Greatest Threats to Survival

• Nuclear War

• Uncontrollable Virus/Disease

• Inability to Sustain a Healthy

Environment

• Integrity of Society’s Institutions

Leadership Falsehoods• Leadership is Common Sense• Determinism:

– Leaders are Born– Leaders are Charismatic– Leadership Cannot Be Learned

• Mechanization– Leadership is Skill-Based– Leadership takes Training

• Authoritarianism/Materialism– Leadership Requires Possessions

• Position or Wealth

Leadership Theories: History• 20’s control & centralization

• 30’s: away from control toward group influence

• 40’s: more group theory

• 50’s: Behaviorist theory was added

• 60’s: Behavior that influences people toward shared goals

• 70’s: Transactional view of leadership, behaviorist

• 80’s: Recast as “great person” theory

Some Definitions: Leadership is…• Driving change and growth (a popular belief)• An influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend

real changes that reflect their mutual purposes (Rost)• Deliberately causing people-driven actions, in a planned fashion, for

the purpose of accomplishing the leader’s agenda (Crosby)• About making sense together of the unknown (Weick)• About making meaning in a community of practice (Droth & Palus)• The illusory social construct that we use to describe the process of

accomplishment experienced through emergence (Woolf)• The process of maximizing the capability of people to fulfill purpose

through the development of character (Jacobs)• Committed to vision, reality, ethics and courage (Koestenbaum)• To help people to face reality and to mobilize them to make change

(Heifetz)• Inventing a new reality and creating new possibilities (Senge)• Contributing to progress by attending to that which limits and stifles

the realization of potential (a new thought)

“Three Skills for Today’s Leaders”• Learn to Be Comfortable with Ambiguity

– rapidly changing markets– uncertain future

• Learn to Be Comfortable with Complexity– organizations are non-linear networks– holism vs reductionism

• Learn to Be Comfortable with Groups of People– authority not concentrated– organization is a social system

Source: Harvard Management Update, Nov ‘99 Vol. 4, No. 11

Some Qualities of Martin Luther King

• Adapt Message• Learn from Experience• Inclusionary in Vision• Inspiring• Utilized Principles Common to All• Fair• Risk Taker (Challenged “What

Is”)• Always in Search of Knowledge

Some Qualities of Eleanor Roosevelt• Resourceful• Risk Taker (Challenged “What

Is”)• Confident• Adaptable• Determined• Willing to Learn• Humble• Consistent• Sincere & Sensitive

Some Qualities of Alfred P. Sloan• Creative & Innovative• Risk Taker (Challenged “What Is”)• Inspirational• Learned from Others & Led by

Example• “In Touch”• Help Others to Better Themselves• (Mutual) Respect• Inclusive• Non-confrontational, Appropriate use

of Power

Yukl’s Leadership Behaviors

•Task - Oriented

•Relations - Oriented

•Transformation - Oriented

Task - Oriented

• Organize Work for Efficiency

• Plan

• Clarify Role Expectations

• Facilitate Collection &

Dissemination of Information

• Resolve Immediate Work

Disrupting Problems

Relations - Oriented

• Listen Attentively to People

• Provide Support & Encouragement

• Socialize to Build Relationships

• Recognize Accomplishment & Contributions

• Coach & Mentor

• Consult w/ & Keep People Informed About Decisions that Affect Them

Transformation - Oriented

• Model Behavior that is Desired

• Encourage Different Perspectives

• Encourage & Facilitate Learning

• Foresee the Possibilities

• Take Risks, Experiement

• Develop a Critical Mass for

Change