GREENCASTLE ANTRIM SCHOOL DISTRICT Planned … · living things. Cells occur in two basic forms: ... a eukaryotic cell’s protoplasm. Structure is related to function at the cellular

Biology February 16, 2012

GREENCASTLE‐ANTRIM SCHOOL DISTRICT Planned Course

Board Approved February 16, 2012 Course Title: Biology Grade Level(s) 10‐11th

Course Materials: Primary Source(s) Supplemental Source(s) Course Materials: Biology, Holt McDougal, 2008 /Biology Interactive Reader

Teacher made resources:

Objectives: All students will:

1. Pose questions and hypotheses based on observations of biological and physical phenomena and processes. 2. Design and conduct experiments through scientific inquiry related to the biological and physical sciences. 3. Analyze biological and physical findings obtained from scientific investigations and research. 4. Explain, interpret, and predict, biological and physical phenomena/systems using various models.


Essential Questions: 1. How do we know if something is alive? 2. How does life result from chemical structure and function? 3. How does life result from cellular structure and function? 4. What are the advantages of multicellularity? 5. How do different organisms obtain and use energy to survive in their environment? 6. How do organisms maintain a biological balance between their internal and external environments? 7. How do cells grow and reproduce? 8. How is the hereditary information in genes inherited and expressed? 9. Why is DNA called the “blueprint of life”? 10. How do we scientifically explain the evidence and mechanisms for biological evolution? 11. How do organisms interact and depend on each other and their environment for survival? 12. How is structure related to function at all biological levels of organization?



Standards Content (Big Ideas)

Essential Questions Key Concepts

Performance Activities/Assessments Vocabulary

3.1.10.A 3.1.B.A3 3.1.B.C4

Organisms share common characteristics of life. EQ: How do we know if something is alive?

Organisms are made up of simpler units called cells. Organisms need light and/or chemicals to make cellular protoplasm. Organisms obtain and use energy through photosynthesis or cellular respiration to carry out their life processes. Organisms release waste chemicals produced by cells.Organisms seek to maintain homeostasis at all biological levels of organization. Organisms grow, develop and eventually die Organisms can reproduce their own kind using DNA. Organisms adapt to changes

Compare and contrast the cellular structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Explain the characteristics of life common to all organisms

Explain that some structures in eukaryotic cells developed from early prokaryotic cells (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts)

Explain how all organisms begin their life cycles as a single cell and that in multicellular organisms, successive generations of embryonic cells form by

Class Notes Class Activities Laboratory Activities Tests/Quizzes Posters Presentations 3-D models Power points Internet Activities Graphic Organizers Videos Handouts

Biology Cell Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Organelles Metabolism Homeostasis Cell Theory


in their environment cell division




3.1.10.A2 3.1B.A2

Life emerges due to the chemical organization of matter into cells EQ: How does life result from chemical structure and function?

Cells function as microscopic chemical factories synthesizing and degrading biological molecules necessary for life.

Liquid water forms hydrogen bonds, is a solvent, and forms hydronium ions allowing a wide range of biochemical reactions to occur.

Biological molecules produced by a cell can be used by the cell or transported outside for use by other cells.

Cells are composed mostly of: C, H, N, O, P, and S.

Identify the initial reactants, final products, and general purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Explain the important role of ATP in cell metabolism.

Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in photosynthetic organisms.

Explain why many biological macromolecules such as ATP and lipids contain high energy bonds.

Class Notes Class Activities Laboratory Activities Tests/Quizzes Posters Presentations 3-D models Power points Internet Activities Culmination Projects Graphic Organizers Videos Handouts

Atom Element Bonding Molecule Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids Solvent Solute ATP Polymers Monomers


Carbon rings and chains form the backbone of all biological molecules.

Many biological molecules are polymers made from monomers that contain carbon chemically bound with other elements.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the chemical foundations for life.

Molecular structure is related to function.

Explain the importance of enzymes as catalysts in cell reactions. Identify how factors such as pH and temperature may affect enzyme function.

Compare and contrast the functions and structures of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Analyze the importance of carbon to the structure of biological macromolecules.

Identify and describe how energy is captured and transformed in organisms to drive their life processes





3.1.B.4A 3.1.B.A.1

Cells have organized structures and systems necessary to support chemical reactions needed to maintain life. EQ: How does life result from cellular structure and function?

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things.

Cells occur in two basic forms: Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and Eukaryotes (all other cells).

A cell’s interior is separated or compartmentalized from the environment by a phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane.

The cytoplasm contains a collection of connected, internal membranous sacs that divide the cytoplasm into functional and structural compartments or organelles.

Explain how all organisms begin their life cycles as a single cell and that in multicellular organisms, successive generations of embryonic cells form by cell division.

Summarize the stages of the cell cycle.

Examine how interactions among the different molecules in the cell cause the distinct stages of the cell cycle which can also be influenced by other signaling molecules.

Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.

