GROUP 7HSTA Summer 2007

•Of the water that enters the kidney, only 1% remains as urine.

• Urine can clear up athletes foot.

• A Kidney is the size of the heart.

• 1 ml of urine produced per minute.

•60 ml of urine produced per hour.

•1.5 liters of urine produced per day.

•15.7 million of Americans have diabetes, 10.3 has been diagnosed with Diabetes, and 5.4 are yet to be diagnosed.

•West Virginia is the 3rd-ranking state for obesity, and one of the top states with diabetes.

• Remove Waste Products

• Regulate Fluid Balance

•Regulate Electrolyte Balance

• Dialysis is a natural cleaning of the blood, performed by the Kidney.

•When this does not occur as in numerous Diabetes patients, there has to be a substitute.

•Hemodialysis- cleans the blood in a machine.

•Peritoneal Dialysis- a solution is placed in the peritoneal cavity to absorb wastes. The “dirty” solution is removed, and new solution is added.

•Also many diabetics have an insulin pump to regulate their blood sugar.

Three Experiments• Experiment 1: A model of

kidney damage• Experiment 2: A model of high blood pressure• Experiment 3: A model of

the combination of kidney damage & high blood pressure

We used statistics to analyze our data using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Container filled with water

Dialysis tube filled with simulated blood

“Urine” containing salts can leave the tube

Blood cells, sugar, & protein cannot

A Model of Kidney Damage• Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing

• Tiny holes were punched in the bag to model kidney damage

• Three treatment groups:– Control group: no holes in bag

– Treatment group 1: 6 holes

– Treatment group 2: 12 holes

• Examined “urine” produced – Sugar

– Protein

– Salt

– Specific Gravity

– Color

A model of kidney damage: Effects of punching holes in dialysis tubing

More sugar leaked out of the “kidney” into the “urine” when more holes were present

A Model of High Blood Pressure• Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing

• Weight was added on top of the bags to simulate increased blood pressure

• Three treatment groups:– Control group: no additional pressure (weight) on bag

– Treatment group 1: 270 grams of weight on bag

– Treatment group 2: 290 grams of weight on bag

• Examined “urine” produced– Sugar

– Protein

– Salt

– Specific Gravity

– Color

Tests showed more sugar in the control “urine,” and we think the bags might have been leaking, since we saw some “blood” leak out where they were tied

A Model of High Blood Pressure

A Model of Kidney Damage & High Blood Pressure• Simulated blood was added to a bag of dialysis tubing• Holes AND weight were added to the bags to simulate kidney

damage + high blood pressure• Three treatment groups:

– Control group: no holes in bag AND no weight.– Treatment group 1: 6 holes + 270 g of weight.– Treatment group 2: 12 holes + 290 g of weight.

• Examined “urine” produced– Sugar– Protein– Salt– Specific Gravity– Color

More sugar leaked out of the “kidney” an into the urine when there were more holes & more pressure

A Model of Kidney Damage AND High Blood Pressure

Conclusions

Sugars leaked from dialysis bags with:– Holes– Pressure & Holes

• This helped us model the fact that

Kidney damage can cause leakage of sugar (glucose) from the blood into the urine– High blood pressure can increase this

• www.dentalplans.com/Dental-Health-Articles/Diabetes-and-Your-Kidneys.asp•www.newsobserver.com/content/news/health_science/story_graphics/20070129_diabetes.jpg•www.healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2005/release.php?StateID=WV • www.indmedica.com/journals/images/jaha/015_002_diabetes9.jpg

• www.dentalplans.com/Dental-Health-Articles/Diabetes-and-Your-Kidneys.asp•www.newsobserver.com/content/news/health_science/story_graphics/20070129_diabetes.jpg•www.healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2005/release.php?StateID=WV • www.indmedica.com/journals/images/jaha/015_002_diabetes9.jpg