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Greater Manchester and Cheshire HPB Unit

Guidelines for the Assessment &

Management of Hepatobiliary and

Pancreatic Disease

Chapter 8

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Contents

8. Perihilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma _________________________________________ 93

8.1. BSG Guidelines for cholangiocarcinoma screening in primary sclerosing cholangitis _________________ 94

8.2. Diagnosis and staging algorithm for cholangiocarcinoma ______________________________________ 94

8.3. The De Oliveira-Clavien (B,T,F,PV,HA,V,D,N,M) Classification System _____________________________ 95

8.4. Criteria for unresectability _______________________________________________________________ 96

8.5. Treatment algorithm for resectable disease _________________________________________________ 97

8.6. Treatment algorithm for unresectable disease _______________________________________________ 98

8.7. TNM classification and histopathology reporting proforma – Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma ___________ 99

8.8. TNM Classification and histopathology reporting proforma – Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ______ 102

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8. Perihilar and intrahepatic

cholangiocarcinoma

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8.1. BSG Guidelines for cholangiocarcinoma screening in primary sclerosing cholangitis

8.2. Diagnosis and staging algorithm for cholangiocarcinoma

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8.3. The De Oliveira-Clavien (B,T,F,PV,HA,V,D,N,M) Classification System

Bile duct (B) (Based on the Bismuth classification)

B1 Common bile duct B2 Hepatic duct confluence B3 R Right hepatic duct B3 L Left hepatic duct B4 Right and left hepatic duct Tumour size (T)

T1 <1 cm T2 1-3 cm T3 >3 cm Tumour form (F)

Sclerosing Sclerosing (or periductal) Mass Mass-forming (or nodular) Mixed Sclerosing and mass-forming Polypoid Polypoid (or intraductal) Involvement (>180 degrees) of the portal vein (PV)

PV0 No portal involvement PV1 Main portal vein PV2 Portal vein bifurcation PV3 R Right portal vein PV3 L Left portal vein PV4 Right and left portal veins Involvement (>180 degrees) of the hepatic artery (HA)

HA0 No arterial involvement HA1 Proper hepatic artery HA2 Hepatic artery bifurcation HA3 R Right hepatic artery HA3 L Left hepatic artery HA4 Right and left hepatic artery Future liver remnant volume (V)

V0 No information on the volume needed (liver resection not foreseen) V% Indicate segments. Percentage of the total volume of a putative FLR Underlying liver disease (D)

Fibrosis Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Lymph nodes (N)

N0 No lymph node involvement N1 Hilar and/or hepatic artery lymph node involvement N2 Periaortic lymph node involvement Metastases (M)

M0 No distant metastasis M1 Distant metastasis (including liver and peritoneal metastases) *‘‘R’’ indicates right, and ‘‘L’’ indicates left.

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8.4. Criteria for unresectability

Medically unfit patient

Distant metastatic disease

Non-satellite hepatic metastases

Lymph node metastases beyond portal vein, hepatic artery, coeliac axis and peripancreatic

distribution

Distant metastases in other organ/sites

Extensive local involvement

Bilateral (or contralateral) involvement of

Portal vein (some rarely resectable)

Hepatic artery

Secondary biliary radicals

Inadequate future liver remnant

< 30% FLR in patient with normal (non-atrophied) hepatic parenchyma

< 2 contiguous segments with adequate portal venous and hepatic arterial inflow, adequate hepatic

venous drainage, and adequate biliary

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8.5. Treatment algorithm for resectable disease

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8.6. Treatment algorithm for unresectable disease

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8.7. TNM classification and histopathology reporting proforma – Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

