Grille: la plate-forme ObjectWeb ProActive

Denis Caromel 1

Denis CaromelInstitut Universitaire de France (IUF)

OASIS TeamINRIA -- CNRS - I3S -- Univ. of Nice Sophia-Antipolis

GridUse, june 2004

Grille:la plate-forme ObjectWeb ProActive

1. LES GrilleS2. Objets Répartis et Asynchrones3. Composants répartis, parallèles et hiérarchiques4. Déploiement, Environnements interactifs5. Exemples d’applications ProActive6. Vrais Systèmes P2P en action

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Programming

ProActive:a global solution for the GRID

Composing

Deploying

W r a p p i n g

Figures: Web Page Hits: ~ 1K-2K months,Downoad: 150-300 / month, Users: ?? us, mx, br, cl, ch, it, ...

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Enterprise Grids

Internet

EJBServletsApache Databases

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Scientific Grids

Internet

Clusters

ParallelMachine

LargeEquipment

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Internet Grids

Internet

Job management forembarrassingly parallel application (e.g. SETI)

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The multiple GRIDs

• Scientific Grids

• Enterprise Grids

• Intranet and Internet Grids

Strong convergence in process!

At least at the infrastructure level, i.e. WS

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Grid: from enterprise ... to regionalVery hard deployment problems … right from the beginning

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Grid: from regional ... to worldwideCommunication Supélec-Los Angeles: 70 ms Light Speed

Challenge: Hide the latency !

Define adequate programming model

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Distributed Objects andComponents

ProActiveProgramming

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Model:• Remote Mobile Objects, Group Communications• Asynchronous Communications with synchro: automatic Futures• OO SPMD, Migration, Non Functional Exceptions (NFE)Environment:• XML Deployment, dynamic class-loading, PKI security• Various protocols: rsh,ssh,LSF,Globus,BPS, ...• Graphical Visualization and monitoring: IC2D

ProActive: A Java API + Tools for the GRIDParallel, Distributed, Mobile, Activities, across the world !

SMP ClustersLANDesktop

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A

Creating AO and Groups

Typed Group Java or Active Object

A ag = newActiveGroup (“A”, […], VirtualNode)V v = ag.foo(param);...v.bar(); //Wait-by-necessity

V

Group, Type, and Asynchrony

are crucial for Cpt. and GRID

JVM

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Explicit Synchronizations

Single Future Synchronization:• ProActive.isAwaited (v);

• .waitFor (v);

Vectors of Futures:• .waitForAll (Vector); // getOne

• .waitForAny (Vector);

Group Synchronization:• ProActiveGroup.waitOne(groupB); // getOne

• .waitAll(groupB);

Group Predicates:• noneArrived, kArrived(i), allAwaited, ...

A ag = newActive (“A”, […], VirtualNode)V v = ag.foo(param);... v.bar(); //Wait-by-necessity

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Seamless Reuse / Granularity ControlTwo key features:• Polymorphism between standard and active objects

• Type compatibility for classes (and not only interfaces)• Needed and done for the future objects also• Dynamic mechanism (dynamically achieved if needed)

• Wait-by-necessity: inter-object synchronization• Systematic, implicit and transparent futures

Ease the programming of synchronizations, and the reuse of routines

"A"

"pA"

ap_a

foo (A a){ a.g (...); v = a.f (...); ... v.bar (...);}

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ProActive : Reuse and seamlessTwo key features:• Polymorphism between standard and active objects


• Wait-by-necessity: inter-object synchronization• Systematic, implicit and transparent futures (“value to come”)


"A"

"pA"

ap_a

foo (A a){ a.g (...); v = a.f (...); ... v.bar (...);}

O.foo(a) : a.g()and a.f() are« local »

O.foo(p_a): a.g()and a.f()are«remote + Async.»

O

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Standard system at Runtime

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Mobility

Same semantics guaranteed (RDV, FIFO order point to point, asynchronous)

Safe migration (no agent in the air!)

