CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONGreen Building is a complex concept incorporating the design, construction and operation of buildings aimed at minimizing resource-use and negative environmental impact whilst maximizing the utility of a building. Recently, green building has become globally vital for commercial building development, especially in the United States where the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), a national non-profit membership organization has developed the Leadership in energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a system to provide a guideline and rating system for green buildings.This study examines measures taken to make projects sustainable such as those aimed at making a building more energy efficient, reduce water consumption, utilizing materials with lower environmental impact or many others. It then goes on to examine the results of implementing such measures, where possible using a baseline figure for comparison.Today, buildings are reported to be one of the biggest consumers of energy around the world. A staggering 48 percent of primary energy consumption goes into construction of buildings. All of these have contributed significantly to global warming, with the building industry being responsible for 40 percent greenhouse gas emissions in the United States alone. The need for energy-efficient and eco-friendly buildings had given rise to the green buildings and designs. These led the researchers to determine the insights on the green building technology, especially as it relates to Philippine conditions and to assess its cost-and-time impact on the project management cycle in the construction industry.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aims to get insights on the green building technology, specifically the performance and significance of the green buildings in Metro Manila. This is for us to qualify if the following performance would lead us to produce more high quality buildings and establishments that could improve mans way of living.Also, to propagate the knowledge about the green technology and help the community to became aware of the full capabilities of green building and to know the true potential of its application. These purposes led the researchers to seek more information and ideas. But questions are still arising in every finding. Could this research help the future researchers for their future studies? Will this research be an advantage of the students for the future use? Did such subject taught in previous years? If so, then how could it be? How could it help? These questions all have significant implications for our understanding and interpretation of purpose of the study.A number of studies of different evidence and methods of interpretation attempt to provide answers to these questions. Now the researchers tried to answer it in different way to add more information.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aimed to determine the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila. Specifically, it sought answers to the following problems:1. How is the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila in terms of:a. Energy Efficiencyb. Structure Efficiencyc. Water Efficiencyd. Material Efficiencye. Waste Reduction2. What are the advantages of constructing green buildings?3. What factors make a building sustainable?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is significant because it will provide the indispensable fact about green building and how can its application help. Thus, the result of this study will benefit the following:The EnvironmentFor the environment, the study provides an idea about enhancing the protection of the ecosystems, reducing toxic wastes, and conserving and restoring natural resources.The EconomyThe study is extremely favorable especially to building owners. These include lower operating costs, increase in return of investment through higher occupancy by attracting and retaining quality tenants, increased employee productivity, and further sales improvement.The Social BenefitsThe study about green buildings heightened aesthetic appeal and market value as well as improved overall quality of life. The CommunityDesigning and making a sustainable building will help alleviate the negative repercussions that come with using the limited resources available. Indeed, the economic and environmental performance of buildings can be maximized well through the successful adoption of green building strategies.The Future ResearchersThis study can help the future researchers to acquire basic knowledge about Green Buildings and its capabilities. They can also relate some information from our study that may be counted as a significant factor of their future study. This study could also act as a guide on how to start a preliminary data for their own study.The ResearchersThe researchers problems will be solved and questions will be answered.SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study is about the Performance of Green Buildings in Metro Manila. This study focused only on the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila, as well as the benefits that can be derived from the said program. The researchers also have limited budget and time allotment given by the professor.The investigation was not concerned on how effective the green building is than any other form of buildings and no attempt was made to compare green buildings with them.

DEFINITION OF TERMS For purposes of clarification, important terms used in the study are hereby defined:Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) Is the Philippine counterpart of LEEDCompact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp that fits into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps Green Building is characterized by its efficient use of natural resources, eco-friendly construction materials, and minimizing negative impact of the development to nature. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a widely used international green rating system developed by the US Green Building Council. (USGBC)Light Emitting Diode (LED) A two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a positive-negative junction diode, which emits light when activated. Philippine Green Building Council (PhilGBC) Is the local counterpart of USBGC via its (BERDE) rating system.United States Green Building Council (USGBC) a non-profit organization that advocates sustainable building design and operation

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OUTPUTPROCESSINPUT

Performance Of Green BuildingsIn Metro Manila

1.Survey Questionnaires2. Books3. Newspapers4. Studies

Data gathering through researches and observation

Analysis and interpretation of data

Drawing of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study used the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model. This model will help the proponents to easily identify the inputs of this study, the output and the processes in which the inputs will transform into outputs. The input includes all the ideas, information and resources used. The process is the procedure taken in making the input become output. Therefore, the output is the outcome of a processed input.All of the data and information discussed in this study was obtained through thorough research from different materials such as books, related studies and online references and from the survey conducted. The survey was conducted among selected residents of Metro Manila to know theirs opinions and insights about the performance of green building in Metro Manila. The information and ideas were combined, treated and conclusions were drawn. The processed input obtained was the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila, hence, the title THE PERFORMANCE OF GREEN BUILDINGS IN METRO MANILA.

CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. FOREIGN RELATED LITERATUREWith the constantly changing environment around us, its important to be environmentally aware and active. Its even more important when you consider how much money you can save by building a green home. The methods and ways you can go about changing your home from an emission-producing powerhouse into more of a greenhouse are easy and simple concepts. Everything you can think of in order to save energy can be implemented in creating a green space for you and your family.Being aware of energy saving benefits, making the switch from waste producing products to more environmentally friendly products, and much more. By creating and managing a green home for you and your family to live in, not only will you be engaging in a positive atmosphere but also youll be passing on the lessons and importance of surrounding environmental issues to the rest of your family.15 Green Home Building Ideas1. Location: While buying property for yourself, take a note of couple of things that you must foresee before moving in. Firstly, avoid building west facing home. This will keep your home cool as it minimizes sun exposure. Secondly, avoid building home in environmentally sensitive locations such as earthquake or hurricane or flood prone areas. Thirdly, check if public transportation is easily available and local grocery shop is not that far away. This will help you avoid taking your own vehicle every time and will reduce your travel time.2. Smaller is Better: A small home built with eco friendly techniques is going to have smaller environmental impact as against a large home. A house that is too large is likely to cost more to heat and cool. Try to keep the place manageable and cost effective. If you are planning to extend your family and bring in few relatives, you need to put proper resources and accommodation in place.3. Energy Efficient Equipment: ENERGY STAR label on a piece of equipment states that particular product has been deemed as energy efficient by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ENERGY STAR is becoming well known label and consumers today choose energy star appliances for their homes. These appliances offer significant cost and energy savings without compromising performance.4. Proper Insulation: Insulation is one of the most important things that you need to consider while building a green home. Heating and cooling account for 50% of your homes energy consumption; Air leaks such as around windows, door and duct work is responsible for buildings heat loss. Dont let heating and cooling of your interior spaces air go waste through improper insulation. Proper insulation will not only reduce your energy consumption but will bring down your electricity bills substantially.5. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reduce your need for buying new products that are not environment friendly. Reuse your old material such as wood floors, doors, windows in your next home. Recycled materials such as recycled glass, aluminium, recycled tile, reclaimed lumber, recycled plastic can be used in green home building.6. Use Sustainable Building Materials: If building a green home is your goal, then using environmentally or eco-friendly products should be on your list which can reduce the impact of construction on the environment. Each and every part of your house such as roofing material, building material, cabinets, counters and insulation to your flooring should be environmentally friendly. Use products such as reclaimed lumber, recycled plastic, recycled glass or natural products such as bamboo, cork and linoleum which are made of natural, renewable materials.7. Install Solar Panels: Solar energy is clean and renewable source of energy. Solar panels are an emerging and hot technology for people who want to utilize the natural power all around us, the sun. Solar panels may be expensive at first, but the long-term savings you can put into your pocket is a stunning example of the benefits of turning your life from black to green. The location of your house and the way you have constructed solar panels can determine how much power you can collect. By taking advantage of solar power you can bring down your energy consumption and supply excess energy, if any, to your utility company. Also, government grants, incentives and tax breaks are huge bonus to those who want to use solar power in their home.8. Energy Star Windows: Energy efficient windows labeled as ENERGY STAR windows are new player in window market and are much more energy efficient than normal windows. The ratings for these windows determine how energy efficient they will be. The lower the rating, the more energy efficient is your windows. The energy savings provided by these windows are enough to cover the added cost per window.9. Rainwater Harvesting Systems and Tankless Water Heaters: Install rainwater harvesting system while building your green home to collect rainwater from roofs and then storing it in a tank. The collected water can then be used for other purposes such as toilets and sprinkler systems. Rain barrels are one of the most common methods of rainwater harvesting being used today.With tankless water heaters, you need not wait for the water to get heated. Tankless water heaters heat only that much water that is needed as it is passed through electric coil. This gives you twin benefits. Firstly, it eliminates excess energy costs as it heats up only that much amount of water that is needed and secondly, you can get ample storage place by eliminating the hot water tank.10. Eco-Friendly Lighting: Both LED and CFL cost more upfront but use less energy and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs. Since they offer significant cost savings in the long run, they can be ideal for your new green home.11. Water Conserving Fixtures: Low flow faucets, toilets, showerheads are few of the ways that you can use while building a green home to conserve water. They can cut down on your water bills cost and make your home much more environment friendly. Apart from that, consider buying washing machines and dishwashers that give you same kind of cleaning and can save water and energy.12. Programmable Thermostat: We all know that almost 50% of our energy consumption goes towards heating and cooling of our home. The simplest way to cut down this cost and reduce electricity bill is to install programmable thermostat. Your HVAC system will work when the thermostat reaches the designated temperature. Also, a slight 3-5 % of your energy bill can be saved if you can set your thermostat 1 degree down in the winter and up by 1 degree in the summer.13. HVAC System: Buy a high efficiency, Energy Star rated HVAC system based on the design and construction of your house that will help you save energy and money. A HVAC system needs to be properly installed so that it could perform up to its full potential. Make sure ducts are short, straight and air tight. The ducts need to be professionally tested with the goal of under 10% leakage.14. Efficient Landscaping: Shady landscaping can protect your home from direct sunlight during the summer and allows more sunlight to reach your home through windows during the winter. Planting trees on southern and western side of your home can keep your home cooler as they will block sunlight from falling directly on your home and during the winter, when trees lose their leaves, they will allow more sunlight to reach your home.15. Harness Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is known as energy from the earth. Geothermal energy requires more upfront investment but provides unlimited energy to heat and cool your home. During the winter season, geothermal heat pump uses the earth loop to extract heat from deep underground to your homes HVAC system; in the summer season, heat is extracted from the air and moved back into the earth through loop system.According to Gregory Dick, the concept of sustainable buildingincorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a building.Building and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons of raw materials each year or 40 percent of total global use (Roodman and Lenssen, 1995). Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. In addition, integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials.What is a green building product or material?Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product (Spiegel and Meadows, 1999). Depending upon project-specific goals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria listed below.As stated by Gopal Mishra of The Constructor; today many people that are building or remodeling their houses choose to use eco-friendly building materials. An eco-friendly building material is one that increases the efficiency of energy used and reduces impact on human well-being and the environment. It is a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment. There are many different materials that can be used that are eco-friendly; from foundation, to insulation, to interior and exterior wall finishes, flooring, and countertop materials. From Peter Nguyens perspective, buildings are vital facilities that provide many amenities and assets to a thriving community. However, buildings, especially commercial buildings, are the largest consumers of energy and greenhouse gas emitters in the world. This is a problem because the work culture and practices exercised within the workplaces of these buildings are unsustainable with regards to protecting the environment. Residential and recreational buildings also contribute to the environmental impact; however, the core issue here is not the buildings themselves, but rather how the community itself can become more involved working with an integrated green building to establish sustainable practices. An integration of a green building can work symbiotically within established communities, which can be used sustainably to preserve community cultural values, but also provide assets that can spark a change in peoples actions. There needs to be a shift in the global perspective of becoming more sustainable not only within the community at home, but also at work via integrating a green work culture to also strengthen that community. Integrating green buildings and sustainability programs into communities can be initiated through shifting the current overall attitudes and behaviors towards thinking more environmentally friendly. There must be a gradual work towards changing individual behaviors towards a sustainable mindset. It becomes more effective at changing societys mindset as a whole through the individuals rather than a more broad approach to changing the publics opinion. If a change in attitude can be achieved from each individual, or even from just a community that is motivated to take sustainable actions, then it becomes easier to integrate green buildings into a working community that will use the buildings sustainable purposes correctly. There needs to be a huge movement in society to not only shift their thinking and daily actions towards becoming sustainable, but also to take into consideration that becoming more sustainable will also promote community strengthening and social services. The Involve organization (2010) explored three different approaches in influencing and shifting public behavior. Their 3 approaches were Nudge, Think, and Shove. Nudge is a more relaxed approach to sustainable behavior that focuses on non-conscious thinking that doesnt force people to become sustainable, but rather highly recommends it. Nudge varies from rewarding people for recycling to encouraging a neighborhood to reduce their energy consumption and waste discharge. Think is more engaged and is more effective at building support and motivation to participate in sustainable changes. Think is a good complementary tool to Nudge in that it uses institutions, such as schools, to help students become more educated and engaged about climate change and how they can reduce the impacts through sustainable actions. Shove provides infrastructure that is driven by compulsion and penalties and is usually affiliated with the government as being the facilitator. Shove involves legislative acts such as the Climate Change Act or the Carbon Reduction Commitment, which encourages people to reduce their emissions and energy uses because they would be penalized if they disobeyed those rules. Involve wants organizations and institutions to use these 3 approaches in a way that reinvigorates public dialogue, which creates a space where collective action and legislation can work together to promote sustainable values and attitudes.There are many good reasons why we should use eco-friendly construction methods and materials. It can improve the health of our planet, and the health of our own lives. It also supports local business and helps strengthen the local economy, which in turn helps to build our communities into vibrant, prosperous and desirable places to live.According to Jennifer Gray in her article, Eco Friendly Construction Methods and Materials; Green building is not only a wise choice for our future; it is also a necessary choice. The construction industry must adopt eco-friendly practices and materials that reduce its impacts, before we reach a point of irreversible damage to our life supporting systems. The industry needs to take its own initiative and find alternative ways to build, using green, renewable energy resources, and adopt non-polluting practices and materials that reduce, recycle and reuse, before it is too late.