Compare and contrast a virus and a cell. Relate the stages of viral cycles to the cell cycle.


Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Plasma Membrane Organelles Mitosis Cell Cycle Virus Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle Interphase Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Cytokinesis Telophase Meiosis Phospholipid Mitochondrion Nucleus Cytoplasm Golgi Microtubules Vacuole Bacteriophase Virus Endocytosis Exocytosis Lysosomes Thylakoids


Chemical reactions and processes necessary for life are carried out in cytoplasm or organelles within a eukaryotic cell’s protoplasm.

Structure is related to function at the cellular and organelle levels of biological organization.

Cells come only from the division of a pre‐existing cell.

Relate the structure of cell organelles to their function (energy capture and release, transport, waste removal, protein synthesis, movement, etc)

Explain the role of water in cell metabolism.

Explain how the cell membrane functions as a regulatory structure and protective barrier for the cell.





3.1.10A Eukaryotic cells can differentiate and organize making it possible for multi‐cellularity EQ: What are the advantages of multicellularity? A multicellular organization enables life functions such as movement, digestion, internal circulation of nutrients, excretion of waste and reproduction to be subdivided among specialized groups of cells. The simplest level of multicellular organization is a tissue. Different types of cells and tissues combine to form distinct structures known as organs which perform specific functions. Organs work together as a system to perform common functions. Cells that have differentiated to perform specialized functions rely on the collective function of other specialized cells within a multicellular organism to maintain their living condition.

Explain how cells differentiate in multicellular organisms. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of organization.


Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Biosphere Ecosystem Community Species Population Multi‐cellular organism






3.1.10.A3 3.1.10.A2

Organisms obtain and use energy to carry out their life processes. EQ: How do different organisms obtain and use energy to survive in their environment? Forms of energy are required to maintain life. The energy flow of biochemical reactions is governed by the physical laws of thermodynamics. Most biochemical reactions require an input of energy. Photosynthesis is the process that transforms light energy into potential chemical energy. Cellular respiration is the process by which potential chemical energy in the bonds of glucose is transformed into potential chemical energy in the bonds of ATP. ATP molecules store usable chemical energy to drive life processes through coupled reactions. Glycolysis is the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis, through anaerobic

Compare and contrast the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.


Thermodynamics Endothermic Exothermic Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration ATP Glycolysis


respiration, is the main energy source in many prokaryotes.





3.1.10.A5 Through a variety of mechanisms organisms seek to maintain a biological balance between their internal and external environments. EQ: How do organisms maintain a biological balance between their internal and external environments? Homeostasis dynamically returns biological changes (body temperature, osmolarity, blood pressure, pH, blood glucose, etc.) to balance by modifying chemical reactions, adjusting energy transformations, and responding to environmental changes. Molecules, ions and water move in and out of the cell through a variety of mechanisms. Passive transport depends on the diffusion of substances with a concentration gradient moving across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration without energy.

Describe transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane. Explain the consequences of extreme changes in pH and temperature on cell proteins.

Identify and describe the cell structures involved in the transport of materials into, out and throughout the cell.


Diffusion Osmosis Tonicity Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Concentration Gradient Endocytosis Exocytosis


Both passive and facilitated diffusion move materials along a concentration gradient without energy. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of lower solute concentration (more aqueous solution) across a membrane to an area higher solute concentration (less aqueous solution). Active transport moves atoms, ions and small molecule mostly against a concentration gradient and requires an expenditure of energy.





3.1.10.B 3.1.10.A Genetics

New cells arise from the division of pre‐existing cells. EQ: How do cells grow and reproduce? Cells grow when they can take in more nutrients through their plasma membranes than they can metabolize in their interior. Cells may divide when their metabolism exceeds nutrient absorption.

All cells go through a cell cycle.

Prokaryotic cells divide via binary fission.

Eukaryotic cells first divide their nucleus and then divide their cytoplasm to make new cells.

Cell differentiation occurs many times during development of a multicellular organisms giving rise to a diversity of cell types.

Explain that the information passed from parents to offspring is transmitted by means of genes which are coded in DNA molecules.

Explain the basic process of DNA replication.

Describe the basic processes of transcription and translation.

Explain how crossing over, jumping genes, and deletion and duplication of genes results in genetic variation.

Explain how mutations can alter genetic information and the possible consequences


DNA Genes Chromosomes Mitosis Cell Cycle Binary Fission Transcription Translation RNA Mutation


on resultant cells.





3.1.10B Genetics

Heredity information in genes is inherited and expressed. EQ: How is the hereditary information in genes inherited and expressed? Sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes which transport hereditary information from one generation of organisms into another generation. Meiosis involves a two‐step nuclear division reducing the number of chromosomes in half – producing gametes. One or more pairs of genes on one or more chromosomes code for the expression of inherited traits. Two or more versions of a gene (alleles) contribute to the expression of inherited traits. During the process of meiosis genetic recombinations may occur contributing to genetic variability within a population.

Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes and analyze the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.