Local references if possible when arriving within a VM

Tensionning (removal of forwarder)

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Mobility





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Mobility





direct

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Mobility





direct

direct

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Mobility





direct

direct

forwarder

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Mobility





direct

direct

forwarder

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Mobility





direct

direct

forwarder

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Mobility





direct

direct

forwarder

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Parallel, Distributed, Hierarchical

for the Grid

Composing

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A CORBA Component

MyBusiness

Component

Component interface

Facets

Eventsources

Eventsinks

Attributes

Receptacles

OF

FE

RE

DR

EQ

UIR

ED

Courtesy of Philippe Merle, Lille, OpenCCM platform

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Building CCM Applications =Assembling CORBA Component Instances

Provide + Use, but flat assembly

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Content

Controller

The Fractal model:Hierarchical Component

Defined by E. Bruneton, T. Coupaye, J.B. Stefani, INRIA & FT

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Content

Controller

Interface = access point

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Content

Controller

Hierarchical model : composites encapsulate primitives encapsulate Java code

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Content

Controller

Binding = interaction

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Binding = interaction

Content

Controller

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Controllers : non-functional properties

ComponentIdentity

BindingController

LifeCycleController

ContentController

Content

Controller

Component = runtime entity

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3. Parallel and composite component

1. Primitive component

2. Composite component

ProActive Components for the GRID An activity, a process, …potentially in its own JVM

C D

Composite: Hierarchical, and

Distributed over machines

Parallel: Composite

+ Broadcast (group)

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ProActive Component DefinitionA component is:

• Formed from one (or several) Active Object

• Executing on one (or several) JVM

• Provides a set of server ports: Java Interfaces

• Uses a set of client ports: Java Attributes

• Point-to-point or Group communication between components

Hierarchical:• Primitive component: define with Java code and a descriptor

• Composite component: composition of primitive + composite

• Parallel component: multicast of calls in composites

Descriptor:• XML definition of primitive and composite (ADL)

• Virtual nodes capture the deployment capacities and needs

Virtual Node is a very important abstraction for GRID components

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A

A

B

C

P

Group proxyGroup proxy

A

B

C

D

Groups in Components

Broadcast at binding,

on client interface

At composition,

on composite inner server interface

A parallel component!

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Migration Capabilityof composites

Migrate sets of components, including composites

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Co-allocation, Re-distribution

e.g. upon communication intensive phase

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Deploying

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How to deploy on the Various Kind of Grids ?

Internet


Internet

ClustersParallelMachine

LargeEquipment

Internet

Job management forembarrassingly parallel application (e.g. SETI)

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Abstract Deployment Model

Problem:• Difficulties and lack of flexibility in deployment

• Avoid scripting for: configuration, getting nodes, connecting, etc.

A key principle: Virtual Node (VN) + XML deployment file• Abstract Away from source code:

• Machines

• Creation Protocols

• Lookup and Registry Protocols

Protocols and infrastructures:

• Globus, ssh, rsh, LSF, PBS, … Web Services, WSRF, ...

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Descriptors: based on Virtual NodesVirtual Node (VN):

• Identified as a string name

• Used in program source

• Configured (mapped) in an XML descriptor file --> Nodes

Operations specified in descriptors:

• Mapping of VN to JVMs (leads to Node in a JVM on Host)

• Register or Lookup VNs

• Create or Acquire JVMs

Program Source Descriptor (RunTime)|----------------------------------| |-------------------------------------------|Activities (AO) --> VN VN --> JVMs --> Hosts

Runtime structured entities: 1 VN --> n Nodes in n JVMs

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Descriptors: Mapping Virtual NodesComponent Dependencies:

Provides: … Uses: ...

VirtualNodes:

Dispatcher <RegisterIn RMIregistry, Globus, Grid Service, … >

RendererSet

Mapping:

Dispatcher --> DispatcherJVM

RendererSet --> JVMset

JVMs:

DispatcherJVM = Current // (the current JVM)

JVMset=//ClusterSophia.inria.fr/ <Protocol GlobusGram … 10 >

...

Example of

an XML file

descriptor:

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Mapping Virtual Nodes: example (1)<processDefinition id="linuxJVM">

<jvmProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.JVMNodeProcess"/>

</processDefinition>

<processDefinition id=”sshProcess">

<sshProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.ssh.SSHJVMProcess"

hostname="sea.inria.fr">

<processReference refid="linuxJVM"/>

</sshProcess>


Infrastructure

informations

JVM on the current Host

JVM started using SSH

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<processDefinition id=" clusterProcess ">

<bsubProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.lsf.LSFBSubProcess"

hostname=”cluster.inria.fr"><processReference refid=”singleJVM"/>

<bsubOption>

<processor>12</processor> </bsubOption>

</bsubProcess>


Mapping Virtual Nodes: example (2)