B. FOREIGN RELATED STUDYConstruction as most of the industry branches is constantly facing new challenges as consumers expectations and legal obligations are becoming more and more demanding. Nowadays, buildings are expected to be consistent with the sustainable development rules, which mean that they have to excel in the three essential areas: social performance, economic performance and environmental performance. The first two issues have existed in the construction industry for a long time ago. Construction experts are familiar with them and they have at least basic knowledge how to assess potential solutions in their context, whether using calculations or intuition, and how to act to achieve the desired results. Environmental performance however is definitely less understood. This environment sustainability is based on protecting green fields and creating sustainable sites. Furthermore, increase the efficiency of water and energy consumption besides using local materials, and implement recycling programs. Projects that achieved high rates using sustainable rating system are environmentally friendly.Green, or Going Green, is a term that is becoming very common today and be defined differently depending on the aspect. Green can be used to reference how products are made or what make up a product. Green can be said to be interchangeable with sustainability in that by reducing the demand on natural resources society will be assured a place in the global future. Community recycling programs can be considered green. An industrial facility can go green by recycling waste or not generating any altogetherGreen building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation A green building is one that is designed to reduce or eliminate the impact on human health and the natural environment. This is accomplished by incorporating materials and operational elements that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout the life cycle of the building. How Green, a building can become depends upon the number of the incorporated elements that are used and their associated impact to the human health and the environment.Understanding Green Building and SustainabilityThe terms green and sustainable are often used interchangeably but there are fundamental differences between them. In a clear understanding of these differences lies the key to understanding the broad range of theories, agendas, programs, regulations, technologies, and techniques that are confusingly put together under the mantle of sustainable building.In its most general sense, green building is a label for the process of design and construction which aims to produce buildings that are less damaging to the environmentand the people that use themthan most buildings currently built today. These buildings must be measurably less damaging in significant ways of course, and unfortunately there are many examples of green buildings that purport to be less damaging without supporting measurements, or that otherwise claim to be have integrated environmental concerns without addressing the most significant issues.Sustainable building, however, refers more precisely to the goal of designing and constructing buildings that have no net impact on the environment, such that a total built environment composed of similar buildings could co-exist with the worlds ecological balance indefinitely.Green building, then, focuses on incremental steps to solve known and measurable problems with our current practice, whereas sustainable building seeks models for an unidentified future state of society. Each term describes a distinct approach. Most of the environmentally responsible construction practiced today falls into the first category we have few if any examples of sustainable buildings according to the above definition.There are two important details that explain confusion about the fundamental difference between green and sustainable. The first is that environmental action as a whole is made up of many varied and sometimes competing objectives, which are pursued by different people or groups, according to different timeframes, and under different conceptions of the environmental problem itself. The second is that the environmental problem addressed by green or sustainable design is really an amalgam of issues, each affecting our society on different levels from the global to the personal, each therefore considered more or less important by different people, and each one more or less well understood in its internal complexities and external interactions.Common misconceptions about the purpose of sustainable building efforts in the residential building industry and marketplace can be attributed to this lack of clarity about objectives. Understanding these competing objectives and concerns is a therefore necessary part of understanding how to do green and sustainable design. A framework to help unwind these issues is discussed in the following section.

