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1
Growing Thinking Schools
From the Inside Out
w w w . t h i n k i n g s c h o o l s i n t e r n a t i o n a l . c o m
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6 Starting Points
Reflective questioning
Thinking skills
Collaborative networking
Developing dispositions
Structuring environment
Visual Mapping
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Consider the following outcomes for students from teachers’ use of quality questioning articulated by Jackie Acree Walsh and Beth Dankert Sattes (2011, p.3):
• Focus their thinking on specified content knowledge• Use cognitive processing strategies to develop deep understandings and long-
term retention of content• Ask questions to clarify or extend understandings• Monitor progress (toward learning targets through self-assessment and use of
formative feedback)• Develop personal response-ability by using structural supports for thinking• Contribute positively to the creation of a classroom learning community in which
thinking is valued
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“Effective use of questioning is a critical asset in every good teacher’s toolbox. But just as a good mechanic
selects the right tool for the job and uses it correctly, a good teacher uses questions at the right level and
follows good questioning techniques.”
William G CampVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Developing EffectiveQuestioning Practices
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“If you should ever be charged in actual fact with the upbringing and education
of these imaginary children of yours, so you will make a law
that they must devote themselves especially to the technique
of asking and answering questions.”
- Plato’s Republic
Wait time is essential to the development of higher order thought processes when pupils are asked to answer a questions.
It is the amount of time that elapses between a teacher asking a question and asking pupils to answer.
The average teacher’s wait time is 1 second!
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Wait time is essential to the development of higher order thought processes when pupils are asked to answer a questions.
It is the amount of time that elapses between a teacher asking a question and asking pupils to answer.
‘Wait time’
Are you aware that…
The ‘average’ teacher asks c. 400 questions a day, allowing less than a second for an answer, before throwing the question to someone else, or answering it themselves.
Steven Hastings TES, 04/07/2003
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Research shows overwhelmingly that: Teachers use memory questions in over 70% of their
teaching time;
Teachers overemphasise fact questions in tests and exams; Questions in textbooks are predominantly memory or fact questions.
Karron G Lewis ~ Centre for Teaching Effectiveness, University of Texas
Developing Effective Questioning Practices
A review of 37 projects in 1988 suggested that increasing the proportion of higher-order questions to 50% brought significant improvement in student attitude and performance
Source: Steven Hastings TES, 04/07/2003
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Applying
Analysing
Evaluating
Blooming Thinking
AndersonBloom
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation Creating
UnderstandingComprehension
RememberingKnowledge
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“If we expect pupils to engage in more creative and stimulating thought processes, we, as teachers must
encourage them by asking higher level questions.”
Karron G Lewis ~ Centre for Teaching Effectiveness, University of Texas
Developing EffectiveQuestioning Practices
• Purposeful (asked to achieve a specific purpose)
• Phrased clearly (pupils understand what they mean)
• Brief (stated in as few words as possible)
• Thought provoking (they stimulate thought and response)
• Probing (involve follow-on or leading questions and ‘digging deeper’)
• Limited in scope (multiple part questions are confusing)
• Adapted to the level of the class (appropriate and differentiated)• Art Costa and Bena Kallick
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Plan your questions, however…
• Be prepared to ask follow up questions that are logical and sequential
• Decide if the question is directed at the whole class, a group or an individual
• Pose questions that allow the pupils to have ‘thinking time’
• Balance your questions between fact and thought
• Ask questions in a conversational tone
• Design questions that elicit sustained responses
Other Possible Effective and Engaging Questioning Practices…
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• Stop asking so many questions yourself!
• Expect pupils to pose more questions both spoken and written
• Encourage pupils to question other pupils during discussion
• Welcome questions when they come
• Give time to allow students to pose follow up questions
• Collect, discuss, categorise and develop pupils’ questions
Other Possible Practices To Stimulate Students’ Questioning
Who…?What …?Where…?When…?Which…?
Repeat NameRecall StateList Count
Factual answers, recall and recognitionRemembering
What does this mean?What is the point?Can you explain …?
Restate ExplainInterpret TranslateSummarise infer
Rephrasing and interpreting to show understanding
Understanding
Sim
ple
Q
uesti
on
s
What other examples are there of this?
Show UseApply ConstructIllustrate
Applying knowledge to a new situation or experience
Applying
How are they similar/different?How does it work ...?What is the evidence …?
Compare ContrastClassify OrderExamine Analyse
Break into parts to examine more closely and understand relationships
Analysing
Why do you think about…?Why do you prefer this? What is the best …?
Rank ConcludeEvaluate AssessDecide check
Making judgements and assessments and coming to conclusions
Evaluating
How could we design…?Could we add …? What would happen if …?
Invent ProduceDesign ComposeInvent ConstructImprove
Combining information to create something new
Creating
Com
ple
x Q
uesti
on
s
Question StartersThinking Language
DescriptionLevel of Thinking and Questioning
Isidor Rabi (1898 – 1988), a Nobel Prize
winner in Physics, is reported to have said
that when he was at school, his mother did
not ask him at the end of the day what he had
learnt, but what questions he had asked.
“The test of a good teacher is not how
many questions he can ask his pupils
that they will readily answer, but how
many questions he inspires them to ask
him which he finds it hard to answer.” - Alice Wellington Rollins (1847 – 1897)
Analyse the question ~ What do you mean by…?
Rephrase the question ~ Are you saying …?
Turn the question back to the pupil ~ What do you think?
Ask a supporting question ~ I wonder whether …?
Suggest a line of enquiry ~ Perhaps we could …
“Children often come
into school adept at
asking questions but
leave 13 years later
with a much
atrophied question-
asking muscle.”Dan Rothstein and Luz Santana
Make Just One Change: Teach
Students to Ask their Own
Questions, 2011