Group 4: Flowering Plants

• Angiosperms (flowering plants)

• Flower = reproductive structure– Attract animals to

help spread pollen– Forms fruit to protect

and spread seeds• Seeds

– Grow inside the fruit– Inside the seed

1. Embryo2. Endosperm (Food supply)

Seed Dispersal

• Fruit brightly colored– Attracts animals

• Seeds pass through animals digestive system

• Seeds pooped in a new area to grow

Fruit seeds in fox poop

Angiosperm Groups• 2 groups: Based on

seed type• Cotyledon:

embryonic leaf• Two Categories:

– Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf

– Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves

Monocots vs. Dicots

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Apple Tree: Monocot or Dicot?

1

2

3

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Net-like veins

Monocot or Dicot?

1

2

3

4

5

6

Monocot or Dicot?

Monocot or Dicot?

Monocot or Dicot?

Veins run parallel

Monocot or Dicot?

Veins run parallel

Monocot or Dicot?

Veins branch outward

Angiosperm Life Spans

• Three Life Span Types:• 1) Annuals

– Seed grows…– Produce flowers & seeds…– Die

• 2) Biennials– 1st year:

• Seed grows and stores food– 2nd year:

• grows more…• makes flowers & seeds…• dies

• 3) Perennials– Live for more than 2 years– May take decades to grow

fruit

sepals

petals• Reproductive

structure of angiosperms

• Sepals– outer ring of leaves– protection

• Petals– Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to

attract pollinators• Male and female

organs found inside

Flowers

Tulip Pistil and Stamen

male

female

Lily Pistil and Stamen

male

female

Pistil and Stamen

male

female

Pistil and Stamen

male

female

Flowers• Male Stamen

– Anther: produces pollen (sperm)

• Female Carpel/Pistil– Inner most part– Ovary: within the

base• Contains eggs• Grows into fruit when

fertilized

– Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen

...

Self-Pollination(own pollen fertilizes own egg)

Cross-Pollination(pollen of one, fertilizes egg of another)

...

1. Pollen sticks to animal (pollinator) or is released into wind.

Angiosperm Life Cycle

1. Pollen sticks to animal (pollinator) or is released into wind.

2. Animal (pollinator) finds new flower to feed on & pollen grains land on the stigma = pollination

3. Pollen tube grows towards the ovary and 2 nuclei transfer down into the ovule

egg..

Let’s zoom in

4. Angiosperms go through the process of double fertilization.• 1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote• 1 sperm fuse with the polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm

Endosperm(3n)

Zygote

Double Fertilization

EndospermSeed Coat

Embryo

5. Each ovule becomes a seed.

6. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.

7. Flower dries up and fruit falls to ground.

8. Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…

9. Seeds get dispersed.

10. Seed germinates (sporophyte), and the cycle starts over.

Ground

Plant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant Phase?

Moss Stalk with cup at tip, which is where spores are produced.

More familiar, carpet-like plant that produces specialized gametes XX - ArchegoniumXY - Antheridium

GAMETOPHYTE

Fern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori)

Haploid plant body is size of a finger nail, produces both male and female parts

SPOROPHYTE

Conifer(Gymnosperm)

More familiar - like pine trees, produces male and female cones that produce spores

Male gametophytes are pollen grains spermFemale gametophytes are microscopic eggs

SPOROPHYTE

Flowers(Angiosperm)

More familiar - apple tree, peach tree, zucchini, berries, etc. Contain flowers that produce male and female spores

Pollen grains are male gametophytes 2 haploid cells = pollen tube + sperm Female gametophyte in ovule egg + 2 polar nuclei

SPOROPHYTE