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Definition of LSF deployment, … Globus

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C A B

VNa VNb

C A B

VNc = VN(a,b)

XML Deployment (Not in source)

Separate or Co-allocation

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IC2D: Interactive Control and Debugging of Distribution

With any ProActive applicationFeatures:

Graphical and Textual visualization Monitoring and Control

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Monitoring of RMI, Globus, Jini, LSF clusterNice -- Baltimore

ProActive IC2D:

Width of links

proportional

to the number

of com-

munications

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JobMonitoring

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C3D: distributed-//-collaborative

Collaborative 3D,Rendering in //,

Applicationmobility

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Jem3D

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JEM 3D : Java 3D Electromagnetismtogether with Said El Kasmi, Stéphane Lanteri (caiman)

Maxwell 3D equation solver, Finite Volume Method (FVM)

Pre-existing Fortran MPI version: EM3D (CAIMAN team @ INRIA)

Up to 294 machines at the same time (Intranet and cluster)

Large data sets: 150x150x150 (100 million facets)temps d'exécution de la boucle principale (sur cluster)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70nombre de processeurs

tem

ps

(sec

on

des

)

21*21*21

31*31*31

43*43*43

55*55*55

81*81*81

97*97*97

113*113*113

121*121*121

taille du maillage

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Recent BenchmarksSeq. Java/Fortran: 2

Comparison:

Jem3D over

- ProActive/RMI Sun

- ProActive/RMI Ibis

Em3D in

- Fortran/MPI

On 16 machines:

Fortran: 13.8

ProActive/Ibis: 12

ProActive/RMI: 8.8

Grid experiment on 5 clusters (DAS 2): Speed up of 100 on 150 machines

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Monte Carlo Simulations,Non-Linear Physics, INLN

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Electric Network Planning,E. Zimeo et al., Benevento (Naples), Italy

On-line Power Systems Security Analysis (OPSSA)

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P2P N Queens

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Real

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Architectures: Server to Peer-To-Peer (P2P)

Internet


SOA: Service Oriented Architectures

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Pure P2P: Definition

Only PEERs, no above everything, top level, server(s)

Every peer is, somehow, also a server

No master … No slave !

System get organized dynamically, without static configuration

Coherent, desired behavior, dynamically emerges

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P2P Examples (1)

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P2P can be difficult:need to be fault-tolerant, self healing

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Not a P2P system

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Neither a P2P system

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P2P Examples (2)

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P2P Examples (2bis)

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A P2P system at work

Credit: from the movie Atlantis, Luc Besson

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Conclusion• GRIDs: - Scientific - Enterprise - Internet

Strong convergence in process (infrastructure): WS, WSRF

• Challenge: adequate and precise programming+composing model• Asynchronous distributed objects, Mobility, Components

• High-level of abstraction, still Open and flexible

• Modern languages: Java, or others

not Fortran, MPI, C++, … not the answer

Perspectives:• Real P2P

• Interactive, Graphical,Deployment and Control:

Content

http://ProActive.ObjectWeb.org

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Interactive Composition in IC2D

Content

Composition ViewInstead of

XML ADL

<processDefinition id="

<jvmProcessclass="org.objectweb


<processDefinition id=”

<sshProcessclass="org.objectweb

hostname="sea.

<processReference refid

</sshProcess>


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Merging Component + Activity / JVM Views:Component Monitoring

Content

Dynamic View

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Content

Dynamic View

Merging Component + Activity / JVM Views:Component Monitoring

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Conclusion (2)Infrastructure and Deployment

• Virtual Nodes and XML• Protocols: ssh, Globus, LSF, PBS, …

• Transport: RMI, Ibis (Amsterdam)

• Web Services: XML, WSDL, SOAP (ongoing)• OSGi (future work)

Available in LGPL with ProActivehttp://ProActive.ObjectWeb.org in

The freedom your applications deserve!

Currently: a single application on 300 machines at onceGoal: towards a few 1000s !

