
o b
e b
ase
d o
n o
ther
to
po
log
ies.
Fig
. 65
Bu
s to
po
log
y
Ad
van
tag
esD
isa
dva
nta
ges
• Ea
sy t
o im
ple
men
t
• Lo
w c
ost
• Li
mit
s o
n c
ab
le le
ng
th a
nd
d
evic
e n
um
ber
s
• D
ifficu
lt t
o is
ola
te n
etw
ork
fa
ult
s
• A
ca
ble
fa
ult
aff
ects
all
dev
ices
• N
etw
ork
slo
ws
do
wn
wit
h
incr
ease
d n
o. o
f d
evic
es
Ver
y o
ften
a c
om
bin
atio
n o
f th
ese
thre
e b
asi
c to
po
lo-
gie
s is
use
d –
th
en w
e ta
lk a
bo
ut
mix
ed t
op
olo
gy.
If
the
net
wo
rkin
g t
ech
no
log
y u
sed
allo
ws
con
nec
tio
n
in a
ny
top
olo
gy
– t
hen
we
talk
ab
ou
t fr
ee t
op
olo
gy.
8.4
.2 C
om
mu
nic
atio
ns
pro
toco
lTh
e co
mm
un
ica
tio
ns
pro
toco
l co
vers
th
e ru
les
that
spec
ify
ho
w a
fu
nct
ion
al
dev
ice
con
nec
ted
to
a n
et-
wo
rk c
an
in
terc
ha
ng
e d
ata
wit
h o
ther
dev
ices
th
at
are
pa
rt o
f th
e n
etw
ork
. It
sp
ecifi
es d
eta
ils i
n t
he
ph
ysic
al
ha
rdw
are
lik
e im
ped
an
ce a
nd
ele
ctri
cal
sig
-
na
ls. I
t sp
ecifi
es d
eta
ils in
th
e d
ata
tra
nsf
er li
ke b
au
d
rate
, tim
ing
an
d d
ata
pa
cket
fo
rmat
an
d i
t sp
ecifi
es
ho
w a
dd
ress
ing
of
dev
ices
, re
qu
esti
ng
of
dat
a a
nd
rep
lyin
g t
o r
equ
ests
sh
ou
ld w
ork
.
The
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
pro
toco
l is
th
e m
an
ag
er o
f th
e
com
mu
nic
atio
n l
ine.
Th
e p
roto
col
rule
s co
ntr
ol
wh
o
is a
llow
ed t
o t
ran
smit
, ho
w m
uch
an
d f
or
ho
w lo
ng
.
In
ma
ster
/sla
ve
pro
toco
ls
(lik
e G
ENIb
us,
M
od
bu
s,
Pro
fib
us)
th
e a
rbit
rati
on
ru
les
of
the
pro
toco
l co
ntr
ol
wh
o is
ma
ster
an
d w
ho
is s
lave
.
It is
th
e re
spo
nsi
bili
ty o
f th
e p
roto
col t
hat
eve
ryth
ing
wo
rks
relia
bly
a
nd
th
at
dat
a
get
s co
mm
un
icat
ed
wit
ho
ut
erro
rs.
Bu
t in
ca
ses
wh
ere
som
eth
ing
go
es
wro
ng
, in
pro
toco
l te
rms
calle
d e
xcep
tio
ns,
it
is a
lso
the
resp
on
sib
ility
of
the
pro
toco
l to
det
ect
thes
e ex
-
cep
tio
ns,
to
rea
ct u
po
n t
hem
(e.
g.
erro
r re
po
rtin
g,
retr
an
smis
sio
n,
etc.
) a
nd
fin
ally
to
rec
ove
r fr
om
an
y
erro
r co
nd
itio
n i
ncl
ud
ing
fro
m a
co
mp
lete
net
wo
rk
bre
ak
do
wn
.
8.4
.3 F
un
ctio
na
l pro
file
The
fun
ctio
na
l p
rofi
le o
f a
net
wo
rk d
evic
e m
ean
s
the
spec
ifica
tio
n o
f it
s fu
nct
ion
al
inte
rfa
ce t
o t
he
net
wo
rk. T
his
is
pri
ma
rily
a d
escr
ipti
on
of
the
inp
ut
an
d t
he
ou
tpu
t d
ata
of
the
dev
ice.
Th
ese
dat
a a
re
mo
st o
ften
ref
erre
d t
o a
s th
e d
ata
po
ints
or
the
dat
a
item
s o
f th
e d
evic
e. T
he
fun
ctio
na
l p
rofi
le d
escr
ibes
the
dat
a it
ems
– w
hat
fo
rmat
th
ey h
ave
(8 b
it, 1
6 b
it,
etc.
), th
eir
sca
ling
(re
solu
tio
n a
nd
ra
ng
e), l
imit
atio
ns
an
d m
utu
al r
elat
ion
.
Ap
art
fro
m t
he
dat
a it
em d
escr
ipti
on
, th
e fu
nct
ion
al
pro
file
als
o d
escr
ibes
ho
w t
o o
per
ate
the
dev
ice
via
the
net
wo
rk, w
hen
th
e d
evic
e is
use
d in
ap
plic
atio
ns.
It d
ocu
men
ts t
he
rela
tio
n b
etw
een
th
e d
evic
e fu
nc-
tio
ns,
th
e d
ata
item
s a
nd
th
e b
ehav
iou
r o
f th
e a
pp
li-
cati
on
/sys
tem
in w
hic
h t
he
dev
ice
is o
per
atin
g.
Dev
ices
th
at u
se t
he
sam
e co
mm
un
icat
ion
s p
roto
col
an
d e
xch
an
ge
dat
a a
cco
rdin
g t
o a
defi
ned
an
d s
ha
red
fun
ctio
na
l pro
file
are
sa
id t
o b
e in
tero
per
ab
le.
8.4
.4 T
he
fiel
db
us
The
kin
d o
f n
etw
ork
s th
at a
re u
sed
in
in
du
stri
al
au
-
tom
atio
n s
yste
ms
to c
on
nec
t se
nso
rs,
act
uat
or
an
d
con
tro
llers
are
ca
lled
fiel
db
uss
es a
s o
pp
ose
d t
o n
et-
wo
rks
use
d f
or
ad
min
istr
ativ
e p
urp
ose
s in
offi
ce e
n-
viro
nm
ents
, w
hic
h a
re g
ener
ally
ref
erre
d t
o a
s Lo
cal
Are
a N
etw
ork
s (L
AN
s).