C. LOCAL RELATED LITERATUREAmong all regions in the world, it is most critical for Asia to shift to green growth. Asia is probably the fastest growing region in the world. Being the fastest growing region also probably means considerable increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is one of the biggest environmental challenges in world history. The shift to a low-carbon economy will change how industries operate, the products people use and their lifestyles. Business and consumers can benefit from significant savings and resource efficiency measures that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make climate safer for all and more conducive to growth. All over the world, business communities are realizing that to achieve global competitiveness, they have to embrace the green agenda and reduce their impact to the environment. Green growth is an economic strategy that focuses on ecologically sustainable economic progress to foster low carbon activities. A major part of green growth is a low carbon economy that refers to an economy with reduced or minimum emission of greenhouse gases. This requires a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and more efficient production processes that will entail less energy per unit of output. Green industries are among the fastest-growing in the global economy. The top ten in the list are advanced biofuels, retrofitting of buildings, geothermal energy, green chemistry, green manufacturing, smart grid, solar energy, sustainable agriculture, sustainable green retailing and wind energy. Making the shift towards green growth presents opportunities for investment, growth, savings and a healthy and sustainable future. Perspectives, mind sets and attitudes must be transformed for the country to make the shift to a resource-efficient and low-carbon economy.In line with the rapid depletion of valuable resources vis--vis the emerging trends in building construction, many corporations worldwide are now becoming more environmentally aware and responsible putting in vital consideration the overall impact of their building to people and to the environment. Thus, the rise of green building is proliferating.Green buildings are smartly-designed, cost-effective structures that maximize natural sources to reduce wasteful consumption. It is characterized mainly by efficient use of energy, water, and other resources; indoor quality condition; reinforcement of natural systems; use of eco-friendly materials and construction methods; and reduction of degradation to nature.History of Green BuildingsThe concept of green building began as early as the late nineteenth century. With the higher fuel consumption and cost due to the creation of glass-enclosed buildings and invention of modern conveniences such as air conditioning, a group of concerned individuals were encouraged by the growing environmental movement. However, it was the oil embargo in 1973 that provided a catalyst for paradigm shift. People began questioning their heavy reliance on cheap and readily available fossil fuels for construction. The potential of green building was further explored and later on became globally recognized as a sustainable way of addressing the dilemma of climate change.Different sectors banded together to form a group that will provide the much-needed groundwork for the green movement. The United States Green Building Council was created to promote buildings that offer more ecological incentives. Likewise, they are focused on developing ideas for greener construction and sharing best practices. They developed a methodical and standard way of identifying factors for a green building on a point-based system. The metrics help classify how sustainable a particular building is. This is where the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification comes in.Why Build Green?Buildings have a huge and crucial impact on humans, the environment, and the economy. The raw materials and natural resources it uses as well as the greenhouse gas emissions during the construction and operation stage highly affects people and nature. Designing and making a sustainable building will help alleviate the negative repercussions that come with using the limited resources available. Indeed, the economic and environmental performance of buildings can be maximized well through the successful adoption of green building strategies.Initially, the price of creating a green building is more expensive than other regular buildings. Nonetheless, the risk and cost of not going green is even higher in the long run. The first risk is that of becoming obsolete. As more and buildings become LEED-certified, how can a traditional, non-environment friendly one compete? Expect a decrease in occupancy rents and rates because companies will prefer to move in a place where they will be able to save more and to have employees that will perform better. Another risk is violation of regulations. Once this movement becomes the new norm, there will be mandates that will adhere to green construction. Pollution is also a risk that will be the downfall of any previously established buildings. Failure to upgrade into a greener structure makes these buildings continue to become one of the biggest contributors to environmental pollution.There are many long-term benefits that come with green buildings. These can be classified in three categories: environmental, economical, and social advantages. For the environment, it is about enhancing the protection of the ecosystems, reducing toxic wastes, and conserving and restoring natural resources. Meanwhile, the economic benefits are extremely favorable especially to building owners. These include lower operating costs, increase in return of investment through higher occupancy by attracting and retaining quality tenants, increased employee productivity, and further sales improvement. Lastly, social benefits include heightened aesthetic appeal and market value as well as improved overall quality of life.Green Building in the PhilippinesAlthough the concept of building sustainable structures in the Philippines is still in the early stages of establishing its grounds, it is now gaining momentum where the demand for green architecture is growing very fast. Many multinational companies require that their offices be resource-efficient and offer a productive environment. As such, more local business owners are investing to build high performance structures or to enhance the efficiency of their existing buildings.Green Eco-friendly Buildings Becoming a Trend in the PhilippinesDue to the adverse effects of deforestation, building contractors and real estate developers are now embracing