Two or more interacting persons, Influence others and
influenced by others, Share common goals Have a stable relationship
Somehow interdependent Perceive that they are part of a group Baron
and Byrne(1991) criteria of a group : (Interact,
interdependent,stable, shared goals, structure, perception )
Slide 3
Is a process which indicates that changes take place at both
personal and group level. Change of attitude or general way of
behavior(at a personal level). Changes of roles, relationships or
leadership(at a group level) Even if one or two criteria missed it
can be still called a group.
Slide 4
Schutz perspective(1958): (fundamental interpersonal relations
orientation): People behave according to their orientation to other
people and this is based on three fundamental needs of every group
member : - Inclusion (in - out dimension, human preference e.g.
over social, undersocial) - Control ( human preferences vary from
autocratic to abdicratic) - Affection (is the area of intimacy,
human preference vary from over personal to under personal)
Slide 5
Groups are formed for different reasons. Once the group is
formed it follows a set of successive stages. (
Tuckman1965)perspective: Forming Storming Norming Performing
Adjourning
Slide 6
Yalom (1985)perspectives : Orientation : initial stages members
need to establish a way to accomplish the task members work towards
comfort, meaning and pleasure of being in the group. Conflict :
centred around preoccupation with dominance, control and power.
Emerges between members or members and leaders.(tuckman storming
stage ) Cohesiveness : Shows elements of greater trust, high
morale, more disclosure and members are more committed to one
another
Slide 7
Bion perspectives : Suggest that the emotional states of the
group dictates its dynamics.there are three types of emotional
states called basic assumption cultures: Aggressiveness,hostility
and fear. Optimism and hopeful anticipation. Hopelessness. Members
share some beliefs which generate these emotions and they will
behave according to it so there are three Basic assumption groups :
- Aggressiveness=basic assumption fight-flight. -optimism=basic
assumption pairing. -helplessness=basic assumption=dependency. the
role of the leader is extremely important, each assumption group
will search for a specific type of leader to fulfil its needs.
Slide 8
Factors affecting group effectiveness : Atmosphere. Discussion
( focused and every one participates ) Objectives. Listening.
Disagreement. Decisions. Criticism. Feelings. Action. Leadership.
Self conscious.
Slide 9
Role functions : a set of behaviours that is expected and /or
displayed by the individual who occupies a particular position in
the group structure. Four different criteria for roles : Prescribed
roles. Subjective roles. Enacted roles. Functionally requisite
role. For the group to survive the role must be fulfilled. How to
sabotage the group ?
Slide 10
Penland and Fine broad categories of the roles : Group task
roles. Group building and maintaining roles. Individual roles.
Slide 11
It is the tasks which the group has to undertake, any of the
following roles may be played by various members of the group: -
initiator. -information seeker. -opinion seeker. -information
giver. -opinion giver. -elaborator. -co-ordinator
-orienteer,evaluater. -energiser. -technician,recorder.
Slide 12
Centered on the functioning of the group as a group. -
encourager. -harmonizer. -compromiser. -Gate keeper. -Observer.
-Follower.
Slide 13
It focus on members individual needs,group needs take second
place. it could lead to conflicts. -aggressor. -Blocker.
-Recognition seeker. -Self-confessor. -Dominator. -Help seeker
-Special-intrest-pleader.
Slide 14
Leader is in a central position.he is the focus of group
processes and instrument of goal achievement,(bass1981) Leader is a
primary agent for determining group structure, atmosphere, goals,
ideology, and activities. Leader needs significant traits in order
to be effective in his central position : Charisma. Social
boldness. Highly dominant in times of crisis. Empathic
understanding.
Slide 15
Munson(1921), leadership is the art of inducing compliance,he
is able to deal with group members to achieve the most with the
least friction and greatest co- operation. Bass (1981): leadership
as a power relation, the leader is the one with the power to
influence group members into action. Hollander (1978);sees
leaderchip as an instrument of goal achievement. Shaw(1981) a
leader exerts positive Influence over group members, towards
achievement of a certain goal.
Slide 16
who chose the leader and which is better ? Factors that
contribute to who become a leader: -Personal characteristics.
-Individual behaviors. - skills, knowledge and attitudes.
-Characteristics of task. -Environment. -Group needs.
Slide 17
Are leaders born? or does one acquire the skills of leadership?
Great leaders do possess certain key traits that distinguish them
from other people. No research evidence to support this
belief.
Slide 18
Some leaders give orders,make all decisions without consulting
the group and demand obedience. Others ask for members
opinion,cooperation and consult them before making a decisions.
Lewin styles of leadership : Authoritarian. Democratic.
Laissez-fair.
Slide 19
The leader doing every thing without consulting the rest of the
group. Task oriented. Not interested in members needs. Aloof,and
personal in praise.
Slide 20
Share the decision making with the members of the team.
Concerned about members needs. Socially close to members of the
team.
Slide 21
The leader allow the members to do as they wish. The team dos
not receive any feed back from hem. Have no confidence in his own
ability. Do not make decisions.
Slide 22
In a study conducted by lewin(1939),four comparable groups of
10-years old boys were observed as they performed a task for 3
weeks trail under the three leadership styles, the results showed
significant differences in behavior in response to the deferent
styles. -hostility and aggression were higher under authoritarian
style -scapegoating occurred more frequently in authoritarian
style. -the product was superior in the democratic group. -morale
was higher in the democratic group.
