GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM AGRICULTURE AND ITS ... Adhya.pdf · Cultural practices ~20% 10.0 (2.5 –15.0) Nutrient management ~30% 5.0 (3.3 –9.9) Water management Field potential

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GLOBAL POPULATIO

N EXPLOTIO

N

AND DEMAND FOR FOOD

10.0

8.7

6.3

5.7

Population

(bn)

2050

2025

2000

1995

Year

To feed this growing billions we have to

enhance food production

RICE YIELD

781

564

473

Production

(mt)

2020

2000

1990

Year

US

US

US

US- ---EPA database

on clim

ate change (2007)

EPA database

on clim

ate change (2007)

EPA database

on clim

ate change (2007)

EPA database

on clim

ate change (2007)

Development of production technology including use of

fertilizers have played a key role in augmenting food

grain production several fold

However, decline in SOM and total factor productivity,

enhanced nitrate leaching to groundwater, and emission

of GHGssuch as N

2O, CO

2and CH

4have em

erged

as

issues of concern.

Current practices of intensive

agricu

lture have

often


agricu

lture have

often


agricu

lture have

often


agricu

lture have

often

promoted soil degradation proce

sses lik

e:


sses lik

e:


sses lik

e:


sses lik

e:

a.

a.

a.

a.

Negative

organic

Negative

organic

Negative

organic

Negative

organic- ---C balance

C balance

C balance

C balance

b.

b.

b.

b.

Deve

lopment of sa

linity, and

Deve

lopment of sa

linity, and

Deve

lopment of sa

linity, and

Deve

lopment of sa

linity, and

c.

c.c.

c.

Loss

of diversity among soil

Loss


Loss


Loss

of diversity among soil microflora

microflora

microflora

microflora

Agriculture is also considered as one of the m

ajor


ajor


ajor


ajor

anthropogenic sources of atm

osp

heric greenhouse


osp

heric greenhouse


osp

heric greenhouse


osp

heric greenhouse

gase

s.gase

s.gase

s.gase

s.

35

35

35

35 – –––

60%

60%

60%

60%

increase

increase

increase

increase

From rice :

From rice :

From rice :

From rice :

stable or

stable or

stable or

stable or

declining

declining

declining

declining

From livestock

: From livestock

: From livestock

: From livestock

:

60% increase

60% increase

60% increase

60% increase

Stable or

Stable or

Stable or

Stable or

declining

declining

declining

declining

Exp

ected changes in

Exp

ected changes in

Exp

ected changes in

Exp

ected changes in

agricu

ltural emissions in

agricu

ltural emissions in

agricu

ltural emissions in

agricu

ltural emissions in

2030

2030

2030

2030

66

66

66

66

49

49

49

49

15

15

15

15

Agricu

ltural emissions as

Agricu

ltural emissions as

Agricu

ltural emissions as

Agricu

ltural emissions as

% of total anthropogenic




sources

sources

sources

sources

N NNN2 222O OOO

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444CO

CO

CO

CO

2 222Emission

Emission

Emission

Emission

Agriculture’s contribution to greenhouse

gas emission


gas emission


gas emission


gas emission

Bruinsm

aBruinsm

aBruinsm

aBruinsm

a, 2003

, 2003

, 2003

, 2003

Tropical agricu

lture c

omprise

s an enorm

ous

variety o

f

activities

that

directly

or

indirectly

affect

GHG

emissions. Globally,

the most significant

activities

identified include:

a.

Deforestation for reclaim

ing new agricu

ltural land as a

source of CO

2.

b.

CO

2from biomass

burning

c.Rice-base

d production systems as so

urce of CH

4and

N2O, and

d.

Anim

al husb

andry as a source of CH

4.