Fiel
db
uss
es a
re d
esig
ned
to
wo
rk i
n h
ars
h e
nvi
ron
-
men
ts –
ou
t in
th
e fi
eld
so
to
sp
eak
- an
d u
se in
du
stri
-
al g
rad
e eq
uip
men
t a
nd
ca
blin
g. M
ore
ove
r a
fiel
db
us
pro
toco
l g
ener
ally
p
rom
ote
s o
ther
ch
ara
cter
isti
cs
tha
n a
LA
N d
oes
, bec
au
se t
he
dem
an
ds
are
qu
iet
dif
-
fere
nt.
The
fiel
db
us
typ
ica
lly t
ran
sfer
s sm
all
am
ou
nts
of
dat
a,
bu
t th
e d
ata
is
tra
nsf
erre
d f
req
uen
tly
(hig
h
sam
ple
rat
es c
an
oft
en b
e a
req
uir
emen
t).
Als
o t
he
fiel
db
us
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
ha
nd
le t
ime
crit
ica
l d
ata
tra
nsf
er, m
ean
ing
it h
as
to f
ulfi
l ha
rd t
imin
g r
equ
ire-
men
ts (
low
del
ays
in b
us
acc
ess
an
d d
ata
rep
ly a
nd
fast
dat
a p
roce
ssin
g).
The
LAN
, on
th
e o
ther
han
d, t
ran
sfer
s h
ug
e am
ou
nts
of
dat
a (fi
les,
etc
.) b
etw
een
co
mp
ute
rs a
nd
ser
vers
,
bu
t th
ese
dat
a ar
e tr
ansf
erre
d s
eld
om
. Als
o t
he
reac
-
tio
n n
eed
no
t b
e ve
ry f
ast,
bec
ause
it
inte
ract
s w
ith
hu
man
s an
d n
ot
wit
h t
ime-
crit
ical
ph
ysic
al p
roce
sses
.
Da
isy
ch
ain
fa
shio
n
Dro
p c
ab
le f
ash
ion
7677
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nC
om
mu
nic
ati
on
8.5
. GEN
Ibu
sG
ENIb
us,
th
e G
run
dfo
s El
ectr
on
ics
Net
wo
rk In
terc
om
-
mu
nic
atio
ns
bu
s is
a p
rop
riet
ary
fiel
db
us
dev
elo
ped
by
Gru
nd
fos
to m
eet
the
nee
d f
or
dat
a tr
ansf
er a
nd
net
-
wo
rkin
g i
n t
ypic
al w
ater
pu
mp
ap
plic
atio
ns
in b
uild
-
ing
s, w
ater
su
pp
ly, w
ater
pu
rifi
cati
on
an
d in
du
stry
.
8.5
.1 B
ack
gro
un
dG
ENIb
us
wa
s fi
rst
intr
od
uce
d t
o t
he
ma
rket
in 1
99
1 a
s
a fi
eld
bu
s in
terf
ace
fo
r th
e G
run
dfo
s ci
rcu
lato
r p
um
p
typ
e U
PE.
Th
is p
um
p b
eca
me
the
firs
t w
ater
pu
mp
in
the
wo
rld
wit
h i
nte
gra
ted
fre
qu
ency
co
nve
rter
an
d
als
o t
he
firs
t w
ith
inte
gra
ted
fiel
db
us
inte
rfa
ce.
The
ori
gin
al p
urp
ose
of
the
GEN
Ibu
s in
terf
ace
wa
s to
ena
ble
net
wo
rkin
g o
f th
e sp
eed
co
ntr
olle
d c
ircu
la-
tor
pu
mp
s in
to s
ub
syst
ems,
wh
ere
a c
entr
al
ma
ster
cou
ld h
an
dle
sev
era
l co
ntr
ol
loo
ps
wit
h p
um
ps
con
-
nec
ted
hyd
rau
lica
lly p
ara
llel
an
d a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e
ma
ke i
mp
ort
an
t p
um
p d
ata
lik
e p
ress
ure
, fl
ow
an
d
ala
rms
ava
ilab
le o
n a
dis
pla
y.
Sin
ce t
hen
GEN
Ibu
s h
as
dev
elo
ped
into
an
ad
van
ced
an
d y
et c
ost
eff
ecti
ve d
e-fa
cto
Gru
nd
fos
sta
nd
ard
an
d is
ava
ilab
le fo
r a
lmo
st a
ll G
run
dfo
s p
rod
uct
s w
ith
elec
tro
nic
s. It
s m
ain
are
a o
f a
pp
licat
ion
is:
• N
etw
ork
ing
b
etw
een
p
um
ps,
a
uxi
liary
d
evic
es
an
d c
on
tro
llers
in
Gru
nd
fos
sub
syst
ems
(e.g
. H
y-
dro
MP
C)
• In
teg
rati
on
in
au
tom
atio
n s
yste
ms
(e.g
. SC
AD
A)
via
gat
eway
s
• C
on
nec
tio
n t
o P
C t
oo
ls v
ia a
da
pte
r fo
r co
nfi
gu
-
rati
on
, fa
ult
fin
din
g,
valu
e m
on
ito
rin
g,
dat
a l
og
-
gin
g, e
tc.
8.5
.2 T
ech
nic
al d
escr
ipti
on
Like
mo
st o
ther
fiel
db
uss
es,
GEN
Ibu
s su
pp
ort
s th
e
mec
ha
nis
ms
for
sin
gle
-ca
stin
g (
sin
gle
-ad
dre
ssin
g),
mu
ltic
ast
ing
(g
rou
p a
dd
ress
ing
) a
nd
bro
ad
cast
ing
(glo
ba
l a
dd
ress
ing
). A
un
iqu
e fe
atu
re o
f G
ENIb
us
is
the
Co
nn
ecti
on
Req
ues
t, w
hic
h m
ake
s it
po
ssib
le f
or
a m
ast
er d
evic
e to
rec
og
niz
e a
ll co
nn
ecte
d u
nit
s o
n a
net
wo
rk w
ith
ou
t h
avin
g t
o p
oll
thro
ug
h a
ll p
oss
ible
ad
dre
sses
.
Hav
ing
bee
n d
evel
op
ed a
nd
no
w b
ein
g m
ain
tain
ed
by
a s
ing
le c
om
pa
ny
inst
ead
of
by
an
in
dep
end
ent
use
r o
rga
niz
atio
n m
ake
s G
ENIb
us
a s
o-c
alle
d p
ro-
pri
eta
ry fi
eld
bu
s. H
ow
ever
th
e st
an
da
rd i
s o
pen
fo
r
an
yon
e to
use
, wh
ich
ha
s re
sult
ed in
th
e em
erg
ence
of
seve
ral t
hir
d p
art
y g
atew
ays
ena
blin
g t
he
con
nec
-
tio
n o
f G
ENIb
us
dev
ices
(e.
g.
pu
mp
s) t
o c
on
tro
llers
of
oth
er b
ran
ds
an
d o
f g
atew
ays,
wh
ich
ca
n c
on
nec
t
GEN
Ibu
s to
a f
ew r
eco
gn
ized
fiel
db
us
sta
nd
ard
s.