environment friendly construction techniques. Majority of the building contractors and developers here in the Philippines seem to be more environmentally aware, paying attention to the total effect of their buildings to the environment. Currently, there is an exceptional trend and a huge demand for constructing green and eco-friendly buildings in the Philippines and other parts of the world.What Makes a Building Eco-Friendly?The construction of green building gives important consideration to the design, cost, and the use of natural sources. The design must be simple but smart, and the cost of eco-friendly materials must be kept at a minimum. It should maximize the use of natural sources by efficiently keeping waste at a minimum or no waste at all. The construction method should also be efficient by giving emphasis to the use of energy, water, and other natural sustainable materials.Sustainable building construction materials are easily recycled, reused, or replaceable without a big effect on the environment. These sustainable building materials are low-toxic or non-toxic at all with minimal chemical emissions, and are included into the entire woodland product line for any kind of building or residential construction.In order to qualify for green building design, construction, and operation, the companys project should be validated by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). LEED is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, and homes. LEED is internationally recognized as a third party certification program that validates whether a particular structure meet its qualifications. There are particular standards that are set to measure different ecological qualities of buildings according to its purposes.Green building uses one third less energy than conventional buildings. It espouses the reduction of operational costs by increasing productivity and using less energy, water and other resources, improvement of public and occupant health due to improved indoor air quality, and decrease of waste, pollution and environmental decay - Representative Juan Pablo Bondoc of PampangaAmid the presence of five LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design)-certified buildings in the Philippines and 58 more projects currently registered for LEED certification, more building tenants have been encouraging their landlords to retrofit their buildings to be environmentally sustainable. Some multinational tenants have required landlords to retrofit their buildings for the latter to be able to secure the contract to lease.Increased demandMitchell added that there has been a business demand for more green buildings, and from the viewpoint of corporate social responsibility, a moral imperative to build environmentally sustainable structures. Fortune 500 companies, multinational corporations, and even local firms now consider green initiatives as prerequisites in their day-to-day maintenance and operations, said Rick Santos, CBRE Philippines chair and CEO. Through our global networks and resources, we have been strengthening the drive toward sustainable development which, as pointed out in several studies, could also benefit not only developers and the environment but also end-userstenants, employees and residentsin the long run.A local rating, a counterpart of the LEED certification, has already been established by the Philippine Green Building Council. Called Berde, the certification means Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence.Another local rating has been formulated by the Philippine Green Building Initiative. This ratings body is composed of professional organizations such as United Architects of the Philippines, Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Philippine Institute of Interior Designers, Geological Society of the Philippines, Heritage Conservation Society, International Council of Monuments & Sites, the Philippine Society of Ventilating Air-conditioning & Refrigerating Engineers.Rating systemLEED, meanwhile, is a widely used international green rating system developed by the US Green Building Council. The five LEED certified buildings are the Asian Development Bank, Nuvali One Evotech, Shell Shared Services Office, and Texas Instruments in Baguio and Clark.Among the 58 projects currently registered for LEED certification are The Zuellig Building in Makati; BTTC Centre in Greenhills (both precertified Gold under the Core & Shell Program); Megaworld 8 Campus Building in Bonifacio Global City (which is pursuing Silver Certification under the Core & Shell Program); and Wells Fargo Headquarters in Bonifacio Global City, which is seeking Gold Certification under the Commercial Interiors Program.Country RegisteredIndia 1,283*China 589South Korea 126Hong Kong 55Taiwan 45Malaysia 42Singapore 42Philippines 38Japan 36Thailand 31Sri Lanka 23Vietnam 18Bangladesh 16Pakistan 9Indonesia 7Nepal 6Cambodia 2Macau 2Bhutan 1Total 2,371CBRE Global Sustainability Team chart showing LEED-certified projects in various countries. To date, the Philippines has 43 LEED certified projects and 58 under registration. The figures only cover projects under the LEED rating system.Topping the city with the most number of green buildings constructed is Taguig City, Metro Manila. The city remains faithful to its advocacy to create green, sustainable, and eco-friendly building and healthy environment. The Mind Museum and Sun Life Financial Headquarters are two buildings in Taguig which recently got a Gold LEED-certification. Indeed this is a living testimony to their advocacy to help build a greener and environment-friendly community.Some Green Buildings located at Metro Manila1. Asian Development Bank Heat reduction from tree shading of open car parks Management of storm water To improve air quality system, air is purged from and replaced at the ADB headquarter three times a week. ADBs green cleaning program uses environment-friendly cleaning products2. ARYA Residences The tower receives lesser heat, and utilize technology that provides the residents the opportunity to reduce their reliance on valuable resources As much as 40 percent savings in potable water usage At least 14 percent savings in electricity usage3. Zuellig Building in Makati City It is set to enjoy 15 percent energy savings or a minimum of 4.3 million kilowatt hours saved per year. 0 percent use of CFC refrigerant 75 percent of Zuelligs space has good daylight characteristics4. SunLife Financial Building in Global City Lower energy costs: Low emissivity glass allows daylight to come in while blocking outside noise and heat. The green roof has a rain harvesting system that captures rainwater for non-potable usage.