India’s initial national greenhouse

gas inve

ntories of


gas inve

ntories of


gas inve

ntories of


gas inve

ntories of

anthropogenic emissions by so

urces and remova

ls by sinks of


urces and remova

ls by sinks of


urces and remova

ls by sinks of


urces and remova

ls by sinks of

all greenhouse

gase

s not controlle

d by Montreal Protoco

l for the

all greenhouse

gase

s not controlle


l for the

all greenhouse

gase

s not controlle


l for the

all greenhouse

gase

s not controlle


l for the

base

year 1994

base

year 1994

base

year 1994

base

year 1994

45260

45260

45260

45260

146

146

146

146

Emission from soils

Emission from soils

Emission from soils

Emission from soils

85890

85890

85890

85890

4090

4090

4090

4090

Rice cultivation

Rice cultivation

Rice cultivation

Rice cultivation

4747

4747

4747

4747

4 444167

167

167

167

Agril

Agril

Agril

Agril. crop residues

. crop residues

. crop residues

. crop residues

20176

20176

20176

20176

1 111946

946

946

946

Manure m

anagement

Manure m

anagement

Manure m

anagement

Manure m

anagement

188412

188412

188412

188412

8972

8972

8972

8972

Enteric ferm

entation

Enteric ferm

entation

Enteric ferm

entation

Enteric ferm

entation

344485

344485

344485

344485

151

151

151

151

14175

14175

14175

14175

Agricu

lture

Agricu

lture

Agricu

lture

Agricu

lture

1228540

1228540

1228540

1228540

178

178

178

178

18083

18083

18083

18083

23533

23533

23533

23533

817023

817023

817023

817023

Net National Emission




CO

CO

CO

CO

2 222eq

eq

eq

eq. . . .

emission

emission

emission

emission

N NNN2 222O OOO

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444CO

CO

CO

CO

2 222

remova

lremova

lremova

lremova

l

CO

CO

CO

CO

2 222

Emission

Emission

Emission

Emission

GHG Source and sink

GHG Source and sink

GHG Source and sink

GHG Source and sink

categories (G

g.yr

categories (G

g.yr

categories (G

g.yr

categories (G

g.yr- ---1 111) )))

NATCOM, 2004

NATCOM, 2004

NATCOM, 2004

NATCOM, 2004

- ---do

do

do

do- ---

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

N NNN2 222O OOO

Fertilize

r use

Fertilize

r use

Fertilize

r use

Fertilize

r use

- ---do

do

do

do- ---

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444, N

, N

, N

, N

2 222O OOO

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass

consu

mption

consu

mption

consu

mption

consu

mption

- ---do

do

do

do- ---

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444Paddy cu

ltivation

Paddy cu

ltivation

Paddy cu

ltivation

Paddy cu

ltivation

Highly dispersed

Highly dispersed

Highly dispersed

Highly dispersed

12.6

12.6

12.6

12.6

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444, N

, N

, N

, N

2 222O OOO

Livestock

related

Livestock

related

Livestock

related

Livestock

related

Nature of emission

Nature of emission

Nature of emission

Nature of emission

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

share

share

share

share

Main

Main

Main

Main

emission

emission

emission

emission

Source category

Source category

Source category

Source category

Important agricu

ltural co

ntributors to India’s CO

Important agricu

ltural co


Important agricu

ltural co


Important agricu

ltural co


2 222equivalent GHG

equivalent GHG

equivalent GHG

equivalent GHG

emissions in 2000 (

emissions in 2000 (

emissions in 2000 (

emissions in 2000 (Garg

Garg

Garg

Garg

et al., 2004)

et al., 2004)

et al., 2004)

et al., 2004)

In spite of majority of Indians liv

ing in villages where agricul






ing in villages where agriculture is the m

ain

ture is the m

ain

ture is the m

ain

ture is the m

ain

eco

nomic activity, agriculture including livestock

and other act

eco


and other act

eco


and other act

eco


and other activities

ivities

ivities

ivities

contributes 29% of India’s G

HG emissions. GHG emissions are







predominantly from urban activities.




Burning of rice residue resu

lts in loss

of nutrients


lts in loss

of nutrients


lts in loss

of nutrients


lts in loss

of nutrients

and atm

osp

heric environmental pollu

tion.

and atm

osp


tion.

and atm

osp


tion.

and atm

osp


tion.

Annual harvest of major food crops and

crop residues in India (1999-2000)

Nutrients rem

oved

by

residues (000t)

Crop

Crop

production

(million t)

Residues

produced

(million t)

N

P2O

5

K2O

Wheat

74

111

501

282

1422

Rice

88

115

665

263

1907

Maize

12

17

102

55

227

Pulses

13

14

165

25

207

Oilseeds

21

43

297

195

102

Sugarcane

325

7

23

3

33

Total

533

307

1753

823

3898

Fertilizers used (000t)

5810

2402

825

•Bu

rnin

g of

agr

icul

tura

l res

idue

s ac

coun

ts fo

r ab

out 9

0% o

f CO

2em

itted

from

the

agric

ultu

re

sect

or in

Indi

a.

•R

ice

stra

w a

nd h

usk,

cot

ton

stal

k, h

ull a

nd b

all

and

baga

sse

are

com

mon

ly b

urnt

.

