Grow Your Reserves with PraxairWell Injection Services Using Carbon Dioxide

Praxair’s gas injection process usescarbon dioxide as a cost-effectiveand field tested recovery method inhigh water cut or depleted fields.From waterless fracturing to fullpilot projects to cyclical Huff n’ Puffrecovery to well stimulation andclean-up, Praxair has the product,the equipment, and the experienceto ensure you get the best resultsfrom each well.

Active in the oil and gas patch for40 years, Praxair is the leadingsupplier of carbon dioxide andnitrogen in the Americas and one ofthe largest worldwide. Companiesseeking more production and lessdown time know they can rely onPraxair.

www.praxair.com

Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery

Waterless FracturingPraxair’s DryFracTM waterless frac-turing technology completely replaceswater in hydraulic fracturing withcarbon dioxide. In water sensitiveor pressure depleted formations, a100% CO2 fracture will flow morereadily, enabling the initial produc-tion rate and ultimate recovery to behigher than it is with other methods.

Cyclic injection of CO2enhances recoveryHuff n’ Puff injection of CO2 is oftenthe most economically attractiveoption for incremental oil recoveryin a single well. Carbon dioxide isinjected into the well. During the soakphase, it acts as a highly effectivesolvent that reduces oil viscosity.The more mobile oil, swollen withCO2, flows more easily to the well,increasing oil production and de-creasing water production.

Injection and stimulation improve productivityWhen you want to optimize reservesor you are looking for a way to im-prove productivity through removalof water blockage, CO2 injectionalone or with cleanup solvents canstimulate maximum production.

Praxair engineers bring a provenpumping and vaporization system tothe site, along with state-of-the-artcomputer controls, data acquisitionand monitoring. Remote shutdown,

automatic computer shut-down,and an auto-alarm system increasesafety and control. The data availableincludes complete time-stampedpressure, temperature and rate infor-mation. Our systems and servicesmean less time working over a welland more time recovering oil.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)reduces greenhouse gas emissionsPraxair engineers are among themost experienced professionals inthis emerging area. They have theexpertise and equipment to testthe injection capability of a potentialcarbon capture and storage well.Praxair can monitor CO2 phase be-havior and test for possible surfaceleakage.

Well Injection and Stimulation

Stage 1 CO2 Injection Stage 2 Soak Stage 3 Production

Now, more than ever, it’s imperative to increase the output of every oil and gas well. Enhanced oil and gasrecovery methods have been used for years, but many common methods have serious shortcomings, both interms of cost and where they can be used.

Reservoir and Production Engineering ExperienceAround the world and throughout the United States,Praxair has successfully run reserve growth projectsat all scales. From cyclic injection projects in singlewells to pilot projects and full field projects, Praxairhas the experience and record of success. Praxairengineers and operators are experts in reservoir andproduction engineering. We recommend designparameters, provide real-time monitoring, andthen recommend program modifications during thejob. We know how to interpret post-job data andimprove results.

A Leader in Training, Safety and OperationsHighly trained personnel use formal, standardprocedures that have been developed, tested, andrefined over years in the field handling well sitelogistics. Extensive HAZOP reviews and detailedpreventive maintenance guidelines reinforce safetyand increase reliability during the hundreds of ener-gized fluid fracs and other CO2 injection programsPraxair has completed successfully.

State of the Art Equipment and TechnologyPraxair builds, owns and operates world-class airseparation plants, pipelines, a hydrogen cavernand CO2 capture facilities. So it should come asno surprise that we have state-of-the-art pumpertrucks, testing and monitoring equipment, and re-mote control systems with built-in safety features.We can record pressure and flow rate digitally forlater computer analysis. Praxair provides portablestorage and CO2 on the jobs site. Our unique down-hole monitoring equipment with surface readout isjust one example of how Praxair innovates in orderto save you time and money during the project.

Excellent Supply and Storage Mean Timely, Reliable DeliveryPraxair has one of the largest supplies of CO2 inthe U.S. and around the world. Our locations anddelivery services allow us to be where you need us,when you need us.

Praxair has ample portable storage to handle the increasing oil and gas service demand for liquidCO2. Our fleet includes special CO2 trucks that cantravel up mountain roads or other areas of limitedmaneuverability. Our equipment can also be usedon location to provide the boost pressure to thehigh pressure pumps used to pump CO2 down hole.

Praxair skid mounted plants, rated at 300 tons perday, can be set up with skid mounted tanks. Oursubstantial network of rail-cars further expands ourability to deliver product to customers.

Why Choose Praxair?

Praxair engineers bring years of experience designing, monitoring, andmodifying reservoir programs. From well stimulations to full pattern pilotprojects, you have highly trained engineers and technicians with yearsof field experience and advanced equipment.

Our mobile downhole monitoring unit is just one example of the typeof advanced monitoring we deploy in CO2 injection operations. It pro-vides real time bottom hole readout measurements at the surface andgives engineers the flexibility to run surveys under injection conditions.

Spotlight: Advanced Monitoring Capabilities

© Copyright 2014, Praxair Technology, Inc.All rights reserved

Praxair, the Flowing Airstream design, and Makingour planet more productive, are trademarks or reg-istered trademarks of Praxair Technology, Inc. in theUnited States and/or other countries.

The information contained herein is offered for use bytechnically qualified personnel at their discretion andrisk without warranty of any kind.

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Praxair, Inc.39 Old Ridgebury RoadDanbury, CT 06810-5113USA

www.praxair.cominfo@praxair.com

Telephone:1-800-PRAXAIR (1-800-772-9247)(716) 879-4077

Fax:1-800-772-9985(716) 879-2040

Praxair is the largest industrial gases company inNorth and South America, and one of the largestworldwide, with annual sales of $10 billion. The com-pany produces, sells and distributes atmospheric,process and specialty gases, and high-performancesurface coatings. Praxair products, services andtechnologies are making our planet more productiveby bringing productivity and environmental benefitsto a wide variety of industries, including energy,aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage, elec-tronics, healthcare, manufacturing, metals andothers. More information on Praxair is available at www.praxair.com.

To learn more about Praxair’s CO2 gas well services, go to www.praxair.com/oilandgas or call 1-800-PRAXAIR.

A Global Leader in Industrial Gases

Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide

1 BBL LIQ

1 TON LIQ

1 GAL LIQ

1 CF LIQ

BBL LIQ

1

5.45

0.0238

0.178

BL GAS

560.9

3.057

13.4

99.6

LBS

366.5

2,000

8.72

65.27

SCF GAS

3,151

17,168

75.02

559

GAL LIQ

42

229

1

7.481

SCF GAS MEASURED @ 14.7 PSIA & 60°F (1 lb of LCO2 = 8.569 SCF OF GCO2)LIQUID CO2 MEASURED @ 250 PSIG & -10°F

CF LIQ

5.616

30.64

0.1337

1