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Next ProActive events

EuroPar 2004, Pisa, Italy, Monday 30th August, Full Day Tutorial• ProActive Tutorial, and

• Hands-on session

User Group & Grid Interoperability, Nice, ETSI, Oct. 18-20• Detailed presentation of the platform

• User presentations and feedbacks

• Contest & PLUGTESTS : N queen challenge on GRID’5000, …

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Exemple

50 Machines, 1,5 Année de Calcul

5000 Machines, Efficacité de 50 %

==> 10 Jours

Applications:

• Rechercher un vaccin

• Prévoir la progression d’un incendie

• Prévoir en temps réel les dangers d’une inondation ...

• etc.

Enjeux: Passer à l’ échelle

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Ubiquitaire: Quelques chiffres

PCs à l ’ INRIA Sophia : ~ 1500 PACA : 1,3 Millions

France : 25 Millions Europe : 108 Millions USA : 400 Millions

Monde : 1 Milliard en 2002 (25 ans) Prévision: 2 Milliards en 2008

France :

• 36 Millions de téléphones portables

• 2.2 Millions dordinateurs portables

• 630 Mille PDA

(sources: ITU, Gartner Dataquest, IDC, 02-03, )

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Some code !// CREATE THE COMPONENTSComponentIdentity speakers = ProActive.newActiveComponent(speakers_parameters);// OR USE THE COMPONENTS LOADER// ComponentIdentity speakers = ComponentsLoader.getComponent(« speakers »);

// BIND THE COMPONENTS((BindingController)cd_player.getFcInterface(BindingController.BINDING_CONTROLLER)).bindFc(« output », speakers.getFcInterface(« input »);

// START THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE COMPONENTS (ENABLE THE COMPONENTS)((LifeCycleController)speakers.getFcInterface(LifeCycleController.LIFECYCLE_CONTROLLER)).startFc();

// INVOKE SOME ACTIONS ON FUNCTIONAL INTERFACES((Input)speakers.getFcInterface(«input»)).newMusic (music.mp3);

((PlayerFacade)cd_player.getFcInterface(« control »)).play();

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4. Composition, Deployment andRuntime

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VirtualNodes// names of the virtual nodes

VirtualNode name= « Node-facade »VirtualNode name =« Node-speaker » - cyclic

Deployment// what is behind the names of the nodes

mapping // correspondance between the names of the VNs and the JVMsNode-facade --> JVM1Node-speaker --> {JVM2, JVM3, JVM4} // 1 VN can be mapped onto a set of JVMs

JVMsJVM1 created by process « linuxJVM »JVM2 created by process « rsh-computer1 »JVM3 created by process « rsh-computer2 »JVM4 created by process « rsh-computer3 »

Infrastructure// how and where the JVMs specified above are created

process-definition « linuxJVM »// this process creates a JVM on the current host

JVMProcess class= JVMNodeProcessprocess-definition « rsh-computer1 »// this process establishes an rsh connection and starts a JVM on the remote host

rshProcess class = RSHProcess host = « computer1 »processReference = « linuxJVM »

process-definition « rsh-computer2 »rshProcess class = RSHProcess host = « computer2 »processReference = « linuxJVM

process-definition « rsh-computer2 »rshProcess class = RSHProcess host = « computer3 »processReference = « linuxJVM »

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Component Orientedness

• Level 1: Instantiate - Deploy - Configure• Simple Pattern

• Meta-information (file, XML, etc.) JavaBeans, EJB

• Level 2: Assembly (flat)• Server and client interfaces CCM

• Level 3: Hierarchic• Composite Fractal, ProActive, ...

• Level 4: Distributed + Reconfiguration• Binding, Inclusion, Location ProActive + On going work

Interactions / Communications:Functional Calls: service, event, streamNon-Functional: instantiate, deploy, start/stop, inner/outer, re-bind

This talk

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Distributed Components

Typed Group Java or Active Object

ComponentIdentity Cpt = newActiveComponent (params);A a = Cpt … .getFcInterface ("interfaceName");V v = a.foo(param);

V

A

Example of

component

instance

JVM

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Collective Operations : Exampleclass A {…

V foo(P p){...}

}

class B extends A{ ...}

A a1=PA.newAct(A,);

A a2=PA.newAct(A,);

B b1=PA.newAct(B,);

// Build a group of « A »

A ag = (A)ProActiveGroup.newGroup(« A »,{a1,a2,b1})

V v = ag.foo(param); // foo(param) invoked // on each member

// A group v of result of type V is created

v.bar();

// starts bar() oneach member ofthe result groupupon arrival

ProActiveGroup.waitForAll(v); //bloking -> all

v.bar();//Group call

V vi =ProActiveGroup.getOne(v);