•C

onsi

derin

g al

l the

se a

spec

ts, t

he n

et C

O2

emis

sion

from

agr

icul

tura

lly im

pact

ed s

oils

is

1.98

Tg

Yr-1

.

•Agricu

lture contributes around 2% of national

CO

2emissions.

Rice

Rice

Rice

Rice- ---w

heat

and rice

wheat

and rice

wheat

and rice

wheat

and rice

- ---rice cropping systems

remain the

rice

cropping systems

remain the

rice

cropping systems

remain the

rice

cropping systems

remain the

mainstay of Indian agriculture.




While

the rice

While

the rice

While

the rice

While

the rice

- ---wheat system has

a long history in the

wheat system has


wheat system has


wheat system has


region,

its

significance is steadily increasing as

more

region,

its


more

region,

its


more

region,

its


more

productive crop varieties and practices for rice and w

heat


heat


heat


heat

growing beca

me ava

ilable to farm

ers.

growing beca

me ava

ilable to farm

ers.

growing beca

me ava

ilable to farm

ers.

growing beca

me ava

ilable to farm

ers.

Farm

ers generally grow rice

in the rainy

seaso

n (w

et

Farm


in the rainy

seaso

n (w

et

Farm


in the rainy

seaso

n (w

et

Farm


in the rainy

seaso

n (w

et

seaso

n), w

heat/rice

in the dry seaso

n under irrigation and

seaso

n), w

heat/rice

in the dry seaso


seaso

n), w

heat/rice

in the dry seaso


seaso

n), w

heat/rice

in the dry seaso


other crops including pulses in specific cropping cycle.




6724

6724

6724

6724

4362

4362

4362

4362

2966

2966

2966

2966

No tillage and residues




retained

retained

retained

retained

(kg C

(kg C

(kg C

(kg C- ---equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha- ---1 111

8032

8032

8032

8032

5510

5510

5510

5510

3953

3953

3953

3953

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

residues burnt (kg C



residues burnt (kg C- ---

equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha


7137

7137

7137

7137

4721

4721

4721

4721

3496

3496

3496

3496

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

Conve

ntional tilla

ge and

residues retained

residues retained

residues retained

residues retained

(kg C

(kg C

(kg C

(kg C- ---equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha

equivalent.ha


4.60

4.60

4.60

4.60

3.97

3.97

3.97

3.97

1.71

1.71

1.71

1.71

Wheat yield (t.ha

Wheat yield (t.ha

Wheat yield (t.ha

Wheat yield (t.ha- ---1 111

) )))

6.41

6.41

6.41

6.41

5.67

5.67

5.67

5.67

3.74

3.74

3.74

3.74

Rice yield (t.ha

Rice yield (t.ha

Rice yield (t.ha

Rice yield (t.ha- ---1 111) )))

Reco

mmended +

Reco

mmended +

Reco

mmended +

Reco

mmended +

FYM

FYM

FYM

FYM

Reco

mmended

Reco

mmended

Reco

mmended

Reco

mmended

fertilize

rfertilize

rfertilize

rfertilize

r

No fertilize

rNo fertilize

rNo fertilize

rNo fertilize

rTreatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Cereal yield and estim

ated total annual (on






ated total annual (on- ---site) emissions of

site) emissions of

site) emissions of

site) emissions of

greenhouse

gase

s from irrigated rice

greenhouse

gase


greenhouse

gase


greenhouse

gase

s from irrigated rice- ---w

heat systems in the Indo

wheat systems in the Indo

wheat systems in the Indo

wheat systems in the Indo- ---

Gangetic

Gangetic

Gangetic

Gangeticplains (G

race

et al., 2003)

plains (G

race

et al., 2003)

plains (G

race

et al., 2003)

plains (G

race

et al., 2003)

Beca

use

of the unique nature of rice

production, typically

flooded soils

and relative

ly high N

input, the potential for

significant emission of CH

4during flooded periods and

N2O emissions during non-flooded periods exists. For crops

grown in non-saturated/m

oist so

ils N

2O is predominant.

The emissions are affected by a m

ultitude of different

factors related to both natural co

nditions as well as crop

management and can be distinguished betw

een:

a.

Primary factors that determ

ine the leve

l of emissions, &

b.

Seco

ndary factors that modulate emissions.

CH4emission from agriculture in

India (10.07 Tg)

•With a total area of 44.5 m ha under rice

cultivation under different ecologies, CH4

emission may give a budget of 5 TgYr-1for

India out of a global emission of 60 to 150

TgCH4Yr-1.