Sustainable ConstructionAs urbanization increases, the demand for housing and infrastructures also grows. However, buildings account for important CO2 emissions and consume huge amounts of energy across a lifecycle that spans production, construction, operation and demolition. The challenge is to continue to build but to do so in a different way.What is Sustainable Construction?In practice, Sustainable Construction means: reducing the negative impact of building sites (noise, dust, repetitive tasks), integrating renewable energy sources at the design stage, using recyclable materials in construction to preserve natural resources, improving the thermal inertia of buildings to reduce heating and air-conditioning costs and CO2 emissions, controlling the aging of structures, recycling materials and structures after demolition, Designing low-cost housing to improve living conditions for low-income populations.

The Challenges of Sustainable ConstructionSustainable construction addresses two major global challenges: the significant environmental impact of the construction industry, balanced against the industry's economic and social benefits. Sustainable construction addresses both challenges by limiting the environmental and human impact of construction while guaranteeing the highest quality in aesthetics, strength and durability. It considers the complete life cycle of a building, from the selection of materials to demolition and recycling.Building architects, engineers and designers are becoming more zealous in discovering sustainable materials and techniques in constructing green and eco-friendly buildings that encourages healthy living. By standing firm to their advocacy of building environment friendly structures, these architects and engineers are committed to provide the green environment everyone deserves. Green building has now become a trend and the future of building construction in the Philippines.

