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Ruimteconferentie | 2011 Roterdam PBL Netherlands Environamental Assessment Agency Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto 19|04|2011 A framework of indicator system for evaluation of green spaces in metropolitan regions. The case of Randstad, Netherlands

green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

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Page 1: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Ruimteconferentie | 2011Roterdam

PBL Netherlands Environamental Assessment AgencyAlexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto

19|04|2011

A framework of indicator system for evaluation of green spaces in metropolitan regions. The case of Randstad, Netherlands

Page 2: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Presentation Structure

•Introduction • Research Context

•Indicators

•Research Method

•Analyses of the results• Statiscal indicators• Statiscal versus spatial indicators• Acessibility• Concurrence• Environmental Quality• Perception and use by inhabitants

•Conclusions and Recomendations

Page 3: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Research Context

Page 4: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?

Page 5: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

LocalUrbanM e t r o p o l i t a n

- large green spaces between the cities- urban green areas

"metropolitan green space"

Randstad = "network city“

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Why metropolitan green?

Page 6: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

A lot of research about sustainability indicators, but very few look at the cross relationships between form, spatial context, and social factors, and at different spatial levels.

Which criteria can be used to chose adequate indicators from the huge amount of possible

indicators?

method that combines indicators for quantity, quality and usability

monitoring, evaluation and planning metropolitan green spaces

Difference between statistical and spatial indicators?

How the results of this research can be used by PBL for policy evaluation and advise?

Which selection of indicators will be adequate to support our "research philosophy"?

Quantitative versus qualitative indicators?

Are indicators useful? When yes and when not?

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research questions

Page 7: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Limitations

Page 8: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Indicators

Page 9: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

• An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you are going and how far you are from where you want to be. Saramento et al. (2000)

• Good indicators present information in a clear and usable form at the right time to those who need it (BOYD, 1997).

• Bell at al. (2000) defined indicator as a measure against which some aspects of policy performance can be assessed.

INDICATORS ARE INFORMATION TOOLS

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definitions

Page 10: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

limited value of quantitative norms and indicators

complex nature of green spaces (urban context)

partial picture of the function of green areas for both recreation as for other aspects of urban livability such as climate and health improvement.

amount of green surface

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Criticism of quantitative norms

- quality- equipment for

leisure and recreation

- design

Page 11: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

500m = not realistic any more

hierarchic system of standards

75m2 per dwelling in newly built areas

social and demographic composition of the housing areas

Neighborhood

Quarter

DistrictCity

Urban Forest

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

different functional levels on different spatial scale

Criticism of quantitative norms

Page 12: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Distance, size, type of green space, and the possibility to conduct certain activities, are the most important variables influencing people’s preferences. (Ponje and Timmermans, Technological University of Eindhoven, Greenspace Project, 2005).

quantitative norms

planning practice

large scale analyses (national or regional level)

local level (in combination with qualitative indicators, experts judgment and users opinion).

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Quantity vs. Quality

Page 13: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

“People do not use city open space just because it is there and because city planners or designers wish they would “

J. Jacobs, 1963

Visitors prefer parks containing many qualities. (Berggren-Bärring and Grahn, 1995)

Cities have different methods of classification of green spaces and their own way of monitoring, planning, developing and maintaining green areas

how to evaluate and compare cities?

Preferences of inhabitants (Belevingswaardemonitor PBL, 2009)

physical characteristics

qualitative research

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Use and Perception

Page 14: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Research Method

Page 15: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Literature Review Spatial analyses (ArcGis)

Research philosophy

Selection of indicators Quantity

Quality

Use and perception

CategoriesGeneral indicators

Proximity and Accessibility

Barriers and entrances

Attractiveness

Environmental

Social aspects

- research time

- database

Randstad Amsterdam

Application

public green spaces

Analyses and discussion

Conclusions and recommendations

Metropolitan/Urban

Urban/local

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research Method

Page 16: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Research philosophy

Physical Character

Page 17: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of the cities borders

Page 18: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

1600m

Neighborhood(>1ha)

Quarter(1‐5ha)

District(5‐30ha)

City(30‐300ha)

Large Natural Areas

400m 800m 3200m 10.000m

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces

Page 19: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Definition of categories of green spaces

Page 20: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Results

Page 21: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

% of public green in relation to total urban area

Statistical indicators

Page 22: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Green categories

Page 23: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Green Spaces/dwelling (m2)

0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00

AMSTERDAM

DEN HAAG

ROTERDAM

UTRECHT

city

district

quarter

neighborhood

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

m2 public green per dwelling/inhabitant: per city

Green Spaces/inhabitant (m2)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

AMSTERDAM

DEN HAAG

ROTERDAM

UTRECHT

city

district

quarter

neighborhood

Statiscal indicators

Page 24: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Statiscal vs. spatial indicators

% of inhabitants that have access to only 5 green category

Page 25: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Coverage

Page 26: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of quarter category

Page 27: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of district category

Page 28: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence of city category

Page 29: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Accessibility

Concurrence on all functional levels

Page 30: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Page 31: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Page 32: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Concurrence

Page 33: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Air Pollution –PM10 (mg/m3)

Page 34: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by PM10

Page 35: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke

Page 36: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Green Spaces affected by Black Smoke

Page 37: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Page 38: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Environmental Quality

Page 39: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011Perception and use by inhabitants

Local Scale – Inhabitants' options from Amsterdam

Page 40: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

Conclusions

Page 41: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

• On metropolitan level provision of green spaces for recreation is much higher in the fringe formed by the cities then in the Green hart

• Capacity of Green hart for recreation is low:– It is not accessible– The network of biking and hiking paths is much less dense that in

the dunes and Heuvelrug

• Generally G4 cities are well covered with a variety of accessible green areas

• But, the best provided areas are in the periphery of the G4 cities while city centers (most populated areas) have less green spaces and they are also smaller qua size

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011

Page 42: green spaces in metropolitan regions. · 2019. 9. 16. · Definitions Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011. limited value of quantitative norms and indicators complex nature

• Analyses of accessibility show the most important deficiencies of green spaces for recreation appears on the lowest functional level – urban neighborhood and urban quarter.

• Functional levels sometimes do not correspond with the way people use green spaces (example of Vondelpark and Westerpark)

• Environmental quality is in the Netherlands not an important precondition for use and perception of quality of green spaces (example of Amsterdamse bos)

• The method of this research can be applied for:– comparison of different cities– detection of problematic areas within one city– to define priorities, where green is lacking is easily visible– to define policy goals on different scale levels

Alexandra Tisma and Mariana Neto | April 2011