Bel
ow
is
a G
ENIb
us
tech
nic
al
sum
ma
ry.
The
com
-
ple
te G
ENIb
us
pro
toco
l sp
ecifi
cati
on
is
ava
ilab
le o
n
req
ues
t.
Phys
ica
l lay
er (
ha
rdw
are
)
Top
olo
gy
Bu
s
Tra
nsm
itte
rEI
A R
S48
5, h
alf
du
ple
x
Dat
a f
orm
atSt
art
bit
(=
0),
8 d
ata
bit
s w
ith
lea
st
sig
nifi
can
t b
it fi
rst,
sto
p b
it (
=1)
Ba
ud
rat
e9
60
0 b
its/
sSo
me
dev
ices
su
pp
ort
pro
gra
mm
ab
le
ba
ud
rat
e fr
om
120
0-3
84
00
bit
s/s
Dis
tan
ceD
ais
y ch
ain
: 120
0 m
Mu
ltid
rop
: 50
0 m
Twis
ted
pa
ir c
ab
le w
ith
sh
ield
is r
eco
m-
men
ded
. No
ter
min
atio
n.
No.
of
bu
s u
nit
sM
ax
. 32
Dat
a li
nk
laye
r (t
imin
g, v
erifi
cati
on
)
Inte
r B
yte
Del
ay<
=1.
2ms
Inte
r Te
leg
ram
Del
ay>
=3m
s
Rep
ly D
elay
[3m
s; 5
0m
s]So
me
dev
ices
su
pp
ort
pro
gra
mm
ab
le
min
imu
m r
eply
del
ay [
3ms;
2.5
s]
Cyc
lic r
edu
nd
an
cy
chec
kin
g16
bit
CC
ITT
Med
ium
acc
ess
Ma
ster
/Sla
ve
Phys
ica
l ad
dre
ss
ran
ge
Ma
ster
ad
dre
ss r
an
ge:
[0
; 231
]Sl
ave
ad
dre
ss r
an
ge:
[32
; 231
]C
on
nec
tio
n r
equ
est
ad
dre
ss: 2
54B
roa
dca
st a
dd
ress
: 255
ma
x. 1
200
m
M
SS
S
ma
x. 5
00
m
M SS
S
ma
x. 1
200
m
M SS
S
A Y B
A Y B
A Y B
Bu
s u
nit
#1
Bu
s u
nit
#2
Bu
s u
nit
#3
Da
isy
cha
inin
g, t
he
idea
l wa
y o
f ca
blin
g G
ENIb
us
8.5
.3 C
ab
lin
g g
uid
elin
es
In g
ener
al
• U
se t
wis
ted
pa
ir c
ab
les
wit
h s
hie
ld
• C
on
nec
t th
e sh
ield
in b
oth
en
ds
• D
ais
y ch
ain
ing
is
the
pre
ferr
ed w
ay t
o c
on
nec
t
mu
ltip
le u
nit
s
• A
void
lon
g s
tub
s
• K
eep
wir
es a
s sh
ort
as
po
ssib
le
• Se
pa
rate
bu
s w
ires
fro
m p
ow
er c
ab
les
if p
oss
ible
.
GEN
Ibu
s
• D
o n
ot
use
ter
min
atin
g r
esis
tors
• A
co
mm
un
icat
ion
dis
tan
ce u
p t
o 1
200
m is
no
rma
l-
ly n
ot
a p
rob
lem
• Th
e d
ista
nce
ca
n b
e ex
ten
ded
wit
h r
epea
ters
• If
yo
u e
xper
ien
ce p
rob
lem
s w
ith
no
ise,
try
dis
con
-
nec
tin
g t
he
shie
ld t
hat
is f
ou
nd
at
on
e en
d p
er b
us
un
it.
7879
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nC
om
mu
nic
ati
on
8.6
Gru
nd
fos
GEN
Ibu
s p
rod
uct
s fo
r SP
ap
pli
cati
on
s
By
the
usa
ge
of
the
elec
tro
nic
mo
tor
pro
tect
or
MP
204
(d
escr
ibed
in
ch
ap
ter
10, “
Acc
esso
ries
”) i
t is
po
s-
sib
le t
o m
on
ito
r th
e SP
pu
mp
rem
ote
ly:
• 3-
ph
ase
cu
rren
t a
nd
vo
lta
ges
• 3-
ph
ase
vo
lta
ge
an
gle
s a
nd
co
s (θ
)
• St
art
cu
rren
t
• C
urr
ent
asy
mm
etry
• In
sula
tio
n r
esis
tan
ce
• Po
wer
an
d e
ner
gy
con
sum
pti
on
• Su
pp
ly f
req
uen
cy
• M
oto
r te
mp
erat
ure
• Pr
esen
t a
larm
s a
nd
wa
rnin
gs
• Lo
gg
ed a
larm
s
• Po
wer
on
tim
e a
nd
ru
nn
ing
tim
e co
un
ter
• St
art
co
un
ter
(to
tal a
nd
per
ho
ur)
• R
e-st
art
co
un
ter
(to
tal a
nd
per
day
)
• O
per
atin
g m
od
e o
f M
P 2
04
mo
tor
pro
tect
or.
By
op
erat
ing
th
e el
ectr
on
ic m
oto
r p
rote
cto
r M
P 2
04
as
an
on
/off
act
uat
or,
it is
po
ssib
le t
o s
tart
/sto
p c
on
-
tro
l th
e SP
pu
mp
rem
ote
ly. I
t is
als
o p
oss
ible
to
res
et
ala
rms,
log
ged
ala
rms
an
d v
ari
ou
s co
un
ters
like
ru
n-
nin
g h
ou
rs a
nd
sta
rt c
ou
nte
rs.
By
the
usa
ge
of
the
inp
ut/
ou
tpu
t IO
111
dev
ice
(de-
scri
bed
in c
ha
pte
r 10
, “A
cces
sori
es”)
alo
ne
or
tog
eth
-
er w
ith
MP
20
4 it
is p
oss
ible
to
mo
nit
or
the
follo
win
g
valu
es:
• V
alu
e o
f PT
100
tem
per
atu
re s
enso
r
• V
alu
e o
f p
uls
e co
un
ter
inp
ut
• V
alu
e o
f a
na
log
ue
4-2
0m
A in
pu
t
• A
larm
lim
it e
xcee
ded
(fo
r th
e a
bo
ve in
pu
ts)
• Po
wer
on
tim
e
• Lo
gg
ed a
larm
s.