D. LOCAL RELATED STUDYAs years progress, the issue of increasing greenhouse gas emissions has been the centre of attention among environmentalists all over the world. One of the largest contributors of greenhouse gasses released in the atmosphere is the residential sector. Studies conducted by the World Resources Institute (WRI) suggested that 9.9% of the worlds greenhouse gasses were attributed to the residential sector (World Resources Institute, 2005). There are many chemical compounds identified in the Earths atmosphere acting as greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. As the sun strikes the Earths surface, some of it is reflected back towards space through infrared radiation, or in simple terms heat. The not so beneficial acts of these greenhouse gases then take place as this infrared radiation is absorbed by them, trapping the heat in the atmosphere. This process is the fundamental cause of the so-called greenhouse effect where in general terms is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and is re-radiated in all directions. Most of the greenhouse gas emissions released by the residential sector mainly comes from power consumption. A study on American homes by the United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA) mentioned that the residential sector accounts for 1.2 billion metric tons of energy-related carbon dioxide, 71% of which is produced at power plants providing homes electricity. It was also estimated that residential sector emissions have grown steadily at an average annual rate of about 1.0% since 1990 (USEIA, 2012). To mitigate the ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly those attributed to the residential sector, the field of engineering contributed what we call green technologies that are integrated to residential structures. Green technologies in other terminologies may also be called as environmental technologies or clean technologies (OECD, 2011). With sustainable development as its core, these technologies may encompass the aspects of energy conservation, materials recycling, renewable energy production, sewage treatment, solid waste management, air and water purification, environmental remediation, etc. that in turn aim to conserve the natural environment and curb the negative impacts of human involvement. Green technologies are devices that are integrated either within or outside the residential structure. Some devices require installment during the construction phase while others may take the role of add-ons or those that can be installed even if the structure was built already. Green technologies are also not limited to devices but also planning and strategies to sustainably build the structure. With the integration of these green technologies, the residential structure itself and the household residing in them may already contribute to the lessening of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the residential sector. It is also possible to simultaneously integrate different green technologies to a structure, though studies must be performed regarding their compatibility to one another. With green technologies/strategies comes also the use of green building rating systems. Green building rating systems are tools constructed in order to measure and evaluate the environmental performance of a building, whether it may be a residential, commercial or industrial structure. They are constructed to provide building owners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. The rating systems cover a broad range of environmental considerations mainly covering the three stages of a buildings life, namely the construction phase, maintenance and operation phase, and the abandonment/demolition phase. Most common green building rating systems that served as foundations of different national green building systems around the world are LEED and BREEAM green building rating systems (USGBC, 2006). LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design which is created by the U.S. Green Building Council and adapted in the United States while BREEAM stands for British Research Establishment Energy Assessment Matrix which is adapted to the United Kingdom. In the Philippines, three green building rating systems were adapted and commonly used. These are the Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) rating system, LEED rating system which acts as a third-party rating system and the Quezon City Green Building Rating System (QCGBRS). BERDE is constructed under the Philippine Green Building Council (PhilGBC) having the BREEAM and LEED influence (Mabasa, 2011). The Quezon City Green Building Rating System is constructed under the Quezon City government to suit the citys personal environmental concerns. As of the moment, there are five LEED Certified buildings in the Philippines and these are the Asian Development Bank, Nuvali One Evotech, Shell Shared Services Office, and Texas Instruments in both Baguio and Clark (Malaya, 2012).The green building has been introduced but the features were not thoroughly familiarized by the people. Reinforced concrete as building material was introduced to Japan around 1905. The first all RC building was a warehouse in Kobe, designed by Naoji Shiraishi, a professor of civil engineering of the University of Tokyo and a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers of the Great Britain, and constructed in 1906. The RC construction became popular in the subsequent years, for it was generally accepted as fire-proof and earthquake-proof construction in contrast to combustible wooden construction or earthquake-crumbling brick construction. The traditional RC construction, on the other hand, was limited to buildings whose height did not exceed 20 m. This limitation was not explicitly prescribed in the building code, but was enforced by means of the administrative guidance. Any building taller than, say, seven stories had to be constructed by steel structure or SRC structure. This administrative guidance was carried over to post-war period. In 1950, five years after the end of the World War II, the new Building Standard Law was enforced to replace the old Urban Building Law, but the situation for RC construction was basically unchanged. (Aoyama, 2001, pp1-2)Since buildings are considered to be part of the environment, it contributes to ones well-being. With this, green buildings provide a better place for the community. Green buildings have affected communities by the creation of green collar jobs and by the generation of employment in green construction and trades. Its occupants also gain benefits from all economic and social levels through lower operating costs and reduced living costs. Basically, the concept of social sustainability provides a healthy lifestyle for green building occupants. In contrast to this, the construction can contribute to the health and lifestyle of the surrounding community in terms of increasing air pollution and vehicular traffic, and even in terms of decreasing open spaced areas. But, these things can be avoided through applying the implication of sustainably designed building projects. Sustainable designs are highly efficient. It incorporates natural indoor areas and natural building features such as landscaped roofs and mini gardens. It provides natural day lighting and views. It uses natural means for heating, cooling and ventilation. (Montoya, 2011) Researches were done to further understand the methods of construction and the implications of green buildings to the environment. According to Florida (year), U.S General Services Administration has a goal to achieve Washington based U.S Green Building Councils IEED Silver for all new buildings. They came up with researches providing data on evaluating 12 federal buildings. The evaluations included the measured energy performance of each building which illustrated the better performance of the buildings up to 40 percent than the average. The buildings have the complexity concerning water savings, and the buildings were said to be performing a better rate in their baselines. Furthermore, all of these 12 GSA buildings were rated higher than the national average for U.S. commercial buildings in terms of overall building and workplace quality. Amado P. De Jesus Jr., founding chair of Green Architecture Movement, explained how green buildings can help in reducing bills. In green buildings, there are less electricity bills and water bills which capture the attention of potential tenants and customers. De Jesus also mentioned that accreditations are voluntary although everybody should consider the benefits that come along with the green building. One example is that, in most buildings, air conditioners contribute 60% to the electricity bills, but when green principles are applied, this may be reduced to 10%, or even zero percent. (Salazar, 2011) On the other hand, Kerr (2008) mentioned a few of the environmental contribution that green buildings provide. He said that green buildings help in protecting the environment. In one aspect, these buildings reduce the carbon emissions. This is the work of the eco-friendly materials present. Because of these materials, there is a decrease in using natural resources. Also, the effects of the green buildings to humans are seen.

CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHThe Descriptive Method basically aims to describe what is present. This method will aid the proponents to gain a better understanding with the researchers project. The method involves research methodology used, the respondents of the study, method of selection, the instrument used and its validation, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment applied for accurate data analysis and interpretation.

