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Greenhouse gas emissions and agronomic effects from biochar applications at field scale in
Norway
Adam O’Toole, Hanna Silvennoinen*, and Daniel P. Rasse*presenting authorBioforsk Soil and Environment, Ås, Norway. www.bioforsk.no/biochar [email protected]
Introduction• Biochar-C stability? Is linked to pyrolysis temp.
at which biochar is produced1, however limited field data showing the extent of biochar-C mineralization and effects on native SOM mineralization in ag. soils (eg. Does Priming of SOM occur?)
• GHG impact?: Previous studies2 have shown reductions of N2O in biochar amended fields but no field data show the duration of this effect.
• Agronomy? Meta analyses3 estimate ~10% average yield increases in biochar studies, but little published data avail. for Nordic countries
1Mašek et al. 2011, Fuel. 103: 151-155 2Taghizadeh-Toosi, et al. (2011). JEQ 40(2); Zhang et al.(2012)Fld Crps Res. 127, 153-160 3 Jefferey et al. 2011. Ag. Eco. Env. 144: 175-187
Experiment 1: To estimate the stability of biochar-C under field conditions and BC impact on GHG emissionsExperiment 2: Assess agronomic impacts from biochar application as part of a Northern European ring trial.
Objectives of experiments
Methods for assessing Biochar C stability
• Measuring the δ13C signature and CO2 efflux of a C3 soil after additons of Miscanthus (C4 plant) derived biochar
C4 plants: ~ -15‰
C3 SOM: ~ -30‰
OatsMiscanthus
δ13C
Methods: Experiment 1• GHG measurement: Closed static
chambers, Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) for CO2 efflux (2 mins per chamber), Piccaro G1101-i for δ13C measurements
• Keeling plot method used to isolate soil respired CO2 in chamber measurements (3, 8, 1440 min).
• Larger closed chambers for N2O, vial measurements taken at 0,15,30, 45 min. and measured via GC
Biochar and Soil description
• Miscanthus giganteus (C4 plant) feedstock• Produced by Pyreg Gmbh (Germany)
Pyroysis temperature 500-750 °C• Fixed C = 70% VM= 7% Ash= 23%• pH: 10• BET: 349 m2 g-1
• Soil: Inceptisol, Sandy Clay Loam, TOC: 2.5 %
Field trials in Norway – 2010-13
Ås (University of Life Sciences, field station)
• Biochar inverse ploughed in the fall of 2010. New application in 2012 (mini plots for N2O study
• Crops – 2011 Oats 2012 Barley 2013 Oats
• Fertilizer: Ammonium Nitrate (NPK 22-3-10, 550 kg ha-1)
Experimental Design• 16 plots (6 x 4 m) / 4 plots (1.5 x 1.5 m miniplots)• 5 treatments x 4 reps• Randomized block design
1. Control – no amendments
2. Straw 8t C ha-1 (2010)
3. Biochar 8 t C ha-1 (2010)
4. Biochar 25 t C ha-1 (2010)
5. Biochar 25 t C ha-1 (New application 2012 for N2O trial) (mini plots)
Air temp and precipitation (Apr-Nov 2012)
Results – Soil respiration
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,800
17.05.2011 06.06.2011 26.06.2011 16.07.2011 05.08.2011 25.08.2011 14.09.2011
g C
O2
m-2
h-1
Soil respiration 2011
Miscanthus 8t C ha-1
Control
Biochar 8t C ha-1
Biochar 25t C ha-1
2011 2012
No significant differences between treatments
Cumulative C loss – 2011-2012
C4 plant-C related loss
CO2-C loss Contribution to CO2
Contribution to CO2
C loss from straw and biochar
g m-2 g m-2 % %
Control 461 - - -
Straw 8 t C ha-1 467 76 16 9.5%
Biochar 8 t C ha-1 439 5 1 0.6%
Biochar 25 t C daa-1 472 9 2 0.4%
~x 20
Straw and Biochar-C loss after Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) oxidation(Budai et al. In prep.)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Straw Bc 250°C BC 300°C BC 500°C Bc 700°C
Field
sit
e c
har~350-450°C threshold for inc. stability
apr mai jun jul aug sep okt
µg
N2O
-N m
-2 h
-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Control BC8 BC25 BC25 new
fertilization harvest
N2O flux 2012
Control BC8 BC25 BC25 new
kg N
2O
-N h
a-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
16.4.- 28.92.5.- 28.9
Cumulative N2O utslipp. 2012 growing season
BiocharClimate Saving Soils project (Interreg IV North sea programme)
17
“To develop, implement and disseminate the biochar-strategy in the North Sea Region (NSR) for climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation by increasing soil quality and stability with soil biochar amendments.”
• 7 countries around the North Sea: UK, NO, SE, DK, DE, NL, BE
• Period 2009-2013
Project objective:
18
• Field trial objective: “To test the effect of one wood based biochar on soil quality and crop growth according to a standard protocol, across different soil types and climates of the North Sea Region.”
• Feedstock: mix of Picea abies - Abies alba - Pinus sylvestris -Fagus sylvatica - Quercus robur
• Pyrolysis temperature: 450-480°C
• Dose: 20t/haBiochar characteristics
19
• Biochar application date in Norway: spring 2012
• Treatments: 1) biochar, 2) control
• Replicates: 4
• Crop• 2012: spring barley (DE: winter wheat)• 2013: free crop choice
Transnational field trials
Grain yield (Barley) - 2012
Biokull Kontroll0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Bygg
kor
navl
ing
(kg
daa-
1)
Straw yield (Barley) 2012
Biokull Kontroll0
50
100
150
200
250
Bygg
kor
navl
ing
(kg
daa-
1)
Earthworm count in field
biochar control0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total Earthworms collected from field site plots2 cores taken from 4 replicate plots per treatment (total 8 cores per treatment)
No.
of e
arth
wor
ms
Bulk density
Experiment 1• Control 1.30 g cm3 ± 0.04• Biochar 8 t 1.16 g cm3 ± 0.11• Straw 8 t 1.19 g cm3 ± 0.07• Biochar 25 t 1.22 g cm3 ± 0.05
Experiment 2• Biochar 1.06 g cm3 ± 0.05• Control 1.17 g cm3 ± 0.09
Conclusion
• Biochar appeared to be Stabil and did not prime native C
• Plant yields similar over all treatments in two wet seasons in a clay loam Norwegian soil
• Reductions in bulk density and increases in worm populations could have a benefits for root growth, but needs more study
Thank you for your attention
Our website: www.bioforsk.no/biochar
Acknowledgements- Raphael Fauches- Monique Carnol, University of Liege- Svend Pung – SKP, UMB- Toril Trædal (UMB)- Christophe Moni, Farshad Tami and Robert Barneveld
Funding: Matprogrammet, Norwegian Research Council. Interreg IV NSR program and SLF