(Gupta et al. 2002; NCAE 64:19-31)

•In addition, enteric ferm

entation by

ruminants, anaerobic waste processing and

manure managements are the principal

sources of CH4from agriculture. Among

these, ruminant animals contribute the

major portion.

Seasonal CH4and N2O emissions (expressed as GWP) from rice field

fertilized with urea or urea plus rice straw

___________________________________________________________

Season

Urea

Urea+ Rice straw

N2O CH4

N2O CH4

(g CO2-equivalent.m-2.season-1)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fallow

832

4.2

1420

7.7

Rice (DS)

122

296

78

5520

Fallow

2340 4.6 2350

5.5

Rice (WS)

179

907 81

9840

___________________________________________________________

050100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Ratna

IR 72

K 39

Mas

Kenkana

Cumulative CH4 emission (kg.ha-1)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cumulative N2O emission (kg.ha-1)

Ratna

IR 72

K 39

Mas

Kenkana

Methane and nitrous oxide efflux in

select rice varieties

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Ratna

IR 74

K 39

Mas

Kenkana

Total emissions in CO2 equavailants (Kg.ha-1)

Rice plants perform

Three key functions

for regulating CH

4and N

2O budget :

�source of substrate for methanogenic

and denitrifying bacteria

�conduit for CH

4and N

2O through

aerenchyma, and

�provide active CH

4 oxidizing and

nitrification sites in the rhizosphereby

transporting O

2

In spite of large area being under rice

cultivation, CH


cultivation, CH


cultivation, CH


cultivation, CH

4 444

emission from Indian paddy fields is low, due to:




�Low submergence

interspersed w

ith frequent sp

ells

Low submergence

interspersed w

ith frequent sp

ells

Low submergence

interspersed w

ith frequent sp

ells

Low submergence

interspersed w

ith frequent sp

ells

of dry periods (as under



of dry periods (as under rainfed

rainfed

rainfed

rainfedsituations).

situations).

situations).

situations).

�Poor so

ils w

ith low organic m

atter co

ntent

Poor so

ils w

ith low organic m

atter co

ntent

Poor so

ils w

ith low organic m

atter co

ntent

Poor so

ils w

ith low organic m

atter co

ntent

�Lower biomass

of cu

ltivated rice varieties

Lower biomass

of cu


Lower biomass

of cu


Lower biomass

of cu


�Mostly sustainable cropping practices under low

Mostly sustainable cropping practices under low



input management

input management

input management

input management

GIS based placement of CH4emission flux

values from Indian rice paddy

N2O emissions in India (0.31 Tg)

•Agriculture sector

activities account

for

more than 90% of the total N2O emissions

in India.

It includes:

•66% from the use of chemical fertilizers,

•About 10% from field burning of agricultural

residues and indirect soil emissions,

•About 5% from livestock excretions.

N2O Flux

0

100

200

300

400

500

g N ha-1 d-1

Ammonium

05

10

15 A-96

M-96

J-96

J-96

A-96

S-96

O-96

mg N kg-1

N2O

emission

from rice

field

Use of

synthetic

fertilizers

is the

single

largest

source of

N2O

emissions

Organic C supply and Crop Residues

•Denitrifying organisms use organic C

compounds as electron donors for energy

and for synthesis of cellular constituents.

•Therefore,

denitrification

is

strongly

dependent on the availability of organic

compounds such as native SOM, crop

residues, root exudates, green manures

and farm

yard manures.

Integrated use of fertilizer, green m

anure

and crop residues in rice

Treatm

ent

Rice

yield

Denitrification

Losses

N20

Emissions

Nitrate

Leaching

Soil

Organic-C

t/ha

kg/ha

kg/ha

kg/ha

g/kg

Control

3.4

18

6.9

59

3.7

120 kg N/ha

5.6

58

12.4

94

3.7

GM20 +

32 kg N/ha

5.9

50

11.8

78

4.1

CR6 + GM20

+ 32 kg N/ha

5.9

52

11.8

- 4.9

LSD (0.05)