RESEARCH DESIGNThe researchers chose a particular research design that best fit the study. Parahoo (1997) defines a research design as a plan that describes how, when and where data are to be collected and analyzed. Polit et al (2001) define a research design as the researchers overall for answering the research question or testing the research hypothesis.A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. As Travers (1978) said, it is to describe the nature of situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena. Furthermore, as Sevilla (2003) concluded, it is designed for the investigator to gather information about presenting existing conditions.The researchers chose a descriptive research methodology and designed a questionnaire survey instrument to assess the perceptions of selected residents from around the metropolis regarding the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila.The questionnaire comprised of 20 statements which provided more information in determining the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila. The respondents were given four options to state their opinion about these statements; strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree.

SETTING OF THE STUDYThe setting of this study covers the residents of Metro Manila, specifically the randomly selected 157 people that we had encountered during our sampling period.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDYThe target population consisted of 157 residents of Metro Manila. There was sampling used. This target population was quite large. According Easton and McColl, It is the basic technique where we select a group of subject for study from a larger group. Each individual is chosen randomly by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the survey.To choose the residents, simple random sampling was used. Table I shows the sampling distribution of the respondents of the study showing the number of participation from each cities.

Table IDistribution of Respondents by CityCitiesNumber of Respondents

Caloocan City9

Las Pias City9

Mandaluyong City9

Manila10

Makati City9

Malabon City9

Marikina City9

Muntinlupa City10

Navotas City9

Paraaque9

Pasay City9

Pasig10

Pateros9

Quezon City9

San Juan City9

Taguig City10

Valenzuela City9

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTThe researchers gathered information from books and other sources in order to gain more knowledge and insights about the study. The gathered information was put together in the form of questionnaire.The researchers used the survey method in the data gathering procedure to obtain the pertinent information from the randomly selected residents of Metro Manila, and this obtained information allowed the researchers to further examine the performance of green buildings in Metro Manila, and to arrive at specific conclusion. To make improvements, the survey questions were tried out first on a group of people not included in the research.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDUREThe collection of data involved a survey which was administered to a selected population. The term survey is commonly applied to a research methodology designed to collect data from a specific population, or a sample from that population, and typically utilizes a questionnaire or an interview as the survey instrument (Robson, 1993). The survey was comprised of questions which were related to the participants perception of green buildings in Metro Manila. Likert scale was used to determine if the respondents agreed or disagreed in a statement.For the distribution of the questionnaires, the researchers arranged appointments to the residents of Metro Manila. The researchers guided them without influencing their answers while answering the questionnaires. the researchers gave the respondents the option of being anonymous. Participants were given the time they need to answer all questions. After it was answered, questionnaires were retrieved. There were no incentives offered for participating in the research. Next, the researchers examined the certain answers and jot down a score where it should be counted. Data in every variable was tallied individually and merged for the summary. Now, the data are ready for analysis and treatment.

STATISTICAL TREATMENTIndividual responses were tallied before they were put into graph for the statistical treatment. To know the total amount of the respondents needed for the survey, the researchers used the formula for getting the sample size needed respondents.

Where:n = sample sizeN = population sizee = desired margin of error

BIBLIOGRAPHYArticles 1. Adamus, Lukasz. Elsevier Ltd Environmentally friendly construction products selection based on building model data 20242. Aguilar Albino, Diola Nathaniel and Orozco Christian. Environmental performance assessment of residential green technologies using Philippine green building rating systems3. Aurellado, Eliseo The Greening of the Project Management Cycle in the Construction Industry4. Diaz, Jess Green govt buildings pushed The Philippine Star. October 4, 20145. Gray, Jennifer Eco Friendly Construction Methods and Materials 20 July 20156. Nguyen, Peter Green Buildings January 31, 20137. Ramos, Rochelle Marie and Villegas, Airish A need of Green Buildings in the Philippines 20128. Schneider, Jennifer; etal. Element Analysis of the Green Building Process 20089. Salazar, Tessa R. Intl pressure mounts for more green buildings in PH10. Vinyangkoon, Amaravadee. Commercial green building: the value added gap perspective11. Wael Ahmed Shaaban Abo Neama. Elsevier Ltd Protect our Environment through Developing Architectural Design towards Sustainability by Applying its Principles into Design Tools 2012

Internet1. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/top-15-green-home-building-techniques-and-ideas.php2. http://theconstructor.org/building/buildings/eco-friendly-buildingmaterials/720/3. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/materials/4. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/bareports/ba0801towardssustainability-green-building-sustainability-objectives-and-buildingamerica-whole-housesystems-research5. http://realestatenetwork.ph/eco-friendly-buildings/6. http://www.emb.gov.ph/news/200909/GI_Brochure_as_of_0903_widpics%5B1%5D-no_co%5B1%5D._names%5B1%5D.pdf7. http://www.housinginteractive.com/global-realtor-blog/green-building-realestate/8. http://www.lafarge.com.ph/wps/portal/ph/6_3_4-Sustainable_Construction

38