TNM classification

T – Primary

pT0 No evidence of primary tumour

pTis Carcinoma in situ

pT1 Tumour confined to the bile duct, with extension up to the muscle layer or fibrous tissue

pT2a Tumour invades beyond the wall of the bile duct to surrounding adipose tissue

pT2b tumour invades adjacent hepatic parenchyma

pT3 Tumour invades unilateral branches of the portal vein or hepatic artery

PT4 Tumour invades main portal vein or its branches bilaterally; or the common hepatic artery; or the

biliary radicals bilaterally; or unilateral second-order biliary radicals with contralateral portal vein or

hepatic artery involvement

N – Regional lymph nodes – all tumour sites

pNx Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

pN0 No regional lymph node metastases. Histological examination of a regional lymphadenectomy

specimen will ordinarily include three or more lymph nodes for HCC, ICC and gall bladder cancer, and 15

lymph nodes for perihilar CC. If the lymph nodes are negative, but the number ordinarily examined is not

met, classify as pN0

pN1 Regional lymph node metastasis

M – Distant metastasis

pM1 Distant metastasis. This includes metastasis to non-regional lymph nodes, including: periaortic,

pericaval, superior mesenteric artery and/or coeliac artery lymph nodes (The only pM code that can be

assigned by the pathologist is pM1 – it is not possible to ascertain the absence of distant metastases).

Stage grouping for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Stage 0 Tis N0 M0

Stage IA T1 N0 M0

Stage II T2a or T2b N0 M0

Stage IIIA T3 N0 M0

Stage IIIB T1, T2 or T3 N1 M0

Stage IVA T4 Any N M0

Stage IVB Any T Any N M1

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Reporting proforma for liver resection: perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Surname: ............................................ Forenames: .................................. Date of birth: .................................

Sex: .................................................... CHI/NHS no: .................................. Hospital: .......................................

Hospital no: ......................................... Date of receipt: .............................. Date of reporting: .........................

Report no: ........................................... Pathologist: ................................... Surgeon: .......................................

Gross description

Type of specimen: Segmental resection List segments (if known): …………………

Non-anatomic (wedge) resection Site/segment of origin: ………………

Length of attached extrahepatic bile duct …………….mm

Specimen weight………………………g

For segmental resections, specimen dimensions:

antero-posterior ……mm, medio-lateral ……mm, supero-inferior……mm

Ducts involved: Right main duct Left main duct Confluence of ducts Common hepatic duct

Direct invasion of liver

Maximum tumour size ………………..mm

Distance from nearest hepatic resection margin ………………..mm

Distance from bile duct resection margin ……………….mm

Hepatic metastases present Yes No

Liver capsule intact and smooth Yes No

Invasion of adherent or adjacent organ Yes No If yes, which organ ………………..........…..

Lymph node(s) received Yes No

Portal vein or first left or right branch included? Yes No

Histology

Tumour type: Periductal infiltrating Intraductal papillary Cystic component

Tumour grade/differentiation (adenocarcinoma): Well Moderate Poor

Other histological type (specify)………….

Tumour cells present at hepatic margin Yes No

Tumour cells present at main duct resection margin Yes No n/a

Tumour cells present at circumferential/peritoneal margin Yes No n/a

If margin is clear: is clearance >10 mm: Yes No

If no, minimum distance to margin ………………mm

Main portal vein/hepatic artery invasion of wall Yes No

Which vessel? ......................................

Microscopic vascular invasion identified: Yes No

Perineural invasion identified: Yes No

Background liver disease: None Primary sclerosing cholangitis Other …………………

Number of regional lymph nodes examined: ………….. Number with metastases: ………….

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Comments/additional information

Pathological staging for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: pT…….. pN……….

pTis Carcinoma in situ pN0 No lymph node metastases

pT1 Tumour confined to bile duct pN1 Lymph node metastases

pT2a Tumour invades beyond wall into fibroadipose tissue (Record non-regional lymph node metastases as pM1)

pT2b Tumour invades hepatic parenchyma

pT3 Tumour invades unilateral branches of portal vein/hepatic artery

pT4 Bilateral main vessel/duct involvement

Signature of pathologist ………………......................... Date …./…./…….. SNOMED codes pT ..… M …...