MP
20
4 a
nd
IO 1
12 b
oth
hav
e G
ENIb
us
inte
rfa
ce. M
P
204
is
sup
po
rted
by
the
Gru
nd
fos
gat
eway
G10
0
(dat
a s
hee
t av
aila
ble
via
WEB
cap
s), w
hic
h c
an
ha
nd
le
sim
ult
an
eou
s co
nn
ecti
on
of
up
to
32
MP
20
4 d
evic
es
an
d s
up
po
rts
com
mu
nic
atio
n v
ia M
od
bu
s (R
S232
, ra
-
dio
or
GSM
) o
r vi
a P
rofi
bu
s. It
als
o h
as
a b
uild
in d
ata
log
ger
wit
h a
ca
pa
city
of
ap
pro
xim
atel
y 30
0,0
00
tim
e st
am
ped
log
gin
gs.
Fig
. 66
Illu
stra
tio
n o
f th
e re
mo
te m
on
ito
rin
g a
nd
con
tro
l of
SP p
um
p in
sta
llati
on
s
80
81
9.
Tro
ub
lesh
oo
tin
g
Tro
ub
lesh
oo
tin
g
Fau
ltC
au
seSo
luti
on
Lou
d n
ois
es in
pip
ewo
rk in
ho
me
or
bu
ildin
g.
Pres
sure
ga
ug
es s
top
wo
rkin
g a
fter
sho
rt t
ime.
Blo
w-o
ut
in p
ipin
g a
nd
fitt
ing
s
Wat
er h
am
mer
at
pu
mp
sta
rt a
nd
sto
p.
Fit
a 5
0-l
itre
dia
ph
rag
m t
an
k w
her
e
the
rise
r m
ain
an
d t
he
ho
rizo
nta
l
dis
cha
rge
pip
e m
eet.
Wat
er f
rom
th
is d
iap
hra
gm
ta
nk
will
be
dis
cha
rged
wh
en t
he
pu
mp
is s
wit
ched
off
an
d t
hu
s p
reve
nt
the
form
atio
n o
f th
e va
cuu
m.
Air
pen
etra
tin
g s
uct
ion
pip
ing
as
wel
l as
pre
ssu
rise
d p
ipin
g.
Wat
er h
am
mer
cre
atin
g v
acu
um
Intr
od
uce
so
ft -
sta
rt/s
top
,- V
FD o
r
pre
ssu
re t
an
k sh
ock
ab
sorp
tio
n.
A r
ap
id d
eclin
e in
pu
mp
per
form
-
an
ce.
Wea
r a
nd
tea
r d
ue
to s
an
d/s
ilt
pen
etra
tin
g in
to w
ell
Det
ect
the
pro
ble
mat
ic w
ells
, sea
l
off
th
e p
rob
lem
atic
sec
tio
n o
f th
e
wel
l or
red
uce
pu
mp
per
form
an
ce
to le
ss t
ha
n h
alf
of
the
pro
ble
mat
ic
cap
aci
ty.
Co
nta
cto
rs f
ail
too
oft
en,
an
d m
oto
rs c
on
sum
e ex
cess
ive
kWh
per
m3 p
um
ped
.
Hig
h s
tart
ing
fre
qu
ency
Red
uce
pu
mp
ca
pa
city
, in
sta
ll a
VFD
or
larg
er t
an
k ca
pa
city
.
Pow
er c
on
sum
pti
on
by
the
mo
tor
is e
xces
sive
, an
d s
ha
ft /
cou
plin
g
splin
es w
ear
do
wn
.
Up
thru
stTh
rott
le p
um
p p
erfo
rma
nce
to
aro
un
d t
he
bes
t effi
cien
cy p
oin
t o
r
red
uce
th
e n
um
ber
of
imp
elle
rs o
n
the
pu
mp
.
Wo
rn u
pth
rust
bea
rin
gs
Up
thru
st b
y O
N/O
FF o
per
atio
nEs
tab
lish
th
e n
eces
sary
flo
w c
on
-
tro
l at
sta
rt-u
p.
Thru
st b
eari
ng
s o
n c
an
ned
typ
e
mo
tors
fa
il
Insu
lati
on
res
ista
nce
on
rew
ind
-
ab
le m
oto
rs f
ails
.
Cav
itat
ion
Rem
ove
flo
w r
estr
icti
on
s to
pu
mp
an
d c
hec
k fo
r p
erfo
rma
nce
aro
un
d
the
bes
t effi
cien
cy p
oin
t.
Mo
tor
tem
per
atu
re in
crea
ses
ove
r
tim
e; p
um
p p
erfo
rma
nce
fa
lls.
Dep
osi
ts (C
alc
ium
, Iro
n, e
tc)
on
mo
-
tor
surf
ace
an
d in
hyd
rau
lic p
art
s
of
pu
mp
.
Pull
the
pu
mp
an
d m
oto
r fo
r cl
ean
-
ing
; cle
an
th
e p
ipin
g, w
ell fi
lter
an
d
inst
all
a c
oo
ling
sle
eve
on
mo
tor.
Pum
p p
erfo
rma
nce
fa
lls o
ffA
gg
ress
ive
wat
er (C
orr
osi
on
of
pu
mp
an
d p
ipes
)
Pres
sure
tes
t p
ipin
g f
rom
gro
un
d
leve
l. If
lea
kag
es o
ccu
r, p
ull
an
d
rep
lace
th
e p
um
p a
nd
pip
es w
ith
a
hig
her
co
rro
sio
n c
lass
.
Wat
er d
isa
pp
ears
do
wn
th
e p
ipin
g
wh
en t
he
pu
mp
is s
top
ped
Ris
er m
ain
s p
ipe
corr
osi
on
Pull
the
pu
mp
an
d r
epla
ce t
he
pip
-
ing
mat
eria
l wit
h a
hig
her
co
rro
-
sio
n c
lass
.
Pum
p p
erfo
rma
nce
is t
oo
low
. Th
e
mo
tor
con
sum
es in
suffi
cien
t kW
h.
Ga
s ev
acu
atio
nLo
wer
th
e p
um
p w
hen
eq
uip
ped
wit
h g
as
eva
cuat
ion
sle
eve.
The
wat
er le
vel i
n t
he
wel
l is
con
-
sta
ntl
y b
eco
min
g lo
wer
.
Wel
l ove
rpu
mp
ing
Red
uce
pu
mp
ca
pa
city
un
til t
he
wat
er le
vel r
ema
ins
con
sta
nt
ove
r
the
cou
rse
of
a y
ear.
Dri
ll m
ore
wel
ls a
t o
ther
aq
uif
ers.
82
83
10
.A
cce
sso
rie
s
Acc
ess
ori
es
10.1
Co
oli
ng
sle
eves
In g
ener
al,
coo
lin
g s
leev
es a
re r
eco
mm
end
ed w
hen
the
mo
tor
coo
lin
g i
s in
suffi
cien
t. T
his
is
no
rma
l in
tan
k a
pp
lica
tio
ns.