0.2

6

3.4

12

0.4

N2O Flux

0

200

400

600

g N ha-1d-1

Mole Fraction of N2O

(r = -0.861, p > 0.01)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 40

60

80

100

120

% Water-filled pore space

Mole ratio

Mole

fraction

of N2O in

rice-

wheat

system

Soil and plant parameters to predict CH




4 444and

and

and

and

N NNN2 222O emission from rice agricu

lture

O emission from rice agricu

lture


lture


lture

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444emission is more plant related

emission is more plant related



CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444emission = 7.025 + 0.0036 shoot vo

lume

emission = 7.025 + 0.0036 shoot vo

lume


lume


lume - ---0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

root vo

lume (R

root vo

lume (R

root vo

lume (R

root vo

lume (R

2 222= 0.61

= 0.61

= 0.61

= 0.61

**

**

**

**) )))

N NNN2 222O emission, on the contrary, is m

ore soil

O emission, on the contrary, is m

ore soil


ore soil


ore soil- ---related

related

related

related

N NNN2 222O emission = 11.163 + 1.267 silt (R

O emission = 11.163 + 1.267 silt (R



2 222= 0.508

= 0.508

= 0.508

= 0.508

**

**

**

**) )))

~20%

5.0 (2.5 –10.0)

Cultural

practices

~20%

10.0 (2.5 –15.0)

Nutrient

managem

ent

~30%

5.0 (3.3 –9.9)

Water

managem

ent

Field potential

Estim

ated decrease

(TgCH

4.m

2.h

-1)

Mitigation

practice

Estim

ated effect of management practice on

Estim


Estim


Estim


mitigation of CH

mitigation of CH

mitigation of CH

mitigation of CH

4 444from flooded fields planted to rice

from flooded fields planted to rice



Estim

ated effect of management practices on

Estim


Estim


Estim


mitigation of N

mitigation of N

mitigation of N

mitigation of N

2 222O emission from agricu

lture

O emission from agricu

lture


lture


lture

~ 50%

~ 80%

~ 50%

~ 40%

0.24

0.14

0.15

0.15

1.

Match N supply with

crop dem

and

2.

Tighten N flow cycles

3.

Use advanced

fertilization techniques

4.

Optimize tillage,

irrigation and drainage

Field potential

Estim

ated decrease

(kg N

2O.yr-

1)

Mitigation practice

Poss

ible m

itigation strategies

Poss

ible m


Poss

ible m


Poss

ible m


in the rice

in the rice

in the rice

in the rice- ---w

heat rotation

wheat rotation

wheat rotation

wheat rotation R

ice

Rice, wheat

Rice

Rice

Rice, wheat

CH

4

N2O

CH

4

CH

4

CO

2

1.

Managing organic

input

2.

Improving N

fertilization

3.

Modifying irrigation

patterns

4.

Improving crop

cultivars

5.

Increasing soil

organic-C

Crop

GHG

Generic strategy

Ass

ess

ing the impact of agricu

lture on global clim

ate change

Ass

ess



ate change

Ass

ess



ate change

Ass

ess



ate change

requires conve

rsion of emission data to GWP.

requires conve


requires conve


requires conve


Agriculture has the potential to reduce




radiative

radiative

radiative

radiative

forcing from

forcing from

forcing from

forcing from

1.2 to 3.3 Pg CO

1.2 to 3.3 Pg CO

1.2 to 3.3 Pg CO

1.2 to 3.3 Pg CO

2 222- ---C equivalent.yr

C equivalent.yr

C equivalent.yr

C equivalent.yr

- ---1 111. ...

a.

a.

a.

a.

32% from reduce

d CO

32% from reduce

d CO

32% from reduce

d CO

32% from reduce

d CO

2 222emission

emission

emission

emission

b.

b.

b.

b.

42% from C offse

ts through

42% from C offse

ts through

42% from C offse

ts through

42% from C offse

ts through biofuel

biofuel

biofuel

biofuelproduction

production

production

production

c.

c.c.

c.

16% from reduce

d CH

16% from reduce

d CH

16% from reduce

d CH

16% from reduce

d CH

4 444emission, and

emission, and

emission, and

emission, and

d.

d.

d.

d.

10% from reduce

d emission of N

10% from reduce

d emission of N

10% from reduce

d emission of N

10% from reduce

d emission of N

2 222O OOO

Cole

Cole

Cole

Cole

et al,1997

et al,1997

et al,1997

et al,1997

Tech

nical options to reduce

Tech


Tech


Tech


emission

emission

emission

emission

Impact of water regim

e on CH

4em

ission

from rice fields at CRRI, Cuttack

___________________________________________________________

Rice W

ater Mean emission Seasonal flux

% Change

Variety regim

e (mg.m

-2.d

-1) (kg.ha-1)

___________________________________________________________

CR Cont. fl 16.32 +

27.61 18.61 -

749-20-2 Int. fl. 13.80 +

18.89 15.73 -15.48

___________________________________________________________

Impact of cultivation practices on CH

4em

ission from rice fields

(Data from field experim

ents conducted at CRRI, Cuttack)