//bloking -> onvi.bar(); //a single call

A a3=PA.newAct(A,);

// => modif. ofgroup ag :

Group ga =ProActiveGroup.getGroup(ag);

ga.add(a3);

//ag is updated

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Two Representation Scheme

Group of objectsgA

Typed groupgroupA

getGroupByTypestatic method of class ProActive

getGroupmethod of class Group

Management

of the group

Fonctional use

of the group

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Two Representations (2)

• Management operations add, remove, size, …

• 2 possibility : static methods, second representation

• 2 representations of a same group : Typed Group / Group of objects

• ability to switch between those 2 representations

Group gA = ProActiveGroup.getGroup(groupA);

gA.add(new A());

gA.add(new B()); //B herits from A

A groupA = (A) gA.getGroupeByType();

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ProActive : Migration of active objects

Migration is initiated by the active object itself through a primitive: migrateTo

Can be initiated from outside through any public method

The active object migrates with:• all pending requests• all its passive objects • all its future objects

Automatic and transparent forwarding of:• requests (remote references remain valid)• replies (its previous queries will be fullfilled)

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<virtualNodesDefinition>

<virtualNode name="Dispatcher"/>

</virtualNodesDefinition>

<map virtualNode="Dispatcher">

<jvmSet>

<vmName value="Jvm1"/>

</jvmSet>

</map>

<jvm name="Jvm1">

<acquisition method="rmi"/>

<creation>


</creation>

</jvm>

Definitions

and mapping

Definition ofVirtual Nodes

Mapping ofVirtual Nodes


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<virtualNodesDefinition>

<virtualNode name="Jem3DNode"/>

</virtualNodesDefinition>

<map virtualNode=" Jem3DNode">

<jvmSet>

<vmName value=”clusterJvm"/>

</jvmSet>

</map>

<jvm name="clusterJvm">

<acquisition method="rmi"/>

<creation>

<processReference refid=”clusterProcess"/>

</creation>

</jvm>

Definitions

and mapping

Definition ofVirtual Nodes

Mapping ofVirtual Nodes


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Mapping Virtual Nodes: example (3)<processDefinition id="linuxJVM">

<jvmProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.JVMNodeProcess"/>


<processDefinition id="rshProcess">

<rshProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.rsh.RSHJVMProcess"

hostname="sea.inria.fr">


</rshProcess>


Infrastructure

informations

JVM on the current Host

JVM started using RSH

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<processDefinition id=” singleJVM"> <jvmProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.JVMNodeProcess"/>


<processDefinition id=" clusterProcess ">

<bsubProcess class="org.objectweb.proactive.core.process.lsf.LSFBSubProcess" hostname=” cluster.inria.fr">

<processReference refid=” singleJVM"/>

<bsubOption><processor>12</processor>

</bsubOption>

</bsubProcess></processDefinition>


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Definition of bsubprocess

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Virtual Nodes in Programs (1)

Load the descriptor file

Descriptor pad = ProActive.getDescriptor ("file://ProActiveDescriptor.xml");

Activate the mapping

VirtualNode vn = pad.activateMapping ("Dispatcher");

// Triggers the JVMs

Use nodes

Node node = vn.getNode(); ... C3D c3d = ProActive.newActive("C3D", param, node);

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Descriptors: Virtual Nodes in Programs (2)

Descriptor pad = ProActive.getDescriptor ("file:.ProActiveDescriptor.xml");

VirtualNode vn = pad.activateMapping ("Dispatcher"); // Triggers the JVMs


log ( ... "created at: " + node.name() + node.JVM() + node.host() );

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Descriptors: Virtual Nodes in Programs (3)

Descriptor pad = ProActive.getDescriptor ("file:.ProActiveDescriptor.xml");

VirtualNode vn = pad.activateMapping ("Dispatcher"); // Triggers the JVMs


log ( ... "created at: " + node.name() + node.JVM() + node.host() );

// Cyclic mapping: set of nodes VirtualNode vn = pad.activateMapping ("RendererSet");

while ( … vn.getNbNodes … ) {

Node node = vn.getNode();

Renderer re = ProActive.newActive(” Renderer", param, node);

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Component Definition: XML ADLPrimitive-component "cd-player”

implementation = "CdPlayer” // Java class with functional code

Provides interface "input” …

Requires … VirtualNode = VNa // Virtual Node name

Composite-component ” stereo”

VirtualNode = VNc, vn ... // Virtual Node

Provides … Requires …Primitive-component ” cd-player”

Primitive-component ” speaker”

Bindings bind "cd-player.output" to "speaker.input"

Merging VNa, VNb, ---> VNc // Co-allocation in that case

Example of

an XML

component

file:

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Descriptors: Mapping Virtual NodesComponent Definitions:

Provides: … Uses: ...