It
can
als
o b
e n
eces
sary
in
dee
p
wel
l a
pp
lica
tio
ns,
wh
ere
ther
e is
a r
isk
that
th
e w
a-
ter
wil
l fl
ow
to
th
e p
um
p i
nle
t fr
om
ab
ove
an
d n
ot
au
tom
atic
all
y p
ass
alo
ng
th
e m
oto
r.
Oth
er a
pp
lica
tio
ns
wh
ere
a fl
ow
sle
eve
sho
uld
be
use
d:
• T
he
mo
tor
is e
xp
ose
d t
o a
hig
h t
her
ma
l lo
ad
,
such
as
du
e to
a h
igh
am
bie
nt
tem
per
atu
re, c
ur-
ren
t u
nb
ala
nce
or
ove
rlo
ad
.
• A
gg
ress
ive
liq
uid
s a
re p
um
ped
, sin
ce c
orr
osi
on
is
do
ub
led
fo
r ev
ery
10 °
C in
crea
se in
tem
per
atu
re.
• Se
dim
enta
tio
n o
r d
epo
sits
occ
ur
aro
un
d a
nd
/or
on
th
e m
oto
r.
By
usi
ng
th
e co
oli
ng
sle
eves
, th
e fl
ow
alo
ng
th
e m
o-
tor
wil
l min
imiz
e th
e m
oto
r te
mp
erat
ure
an
d t
her
e-
by
exte
nd
th
e m
oto
r li
fe.
10.2
Co
rro
sio
n p
rote
ctio
n in
se
aw
a-
ter
Sta
inle
ss s
teel
ca
n b
e d
am
ag
ed b
y cr
evic
e o
r p
itti
ng
corr
osi
on
wh
en im
mer
ged
into
ch
lori
nat
ed w
ater
.
Th
e li
keli
ho
od
of
corr
osi
on
dep
end
s o
n:
•
Th
e g
rad
e o
f m
ater
ial u
sed
(G
G –
AIS
I 30
4 –
AIS
I
316
– A
ISI 9
04
L)
•
Ch
lori
de
con
cen
trat
ion
in t
he
wat
er
•
Elec
tro
chem
ica
l p
ote
nti
al
of
the
met
al
exp
ose
d
to m
edia
•
Tem
per
atu
re
•
Ox
ygen
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
•
Vel
oci
ty o
f t
he
med
ia in
co
nta
ct w
ith
th
e m
eta
l-
lic
surf
ace
•
Th
e p
H v
alu
e.
Wh
en m
eta
l is
su
bm
erg
ed i
nto
wat
er,
it f
orm
s a
n
elec
tro
chem
ica
l ce
ll,
wit
h a
n a
no
de
an
d a
cat
ho
de
imm
erg
ed i
nto
an
ele
ctro
lyte
(ex
. ch
lori
nat
ed w
a-
ter)
. Th
is i
s a
lso
ref
erre
d t
o a
s b
ein
g a
ga
lva
nic
cel
l.
Th
e a
no
de
can
be
refe
rred
to
as
the
act
ive
pa
rt a
nd
the
cath
od
e a
s th
e n
ob
le p
art
.
Met
als
ca
n b
e lis
ted
in
ord
er t
o t
hei
r re
lati
ve a
ctiv
-
ity
in s
eaw
ater
en
viro
nm
ent.
If
the
met
al
surf
ace
bec
om
es t
he
an
od
e in
th
e el
ectr
och
emic
al
cell,
co
r-
rosi
on
ta
kes
pla
ce.
10.2
.1 C
ath
od
ic p
rote
ctio
nC
ath
od
ic p
rote
ctio
n is
a t
ech
niq
ue
to c
on
tro
l th
e co
r-
rosi
on
of
a g
iven
met
al s
urf
ace
by
pu
rpo
sely
ma
kin
g
this
su
rfa
ce i
nto
th
e ca
tho
de
of
the
elec
tro
chem
ica
l
cell.
This
ca
n b
e d
on
e in
tw
o w
ays:
• G
alv
an
ic: b
y u
se o
f s
acr
ifici
al m
eta
l
• Im
pre
ssed
Cu
rren
t: b
y u
se o
f D
C p
ow
er s
up
ply
an
d a
n in
ert
an
od
e.
10.2
.2 G
alv
an
ic c
ath
od
ic p
rote
ctio
n
syst
ems
Fig
. 67
Sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p s
et w
ith
sa
crifi
cia
l zin
c
an
od
es.
84
85
Acc
ess
ori
es
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
a se
ries
of
sacr
ifici
al z
inc
ano
des
fo
r
the
sub
mer
sib
le p
um
p a
nd
mo
tor.
For
met
allic
ris
er
pip
es, s
tan
dar
d s
olu
tio
ns
for
pip
es a
re r
eco
mm
end
ed.
The
use
of
sacr
ifici
al
an
od
es h
as
an
en
viro
nm
enta
l
imp
act
th
at s
ho
uld
alw
ays
be
take
n in
to a
cco
un
t. T
he
effec
ts o
f th
e sa
lts
bei
ng
fo
rmed
in t
he
ga
lva
nic
pro
c-
ess
mu
st a
lway
s b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ou
nt.
The
syst
em n
eed
s to
be
mo
nit
ore
d i
n o
rder
to
fin
d
the
corr
ect
tim
e fo
r re
pla
cin
g t
he
sacr
ifici
al a
no
des
.
The
ad
van
tag
e is
th
at t
he
syst
em i
s se
lf r
egu
lati
ng
– t
he
det
erio
rati
on
of
the
sacr
ifici
al
an
od
e re
flec
ts
the
nee
ds
for
pro
tect
ion
of
the
syst
em.
For
big
ger
an
d m
ore
co
mp
lex
syst
ems,
en
gin
eeri
ng
is
nee
ded
in o
rder
to
ma
ke t
he
corr
ect
cho
ice
con
cern
-
ing
co
rro
sio
n p
rote
ctio
n. A
spec
ts t
o c
on
sid
er in
clu
de
• M
ater
ial o
f sa
crifi
cia
l an
od
e
• Sh
ap
e
• Ex
ten
sio
n
• C
on
nec
tio
n.
10.2
.3 Im
pre
ssed
cu
rren
t ca
tho
dic
p
rote
ctio
n s
yste
ms
This
req
uir
es u
se o
f a
DC
po
wer
su
pp
ly a
nd
kn
ow
l-
edg
e o
f a
ctu
al p
ote
nti
al b
etw
een
th
e m
eta
l th
at
nee
ds
pro
tect
ion
an
d a
ref
eren
ce e
lect
rod
e. It
is
nec
essa
ry t
o t
ake
into
acc
ou
nt
the
risk
of
org
an
ic
gro
wth
on
th
e m
eta
l pa
rt t
hat
ove
r ti
me
can
ch
an
ge
the
po
ten
tia
l diff
eren
ce.