_________________________________________________________________

Cultivation Rice Treatm

ent Seasonal flux

Grain yield % Change

practice variety (kg.ha-1) (Mg.ha-1)

________________________________________________________________________

Stand

Gayatri

Transpl. 30.22 5.4

-

establishment D.S. 24.36 4.2 -19.4

Crop spacing Ratna

Close spacing 28.34 2.7

-

Wide spacing 26.22 2.8 -

7.5

Ratooning

IR-36 Main crop 11.22 3.8

-

Ratoon

15.71 1.4

40.01

Crop sequence Rice-rice 39.96 -

-

Rice-upland crop 12.52 -

-68.67

_________________________________________________________________

Selecting proper cu

ltivar / cu

ltivation practice

Selecting proper cu

ltivar / cu

ltivation practice

Selecting proper cu

ltivar / cu

ltivation practice

Selecting proper cu

ltivar / cu

ltivation practice

-

-13

-22 72

10.90

7.16

6.16

11.53

2.37 +

0.80

3.15 +

1.05

3.28 +

1.45

3.85 +

0.72

25.84

22.58

20.21

44.41

IR 72

Gayatri

Tulasi

Lalat

%

Change

Kg CH

4.

Mg-1grain

Grain yield

(Mg)

Seasonal flux

(kg.ha-1)

Rice cultivar

Methane emission from a



Methane emission from a rainfed

rainfed

rainfed

rainfedallu

vial field planed to different

allu


allu


allu


rice

cultivars under uniform

field conditions (CRRI,

rice



rice



rice


field conditions (CRRI, Cutack

Cutack

Cutack

Cutack

) )))

Effect of P and K applied through non-sulfate and

sulfate-containing fertilizers on methane production in

rice soil of Cuttack

P fertilizer

source

Added

P

(mg kg-1

soil)

Added

K

(mg kg-1

soil)

Added

S

(mg kg-1

soil)

Methane

Production

(µg CH4 kg-1

soil) (30d)

Control

0

0

0

4689b

SSP

100

0

175

5d

K2HPO

4

100

426

0

4942a

K2HPO

4 +

K2SO

4

100

678

175

29d

Adhya et al. 1997; SBB30: 177-181 )

Seasonal CH

4em

ission from flooded paddy

following application of potassium

___________________________________________________________

Treatm

ents

Mean flux

% change G

rain yield

(kg.ha-1)

(Mg.ha-1)

___________________________________________________________

1. Control (K

0)

125.34

-4.95

2. + K

30

63.81

-49.09

5.80

3. + K

60

82.03

-34.60

5.72

4. + K

120

64.43

-48.60

6.02

___________________________________________________________

Seasonal CH

4em

ission from flooded paddy

following application of nitrification inhibitor

___________________________________________________________

Treatm

ents M

ean flux

% change

(kg.ha-1)

___________________________________________________________

1. Urea-N

70.10

-

2. + Nim

in76.84

+ 9.61

3. + DCD

60.69

-13.42

___________________________________________________________

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.81

1.2

1.4

Control

Urea+ N

Urea+ N+ Nimin

Urea+N+DCD

N2O flux (Kg.h-1)

Effect of Nim

inand DCD on cumulative

N2O emission from flooded rice field

Carbon sequestration




Sequestration of C from plant biomass

into soil organic


into soil organic


into soil organic


into soil organic

matter (SOM) is a key strategy for controlling gase

ous


ous


ous


ous- ---C

C

C

C

emission from agricu

lture.


lture.


lture.


lture.

It has been estim

ated that SOC sequestration potentially

It has been estim


It has been estim


It has been estim


could offse

t about 15% of the global CO

could offse


could offse


could offse


2 222emission.

emission.

emission.

emission.