Compare and contrast the function of mitosis and meiosis.

Illustrate the sorting and recombining of genes in sexual reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations in offspring.

Describe the basic structure of DNA, including the role of hydrogen bonding.


DNA RNA Proteins Gametes Meiosis Genetic Recombination Crossing Over Traits Genes Alleles Genetic Variability Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive Codominance Incomplete Dominance Sex‐Linked Sex‐Influenced Multiple Alleles Polygenics Punnett Square Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Mendel Watson Cricks Franklin Chargaff


Patterns of inheritance reflecting how genes interact and express themselves (including dominant, recessive, codominance, incomplete dominance, sex‐linked, sex‐influenced, multiple alleles) can be predicted, observed and described. The Punnet square is a tool that can be used to predict the probability of an offspring’s genotype and phenotype

Explain how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and conservation of the genetic code.

Describe how transmission and translation result in gene expression.

Differentiate among the end products of replication, transcription, and translation.





3.1.10.B 3.4.10.B Genetics

DNA segments contain information for the production of proteins necessary for growth and function of cells. EQ: Why is DNA called the “blueprint of life”? The basic molecular and the associated genetic code structure of DNA are universal, revolutionizing our understanding of disease, heredity and evolution. DNA contains the complete set of instructions, the genetic code, for building and running an organism. RNA is necessary for protein synthesis from DNA. Many synthesized polypeptides require additional processing to acquire their active, three‐dimensional structures. Which genes are expressed at a given time is determined by the integration of internal and environmental signals received by a cell. Enzymes are special proteins designed to catalyze most biochemical reactions that

Cite evidence to support that the genetic code is universal.

Explain how genetic technologies have impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture.


Human Genome Project Cloning


otherwise would not occur.





3.1.B.C. 3.1.10.C1 Evolution

Evolution is the result of many random processes selecting for the survival and reproduction of a population. EQ: How do we scientifically explain the evidence and mechanisms for biological evolution? Mutations alter a gene's genetic information, resulting in a change in the protein that is made, or how or when a cell makes that protein. Most mutations are evolutionary neutral. Evolution occurs when the gene frequency of alleles in a population shifts to confer survival and reproductive success. The differential reproductive success of populations of organisms with advantageous traits is known as natural selection.

Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.

Analyze the role that geographic isolation can play in speciation.

Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity through the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population.

Describe how the degree of kinship between species can be inferred from the similarity in their DNA sequences.

Describe the theory suggesting that life on Earth arose as a single


Mutations Species Speciation Evolution Natural Selection Biodiversity Isolation Gene Pool Adaptations Unity Diversity Fossil Record Anatomical Structures Genetic Structures Behaviors Selective Breeding Biotechnology


Speciation occurs when one population is isolated from another population. The isolation can be geological, reproductive, or filling different ecological niches to reduce competition. With isolation comes changing environmental factors exerting selective pressure on mutations and adaptations. Common anatomical and/or genetic structures and behaviors demonstrate that species have evolved from common ancestors. The fossil record documents patterns of mass and background extinctions and the appearance of new species. There are similarities and differences between fossils and living organisms. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a population.

primitive prokaryote about 4 billion years ago and that for the next 2 billion years, a huge diversity of single‐celled organisms evolved.

Analyze how increasingly complex, multcellular organisms evolved once cells with nuclei developed.

Describe how mutations in sex cells may be passed on to successive generations and that the resulting phenotype may help, harm, or have little or no effect on the offspring’s success in its environment.

Describe the relationship between environmental changes and changes in the gene pool of a population.






Ecology 3.1.B.A , and 4.1

Organisms on Earth interact and depend in a variety of ways on other living and nonliving things in their environments. EQ: How do organisms interact and depend on each other and their environment for survival? ‐All forms of life on Earth are connected in a Biosphere. ‐Specific biotic and abiotic factors characterize biomes and their component ecosystems. ‐Organisms and their environment are interdependent. ‐Sunlight is the initial energy source for most life on Earth. ‐Energy is converted from one form to another as it moves through a food chains and food webs. ‐Matter flows through an ecosystem using a variety of natural cycles. ‐Limiting factors can cause population fluctuations or extinction in a given ecosystem.

Describe the flow of energy through living systems.

Compare and contrast the structural and functional similarities and differences among living things.


Biosphere Biomes Ecosystems Communities Populations Individual Niche Habitat Abiotic Biotic Energy Flow Food Webs Limiting Factors





3.1.10.A6

Structure is related to function at all biological levels of organization. EQ: How is structure related to function at all biological levels of organization? Biological levels of organization from smallest to largest include: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, multicellular organisms, populations, and communities. The pattern of form following function is reflected at all biological levels of organization.

Explain structure and function at multiple levels of organization


Biological Organization Structure Function

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GREENCASTLE ANTRIM SCHOOL DISTRICT Planned … · living things. Cells occur in two basic forms: ... a eukaryotic cell’s protoplasm. Structure is related to function at the cellular