Thes
e sy
stem
s re
qu
ire
ind
ivid
ua
l d
esig
n a
nd
Gru
nd
-
fos
refe
rs t
o e
xter
na
l su
pp
liers
of
thes
e ki
nd
s o
f
equ
ipm
ent
wh
ere
des
ign
an
d a
dvi
ces
can
be
ob
-
tain
ed.
The
no
rma
l ra
ng
e o
f th
e D
C s
up
ply
will
be
50 V
wit
h 1
0-1
00
A.
The
ad
van
tag
e o
f th
is m
eth
od
is t
hat
it is
iner
t, m
ean
-
ing
th
at i
t d
oes
no
t re
lea
se a
ny
chem
ica
l a
gen
ts t
o
the
envi
ron
men
t. T
he
pro
cess
req
uir
es e
ner
gy
in t
he
form
of
a p
ow
er s
up
ply
.
Fig
. 68
Pri
nci
ple
of
imp
ress
ed c
urr
ent
cath
od
ic s
yste
m
10.3
Dro
p c
ab
les
Gru
nd
fos
can
del
iver
diff
eren
t d
rop
ca
ble
typ
es d
e-
pen
din
g o
n t
he
ap
plic
atio
n t
he
pu
mp
is g
oin
g t
o o
p-
erat
e in
. G
ener
al
gu
idel
ines
hav
e b
een
des
crib
ed i
n
cha
pte
r 7.
5.
Ther
e a
re c
ab
les
spec
ially
dev
elo
ped
to
be
use
d i
n
con
nec
tio
n w
ith
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s. S
ever
al o
f th
em
are
ap
pro
ved
for
tra
nsp
ort
ing
dri
nki
ng
wat
er. N
um
er-
ou
s m
an
ufa
ctu
rers
pro
du
ce t
hes
e ca
ble
s w
hic
h m
ay
be
use
d w
ith
su
bm
ersi
ble
pu
mp
s.
A c
om
mo
nly
use
d t
ype
is t
he
H0
7RN
-F,
wh
ich
is
a
gen
era
l pu
rpo
se c
ab
le. I
n m
ost
ca
ses
this
ca
ble
is a
d-
equ
ate
for
use
wit
h s
ub
mer
sib
le p
um
ps.
Ple
ase
no
te
that
wat
er r
esis
tan
ce o
f th
e co
nd
uct
or
insu
lati
on
is
no
t a
lway
s g
oo
d e
no
ug
h.
Gru
nd
fos
alw
ays
re
com
me
nd
s h
avi
ng
th
e
cab
le
ma
nu
fact
ure
r g
ua
ran
tee
th
at
the
ca
ble
ca
n f
ulf
il
Gru
nd
fos
sta
nd
ard
GS
418
A0
010
, w
hic
h i
s a
n a
d-
dit
ion
al
insu
lati
on
re
sist
an
ce t
est
wit
h t
he
ca
ble
sub
me
rge
d in
wa
ter.
Th
e fu
nct
ion
ali
ty o
f th
e ca
ble
is
dep
end
an
t o
n t
he
wat
erti
gh
t se
al.
Th
e se
ali
ng
co
mp
ou
nd
mu
st b
e
ab
le t
o a
dh
ere
to t
he
surf
ace
of
the
cab
le a
nd
th
e
ind
ivid
ua
l wir
es.
Cle
an
ing
of
the
surf
ace
bef
ore
th
e
sea
lin
g is
do
ne
is t
her
efo
re v
ita
l. So
me
cab
le m
an
u-
fact
ure
rs u
se fl
uid
lu
bri
can
ts s
uch
as
sili
con
oil
in
thei
r in
tern
al p
roce
sses
. Th
ese
flu
ids
are
alm
ost
im-
Acc
ess
ori
es
po
ssib
le t
o r
emo
ve f
rom
th
e su
rfa
ce, m
aki
ng
a w
a-
tert
igh
t se
al a
lmo
st im
po
ssib
le t
o c
reat
e.
10.4
Ca
ble
join
tsN
o m
atte
r th
e ty
pe
of
sea
l, th
e a
dh
esio
n b
etw
een
th
e
sea
lan
t a
nd
th
e ca
ble
is t
he
key
to a
wat
erti
gh
t se
al.
As
stat
ed u
nd
er 1
0.3
Dro
p c
ab
les,
a c
lea
n a
nd
oil-
free
surf
ace
on
th
e ca
ble
is n
eces
sary
.
Solv
ents
mu
st n
ever
be
ap
plie
d, a
s it
may
da
ma
ge
the
cab
le p
erm
an
entl
y. O
nly
mec
ha
nic
al c
lea
nin
g m
ay b
e
use
d, s
uch
as
dry
ing
wit
h a
cle
an
clo
th, o
r sa
nd
pa
per
gri
nd
ing
to
cre
ate
a v
irg
in m
ater
ial s
urf
ace
.
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
an
ap
pro
ved
ra
ng
e o
f ca
ble
jo
ints
:
bo
th r
esin
typ
e a
nd
hea
t sh
rin
k jo
ints
. W
hen
usi
ng
a n
on
-Gru
nd
fos
join
t, w
e a
lway
s re
com
men
ded
to
ma
ke a
‘so
ft’
join
t, i
.e.
wh
en u
sin
g a
res
in t
o m
ake
the
join
t, it
mu
st b
e a
so
ft r
esin
. Po
lyu
reth
an
e u
sua
lly
fulfi
ls a
ll re
qu
irem
ents
fo
r a
wat
erti
gh
t a
nd
flex
ible
join
t. In
Sec
tio
n 7
.6.2
des
crib
es t
he
pro
s a
nd
co
ns
for
the
vari
ou
s ty
pes
of
join
ts.
10.5
Ris
er p
ipes
Gru
nd
fos
off
ers
the
Wel
lma
ster
, a fl
exib
le r
iser
pip
e,
as
an
alt
ern
ativ
e to
sta
nd
ard
ste
el a
nd
pla
stic
pip
es.
This
is
wo
ven
ho
se h
as
a p
oly
ure
tha
ne
linin
g, i
s a
p-
pro
ved
fo
r u
se in
dri
nki
ng
wat
er in
sev
era
l are
as,
an
d
com
es i
n s
izes
fro
m 1
-8”.
It
is a
vaila
ble
in
len
gth
s u
p
to 2
00
met
res.