Amount of SOC gained and lost from (0



Amount of SOC gained and lost from (0 – –––

0.6 m

laye

r) different treatm

ents and crop

0.6 m

laye

r) different treatm

ents and crop

0.6 m

laye

r) different treatm

ents and crop

0.6 m

laye

r) different treatm

ents and crop

residues during the 36 years of intensive

rice


rice


rice


rice- ---rice cropping

rice

cropping

rice

cropping

rice

cropping

31.5

31.5

31.5

31.5

79.6

79.6

79.6

79.6

4.71

4.71

4.71

4.71

6.44

6.44

6.44

6.44

0.179

0.179

0.179

0.179

27.5

27.5

27.5

27.5

6.96

6.96

6.96

6.96

164.4

164.4

164.4

164.4

8.75

8.75

8.75

8.75

180

180

180

180

NPK +

NPK +

NPK +

NPK +

compost

compost

compost

compost

2.79

2.79

2.79

2.79

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

0.104

0.104

0.104

0.104

17.0

17.0

17.0

17.0

- ---151.0

151.0

151.0

151.0

- ---- ---

NPK

NPK

NPK

NPK

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.97

1.97

1.97

1.97

0.055

0.055

0.055

0.055

14.8

14.8

14.8

14.8

- ---144.8

144.8

144.8

144.8

- ---- ---

NP

NP

NP

NP

3.21

3.21

3.21

3.21

4.19

4.19

4.19

4.19

0.117

0.117

0.117

0.117

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

- ---131.1

131.1

131.1

131.1

- ---- ---

N NNN

1.46

1.46

1.46

1.46

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

0.045

0.045

0.045

0.045

- ---2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

- ---109.2

109.2

109.2

109.2

- ---- ---

Control

Control

Control

Control

Organi

Organi

Organi

Organi

c

c c

c

amen

amen

amen

amen

dment

dment

dment

dment

s +

s +

s +

s +

crop

crop

crop

crop

residu

residu

residu

residu

es

es

es

es

Organic

Organic

Organic

Organic

amendme

amendme

amendme

amendme

nts

nts

nts

nts

% left ove

r C of the

% left ove

r C of the

% left ove

r C of the

% left ove

r C of the

applie

d amount

applie

d amount

applie

d amount

applie

d amount

from

from

from

from

Contri

Contri

Contri

Contri

bution

bution

bution

bution

of CH

of CH

of CH

of CH

4 444

to the

to the

to the

to the

total C

total C

total C

total C

loss

loss

loss

loss

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Cumul

Cumul

Cumul

Cumul

ative

ative

ative

ative

C loss

C loss

C loss

C loss

throug

throug

throug

throug

h

h

h

h

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444

emissi

emissi

emissi

emissi

on

on

on

on

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

ha

ha

ha

ha- ---1 111) )))

C loss

C loss

C loss

C loss

through

through

through

through

CH

CH

CH

CH

4 444

emissio

emissio

emissio

emissio

n nnn

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha- ---

1 111y yyy- ---

1 111) )))

Loss

Loss

Loss

Loss

and

and

and

and

gains

gains

gains

gains

of C

of C

of C

of C

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha- ---

1 111) )))

C left

C left

C left

C left

ove

r ove

r ove

r ove

r

in soil

in soil

in soil

in soil

from

from

from

from

organi

organi

organi

organi

c

c c

c

amen

amen

amen

amen

dment

dment

dment

dment

s sss

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

ha

ha

ha

ha- ---1 111) )))

C

C

C

C

applie

d

applie

d

applie

d

applie

d

through

through

through

through

crop

crop

crop

crop

residue

residue

residue

residue

s sss

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha- ---

1 111) )))

C

C

C

C

applie

d

applie

d

applie

d

applie

d

through

through

through

through

organic

organic

organic

organic

amend

amend

amend

amend

ments

ments

ments

ments

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha

(Mg ha- ---

1 111) )))

Organi

Organi

Organi

Organi

c

c c

c

amend

amend

amend

amend

ments

ments

ments

ments

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

(Mg

ha

ha

ha

ha- ---1 111) )))

Treatm

ent

Treatm

ent

Treatm

ent

Treatm

ent

s sss

Agricu

lture sector is the dominant so

urce of CH

4 and N

2O

emissions in India. Howeve

r, invo

lving the Indian farm

ers in

the w

hole proce

ss is a big challe

nge beca

use

of:

1.

Regional sp

read of agricu

ltural activities,

2.

Variation in agricu

lture practices,

3.

Huge number of farm

ers invo

lved, and

4.