VirtualNodes:

Dispatcher <RegisterIn RMIregistry, Globus, Grid Service, … >

RendererSet

Mapping:

Dispatcher --> DispatcherJVM

RendererSet --> JVMset

JVMs:

DispatcherJVM = Current // (the current JVM)

JVMset=//ClusterSophia.inria.fr/ <Protocol Globus … 10 >

rsh, … ssh, …

Example of

an XML file

descriptor:

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Components vs. Activity and JVMs

Activity JVM Component

A B1

C

B2

B3

Cp. are rather orthogonal to activities and JVMs:

contain activities, span across several JVMs

Components are a way to globally manipulatedistributed, and running activities

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An object created with A a = new A (obj, 7);

can be turned into an active and remote object:

• Instantiation-based:A a = (A)ProActive.newActive(«A», params, node);

The most general case.

To get Class-based: a static method as a factoryTo get a non-FIFO behavior (Class-based):

class pA extends A implements RunActive { … }

• Object-based:A a = new A (obj, 7);

... ...

a = (A)ProActive.turnActive (a, node);

ProActive : Creating active objects

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ProActive : Intra-object synchronizationExplicit control:Library of service routines:

• Non-blocking services,...• serveOldest ();• serveOldest (f);

• Blocking services, timed, etc.• serveOldestBl ();• serveOldestTm (ms);

• Waiting primitives• waitARequest();• etc.

class BoundedBuffer extends FixedBufferimplements Active

{

live (ExplicitBody myBody)

{

while (...)

{

if (this.isFull())

myBody.serveOldest("get");

else if (this.isEmpty())

myBody.serveOldest ("put");

else myBody.serveOldest ();

// Non-active wait

myBody.waitARequest ();

}}}

Implicit (declarative) control: library classese.g. : myBody.forbid ("put", "isFull");

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An object created with A a = new A (obj, 7);

can be turned into an active and remote object:

• Instantiation-based:A a = (A)ProActive.newActive(«A», params, node);

The most general case.

To get Class-based: a static method as a factoryTo get a non-FIFO behavior (Class-based):

class pA extends A implements RunActive { … }

• Object-based:A a = new A (obj, 7);

... ...

a = (A)ProActive.turnActive (a, node);

ProActive : Creating active objects

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• Wait-by-necessity: inter-object synchronization• Systematic, implicit and transparent futures


"A"

"pA"

ap_a

foo (A a){ a.g (...); v = a.f (...); ... v.bar (...);}

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• Wait-by-necessity: inter-object synchronization• Systematic, implicit and transparent futures (“value to come” )


"A"

"pA"

ap_a

foo (A a){ a.g (...); v = a.f (...); ... v.bar (...);}

O.foo(a) : a.g()and a.f() are« local »

O.foo(p_a): a.g()and a.f()are«remote + Async.»

O

Denis Caromel 112

ProActive : Intra-object synchronizationExplicit control:Library of service routines:

• Non-blocking services,...• serveOldest ();• serveOldest (f);

• Blocking services, timed, etc.• serveOldestBl ();• serveOldestTm (ms);

• Waiting primitives• waitARequest();• etc.

class BoundedBuffer extends FixedBufferimplements Active

{

live (ExplicitBody myBody)

{

while (...)

{

if (this.isFull())

myBody.serveOldest("get");

else if (this.isEmpty())

myBody.serveOldest ("put");

else myBody.serveOldest ();

// Non-active wait

myBody.waitARequest ();

}}}

Implicit (declarative) control: library classese.g. : myBody.forbid ("put", "isFull");

Denis Caromel 113

SharedOnReadCall between Objects

b.foo(x)ba

x

Copy

Denis Caromel 114

Generalized Futures… to done ...

b.foo(x)ba

x

Copy

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Grille: la plate-forme ObjectWeb ProActive