Fig
. 69
Cro
ss-s
ecti
on
of
wel
lma
ster
ho
se
Wel
lma
ster
is
easy
to
ha
nd
le,
an
d d
oes
no
t ta
ke u
p
mu
ch s
pa
ce. I
t sw
ells
wh
en p
ress
uri
sed
, wh
ich
min
i-
mis
es t
he
even
tua
l g
row
th o
f d
epo
sits
on
th
e in
ner
dia
met
er.
A
hig
h
pu
mp
ing
effi
cien
cy
is
ther
efo
re
ma
inta
ined
.
Wel
lma
ster
is
pri
ma
rily
use
d i
n c
om
bin
atio
n w
ith
ag
gre
ssiv
e w
ater
as
an
alt
ern
ativ
e to
sta
inle
ss s
teel
pip
es. S
om
e en
d-u
sers
pre
fer
to u
se W
ellm
ast
er in
all
thei
r in
sta
llati
on
s d
ue
to t
he
ease
of
inst
alla
tio
n a
nd
pu
llin
g, a
nd
th
e h
igh
qu
alit
y h
ose
.
86
87
11
.A
dd
itio
na
l in
form
ati
on
Ad
dit
ion
al
info
rma
tio
n
For
furt
her
info
rmat
ion
ab
ou
t G
run
dfo
s,
ple
ase
vis
it:
ww
w.g
run
dfo
s.co
m
Her
e yo
u c
an
lea
rn m
uch
mo
re a
bo
ut
the
com
pa
ny,
ou
r va
lues
an
d fi
nd
th
e G
run
dfo
s se
rvic
e ce
ntr
e n
ear-
est
to y
ou
. Fu
rth
erm
ore
yo
u c
an
vis
it o
ur
exte
nsi
ve
pro
du
ct s
elec
tio
n t
oo
l Web
CA
PS, w
her
e yo
u c
an
fin
d
exa
ctly
th
e p
um
p y
ou
req
uir
e.
Web
CA
PS
Web
CA
PS is
Gru
nd
fos’
on
lin
e p
rod
uct
sel
ecti
on
to
ol
that
giv
es y
ou
ea
sy a
cces
s to
a w
ealt
h o
f in
form
a-
tio
n. S
ho
rt f
or
Web
-ba
sed
Co
mp
ute
r-A
ided
Pro
du
ct
Sele
ctio
n, t
he
Web
CA
PS in
terf
ace
is e
asy
to
use
an
d
lets
yo
u c
ho
ose
bet
wee
n 2
4 l
an
gu
ag
es f
or
ma
xi-
mu
m u
ser-
frie
nd
lin
ess.
It
incl
ud
es a
fu
ll c
ata
log
ue
of
the
pro
du
cts
ava
ila
ble
in
yo
ur
cou
ntr
y a
s w
ell
as
acc
ess
to l
iter
atu
re, C
AD
dra
win
gs
– a
nd
eve
n s
erv-
ice
vid
eos.
Sizi
ng
fu
nct
ion
th
at a
sks
all
th
e re
leva
nt
qu
esti
on
s
The
sizi
ng
fu
nct
ion
is
a k
ey f
eatu
re o
f W
ebC
APS
, de-
sig
ned
to
hel
p y
ou
sel
ect
the
rig
ht
pu
mp
fo
r th
e jo
b.
The
pro
gra
mm
e g
uid
es y
ou
ste
p b
y st
ep, a
skin
g fo
r a
ll
the
rele
van
t in
form
atio
n. I
f yo
u a
re u
nsu
re o
f sp
ecifi
c
fig
ure
s o
r h
ow
to
ca
lcu
late
th
em, s
imp
ly c
lick
on
th
e
“ca
lcu
lato
r” i
con
. W
ebC
APS
will
th
en h
elp
yo
u c
arr
y
ou
t a
ll th
e ca
lcu
lati
on
s n
eces
sary
to
en
sure
th
at y
ou
get
exa
ctly
wh
at y
ou
nee
d. E
very
fa
cto
r w
ill b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ou
nt,
an
d y
ou
wo
n’t
hav
e to
wo
rk h
ard
to
co
l-
lect
info
rmat
ion
firs
t.
Rep
laci
ng
a p
um
p?
See
wh
at w
e w
ou
ld r
eco
mm
end
!
The
“Rep
lace
men
t” f
un
ctio
n i
s a
cle
ver
littl
e fe
a-
ture
fo
r a
nyo
ne
ab
ou
t to
rep
lace
an
exi
stin
g p
um
p
– w
het
her
it
com
es f
rom
Gru
nd
fos
or
an
oth
er s
up
-
plie
r. H
ere,
yo
u c
an
sea
rch
fo
r yo
ur
exis
tin
g p
um
p i
n
the
dro
p-d
ow
n m
enu
s, a
pp
ly v
ari
ou
s a
dd
itio
na
l cr
i-
teri
a if
yo
u w
ish
, an
d c
lick
“su
bm
it”.
Yo
u t
hen
hav
e a
com
ple
te l
ist
of
the
Gru
nd
fos
pu
mp
s w
e w
ou
ld r
ec-
om
men
d a
s re
pla
cem
ents
.
CA
D d
raw
ing
s
The
“CA
D D
raw
ing
s” s
ecti
on
is s
elf-
exp
lan
ato
ry. T
his
is w
her
e yo
u g
o t
o fi
nd
CA
D d
raw
ing
s o
f th
e p
rod
-
uct
s yo
u a
re i
nte
rest
ed i
n –
ju
st n
avig
ate
the
sim
ple
men
us
to d
ow
nlo
ad
th
e in
form
atio
n y
ou
nee
d t
o
you
r co
mp
ute
r.
88
89
Ind
ex
Acc
esso
ries
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
10
8
3
Ad
dit
ion
al i
nfo
rmat
ion
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
11
8
7
Air
/ga
s in
wat
er .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
3.4
20
Ap
plic
atio
ns.
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
3 17
Au
totr
an
sfo
rmer
– A
T..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5.
4.3
39
Ba
ckg
rou
nd
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
8
.5.1
76
Bo
ost
er m
od
ule
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
3.
7
24
Ca
ble
join
ts .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
10.4
8
5
Ca
ble
sel
ecti
on
an
d s
izin
g .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
7.
5
63
Ca
ble
sp
lice/
Co
nn
ecti
on
of
mo
tor
cab
le a
nd
dro
p c
ab
le..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
7.6
.2
65
Ca
blin
g g
uid
elin
es..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
8.5
.3
77
Cat
ho
dic
pro
tect
ion
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
10
.2.1
8
3
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
8
71
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s a
nd
Net
wo
rkin
g T
ech
no
log
y..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
8
.2
71
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
s Pr
oto
col
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
8
.4.2
75
Co
olin
g s
leev
es..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
10.1
8
3
Co
rro
sio
n p
rote
ctio
n in
sea
wat
er..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
10
.2
83
Co
rro
sive
wat
er (
sea
wat
er).