Small land holdings

Case

studies

Case

studies

Case

studies

Case

studies

86.19

86.19

86.19

86.19

508.69

508.69

508.69

508.69

1081.20

1081.20

1081.20

1081.20

572.21

572.21

572.21

572.21

2.21

2.21

2.21

2.21

Rice +

Rice +

Rice +

Rice +

chickpea +

chickpea +

chickpea +

chickpea +

greengram

greengram

greengram

greengram

67.86

67.86

67.86

67.86

638.08

638.08

638.08

638.08

1166.00

1166.00

1166.00

1166.00

521.92

521.92

521.92

521.92

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.74

Rice +

Rice +

Rice +

Rice +

sunflower +

sunflower +

sunflower +

sunflower +

greengram

greengram

greengram

greengram

66.30

66.30

66.30

66.30

1100.03

1100.03

1100.03

1100.03

1929.20

1929.20

1929.20

1929.20

829.17

829.17

829.17

829.17

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

Rice + m

aize

Rice + m

aize

Rice + m

aize

Rice + m

aize

+ cowpea

+ cowpea

+ cowpea

+ cowpea

85.02

85.02

85.02

85.02

1305.71

1305.71

1305.71

1305.71

1992.80

1992.80

1992.80

1992.80

687.09

687.09

687.09

687.09

2.18

2.18

2.18

2.18

Rice + potato

Rice + potato

Rice + potato

Rice + potato

+ sesa

me

+ sesa

me

+ sesa

me

+ sesa

me

299.20

299.20

299.20

299.20

568.54

568.54

568.54

568.54

980.50

980.50

980.50

980.50

411.96

411.96

411.96

411.96

7.67

7.67

7.67

7.67

Rice

Rice

Rice

Rice- ---rice

rice

rice

rice

C CCC- ---credit

credit

credit

credit

complia

nce

complia

nce

complia

nce

complia

nce

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha- ---1 111) )))

Net profit

Net profit

Net profit

Net profit

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha- ---1 111) )))

Market cost

Market cost

Market cost

Market cost

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha- ---1 111) )))

Production

Production

Production

Production

cost

cost

cost

cost

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha

($ ha- ---1 111) )))

GWP*

GWP*

GWP*

GWP*

(Total CO2

(Total CO2

(Total CO2

(Total CO2

equivalent

equivalent

equivalent

equivalent

kg.ha

kg.ha

kg.ha

kg.ha- ---1 111) )))

Treatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Treatm

ents

Eco

nomic and environmental viability analysis of different rice

Eco


Eco


Eco


- ---

base

d cropping systems under irrigated condition

base


base


base


A comprehensive

rese

arch approach

is ess

ential including

a.

Farm

ers’ participatory rese

arch, and

b.

Polic

y rese

arch

Farm


arch

Farm


arch

Farm


arch

Farm


arch

1.

Class

ify different target groups for sp

ecific mitigation strategies

2.

Conduct rese

arch at farm

ers’ fields as reality ch

eck

3.

Deve

lop alternating m

anagement options

4.

Focu

s on farm

house

holds than individual production system

5.

Pack

aging scientific knowledge in practical and use

r-friendly form

s

6.

Establis

hing continuous feed-back

on m


7.

Reeduca

ting farm

ers and rural co

mmunities through communication

tools

Mitigation efforts have

to beco

me an integral co

mponent of

environmental polic

y and capitalize on syn

ergies with other

environmental targets. Only interdisciplin

ary rese

arch can

advise

polic

y makers on:

1. Institutional reform

s

2. Clear legal regulations, and

3. Eco

nomic ince

ntive

s.

INTERDISCIPLIN

ARY RESEARCH

If this value

had gone

uncorrected, intern

ational

protocols would have

required Indian methane

emissions to be brought down to global average levels,

reducing paddy cultivation by at least 47% in the

short term. The economic cost of this w

ould have been

about 135,000 million rupees (U

S$ 3.1 billion) per

annum, nearly double the annual budget of all India's

science and technology m

inistries combined.

Source : www.junkscience.com/jan00/gopal.htm

The EPA estim

ated that CH

4em

ission from India was

37.8 Tgper annum in 1990

. ...

Initial thrust on m

itigating adve

rse impacts of intensive

agricu

lture vis-à-vis greenhouse

gas emission m

ay co

me

from w

idesp

read agricu

ltural extension service and has to

be linked w

ith improving crop productivity.

…..Mitigation w

ill be an ancilla

ry benefit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Data reported in this communication originated from rese

arch

Projects funded by se

veral national and international grant

Agencies, namely:

1.

Indian Council of Agricu

ltural Rese

arch

2.

NATP Team of Excelle

nce

award

3.

Dept. of Science

& Tech

nology, Department of Environment,

SAC-ISRO

4.

IRRI-UNDP-USEPA, ADB (Manila

), PL-480, NATCOM

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack

, Orissa

GLOBAL W

ARMIN

G

THANK YOU

Documents

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM AGRICULTURE AND ITS ... Adhya.pdf · Cultural practices ~20% 10.0 (2.5 –15.0) Nutrient management ~30% 5.0 (3.3 –9.9) Water management Field potential