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8.8. TNM Classification and histopathology reporting proforma – Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

TNM classification

T - Primary

pT0 No evidence of primary tumour

pTis Carcinoma in situ (intraductal tumour)

pT1 Solitary tumour without vascular invasion

pT2a Solitary tumour with vascular invasion

pT2b Multiple tumours, with or without vascular invasion

pT3 Tumour perforating the visceral peritoneum or involving the local extra hepatic structures by direct

invasion

pT4 Tumour with periductal invasion (periductal growth pattern)

N – Regional lymph nodes – all tumour sites

pNx Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

pN0 No regional lymph node metastases. Histological examination of a regional lymphadenectomy

specimen will ordinarily include three or more lymph nodes for HCC, ICC and gall bladder cancer, and 15

lymph nodes for perihilar CC. If the lymph nodes are negative, but the number ordinarily examined is not

met, classify as pN0

pN1 Regional lymph node metastasis.

M – Distant metastasis

pM1 Distant metastasis. This includes metastasis to non-regional lymph nodes, including: periaortic,

pericaval, superior mesenteric artery and/or coeliac artery lymph nodes (The only pM code that can be

assigned by the pathologist is pM1 – it is not possible to ascertain the absence of distant metastases).

Stage grouping – for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Stage I T1 N0 M0

Stage II T2 N0 M0

Stage III T3 N0 M0

Stage IVA T4 N0 M0 or Any T N1 M0

Stage IV Any T Any N M1

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Histopathology reporting proforma for liver resection: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Surname: ............................................ Forenames: .................................. Date of birth: .................................

Sex: .................................................... CHI/NHS no: .................................. Hospital: .......................................

Hospital no: ......................................... Date of receipt: .............................. Date of reporting: .........................

Report no: ........................................... Pathologist: ................................... Surgeon: .......................................

Gross description

Type of specimen: Segmental resection List segments (if known): …………………

Non-anatomic (wedge) resection Site/segment of origin: ……………… Hepatectomy (at transplant)

Specimen weight………………………g

For segmental resections, specimen dimensions:

antero-posterior ……mm, medio-lateral ……mm, supero-inferior……mm

Number of tumours present. ……… List maximum tumour diameters: ………………mm

Satellite tumour(s) present: Yes No

Distance from nearest hepatic resection margin: ……..mm

Macroscopic involvement of vessels Yes No If yes, diameter of vessel involved ……mm

Specify which vessel is involved: main left portal vein/main right portal vein/hepatic vein

Liver capsule intact and smooth Yes No

Invasion of adherent or adjacent organ Yes No If yes, which organ ……………….............…..

Lymph node(s) received Yes No Histology

Tumour type: Mass-forming Periductal infiltrating Intraductal papillary

Other histological type (specify)………..........................………

Tumour grade/differentiation: Well Moderate Poor

Tumour cells present at margin Yes No

If margin is clear: is clearance >10 mm: Yes No

If no, minimum distance to margin ………………mm

Macroscopic vascular invasion confirmed: Yes No

Microscopic vascular invasion identified Yes No

Perineural invasion identified: Yes No

Background liver

Fibrosis None present Aetiology

If present: Not bridging Hepatitis B

Bridging Hepatitis C

Bridging with nodules Autoimmune hepatitis

Complete cirrhosis Haemochromatosis

Alcohol

NAFLD

Not known

Other...............................................

Number of lymph nodes examined: ………….. Number with metastases: ………….

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Comments/additional information

Pathological staging pT…….. pN……….

pTis Carcinoma in situ

pT1 Solitary without vascular invasion pN0 No lymph node metastases

pT2a Solitary with vascular invasion pN1 Lymph node metastases

pT2b Multiple, with or without vascular invasion

pT3 Invades adjacent organs/perforates peritoneum

pT4 Tumour with periductal invasion

Signature of pathologist ………………......................... Date …./…./…….. SNOMED codes pT ..… M …...