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
3.
5
22
CU
E va
rib
le s
pee
d d
rive
fo
r SP
pu
mp
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5.
6
43
Cu
rren
t a
sym
met
ry..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
6.6
50
Der
atin
g o
f su
bm
ersi
ble
mo
tor
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
7.
3.6
6
0
Dew
ater
ing
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
3.
2
19
Dir
ect-
on
-lin
e –
DO
L..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
5.
4.1
36
Dro
p c
ab
les
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
10.3
8
4
Freq
uen
cy..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
6.3
4
8
Freq
uen
cy c
on
vert
ers
(va
ria
ble
-sp
eed
dri
ve)
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5.
4.6
4
0
Fres
hw
ater
su
pp
ly..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
3.1
17
Fro
m f
resh
wat
er s
ou
rces
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
2.3.
1 14
Fro
m t
he
sea
an
d s
alt
wat
er s
ou
rces
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
2.
3.2
14
Fun
ctio
na
l pro
file
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
8.4
.3
75
Ga
lva
nic
cat
ho
dic
pro
tect
ion
sys
tem
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
10
.2.2
8
3
Gen
era
l in
tro
du
ctio
n .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
8
.1
71
Gen
erat
or
op
erat
ion
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
7.12
6
7
GEN
Ibu
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
8
.5
76
Gri
d c
on
nec
tio
n .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
6.5
4
9
Gro
un
dw
ater
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
2.2
9
Gro
un
dw
ater
req
uir
emen
t...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
2.2.
3 10
Gro
un
dw
ater
wel
ls .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
2.2.
1 9
Gru
nd
fos
GEN
Ibu
s p
rod
uct
s fo
r SP
ap
plic
atio
ns.
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
8
.6
78
Ha
nd
ling
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
7.6
6
5
Ho
rizo
nta
l ap
plic
atio
n..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
3.3
20
Ho
t w
ater
an
d g
eoth
erm
al w
ater
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
3.
6
23
Imp
ress
ed c
urr
ent
cath
od
ic p
rote
ctio
n s
yste
ms.
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
10
.2.3
8
4
Inst
alla
tio
n &
op
erat
ion
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
7
53
Intr
od
uct
ion
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
1 7
Min
ing
..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
3.
2.1
19
Mo
tor
cab
les
an
d jo
ints
, ref
eren
ce t
o d
rop
ca
ble
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
5.
2
35
Mo
tor
pro
tect
ion
dev
ices
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
5.3
36
Mo
tor
typ
es, g
ener
al d
escr
ipti
on
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
5.1
33
Mo
tors
an
d c
on
tro
ls .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
5 33
Alp
ha
bet
ic in
dex
ch
ap
ter
pa
ge
Ind
ex
Net
wo
rkin
g b
asi
cs..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
8.4
74
Net
wo
rkin
g t
op
olo
gy
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
8.4
.1
74
No.
of
sta
rt/s
top
s...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
7.9
6
7
Op
erat
ion
wit
h f
req
uen
cy c
on
vert
er .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
5.5
4
2
Ove
rvo
lta
ge
an
d u
nd
ervo
lta
ge
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
6
.2.2
4
7
Pow
er g
ener
atio
n..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
6
.1
47
Pow
er s
up
ply
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
6
47
Prim
ary
Res
isto
r-ty
pe
Sta
rter
, RR
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
5.
4.4
39
Pro
tect
ion
ag
ain
st b
oili
ng
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
7.3.
7
61
Pum
p /
mo
tor
ass
emb
ly .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
7.6
.1
65
Pum
p a
nd
mo
tor
sele
ctio
n..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
7.3
56
Pum
p c
urv
es a
nd
to
lera
nce
s ..
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4
.4
29
Pum
p e
ffici
ency
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7.
3.4
57
Pum
p p
rin
cip
le .
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..
4.1
27
Pum
p s
elec
tio
n..
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.
4.3
28
Pum
p s
etti
ng
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.
7.2
56
Pum
p s
tart
up
..
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.
7.10
6
7
Pum
ps
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4
27
Pum
ps
in p
ara
llel o
per
atio
n..
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.
7.7
6
6
Pum
ps
in s
erie
s o
per
atio
n .
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7.
8
66
Red
uci
ng
th
e lo
cked
-ro
tor
curr
ent.
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5.
4
36
Req
uir
ed r
aw/w
ell w
ater
an
d w
ater
tre
atm
ent
cap
aci
ty .
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2.2.
4
11
Res
ou
rces
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.
2.1
9
Ris
er p
ipe
con
nec
tio
ns
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7.
6.3
6
6
Ris
er p
ipe
sele
ctio
n..
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7.4
6
2
Ris
er p
ipes
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10
.5
85
Riv
erb
an
k fi
ltra
tio
n..
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2.2.
2 9
SCA
DA
fu
nct
ion
s ..
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8
.3.2
72
SCA
DA
ma
in p
art
s..
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8.3
.1
72
SCA
DA
sys
tem
s...
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8
.3
72
Slee
ve c
oo
ling
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.
7.3.
8
61
Soft
sta
rter
– S
S ..
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5.
4.5
39
Sta
r-d
elta
– S
D .
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5.4
.2
38
Surf
ace
wat
er .
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2.
3 14
Tech
nic
al d
escr
ipti
on
...
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8.5
.2
76
The
du
ty p
oin
t...
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.
7.3.
1
56
The
fiel
db
us
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8.4
.4
75
Tro
ub
lesh
oo
tin
g..
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9
73
Va
ria
ble
fre
qu
ency
dri
ves
....
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.
6.4
4
8
VFD
op
erat
ion
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7.
11
67
Vo
lta
ge
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6.2
4
7
Vo
lta
ge
un
ba
lan
ce..
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6.2
.1
47
Wat
er s
up
ply
....
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.
2 9
Wat
er t
emp
erat
ure
....
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...
7.
3.5
6
0
Wea
r p
art
s ..
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.
4.2
28
Web
-ho
sted
SC
AD
A..
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.
8.3
.3
73
Wel
l dia
met
er..
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7.3.
2
57
Wel
l yie
ld .
....
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7.
3.3
57
Wel
l yie
ld a
nd
op
erat
ion
al e
ffici
ency
...
....
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...
2.
2.5
12
Wel
ls a
nd
wel
l co
nd
itio
ns.
....
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7.
1
55
Alp
ha
bet
ic in
dex
ch
ap
ter
pa
ge
90
91
GRUNDFOS MANAGEMENT A/SPoul Due Jensens Vej 7DK-8850 BjerringbroTel: +45 87 50 14 00
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