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Great Depression Collective Bargaining Deficit Spending F. D. Roosevelt (538) Fascism Totalitarian State Politburo Collectivization Benito Mussolini (541) Joseph Stalin (543) Reichstag Concentration Camp Adolf Hitler (548) Heinrich Himmler (551)Dawes Plan
Which person would you vote for to run your country?
a. Person that doesn’t drink or smoke, deeply religious, wounded in combat, promises great things
b. Person that smokes heavily, overweight, curses in public, promises great things, never served in the military
c. Person that smokes heavily, promises great things, never served in the military, constantly deceives the country, crippled
The West Between the WarsThe Search for Stability
Chapter 17 Section 1
Treaties ending WWI created new boundaries and states
Many border disputes in nations Germans upset with the Treaty
of Versailles The League of Nations was not
successful in maintaining peace U.S. did not join the league
because many Americans didn’t want to be involved in European affairs
The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
Reports on German Inflation
As soon as I received my salary I rushed out to buy what I needed. My daily salary was just enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese .... A friend of mine, a vicar, came to Berlin to buy some shoes with his month's wages for his baby. By the time he arrived, he only had enough to buy a cup of coffee.
A German woman writing about the effects of hyperinflation
Reports on German Inflation
Two women were carrying a laundry basket filled to the brim with banknotes. Seeing a crowd standing round a shop window, they put down the basket, for a moment to see if there was anything they could buy. When they turned round a few moments later, they found the money there untouched. But the basket was gone. (The memories of a German writer)
Reports on German Inflation
Countless children, even the youngest, never get a drop of milk and come to school without a warm breakfast ... The children frequently come to school without a shirt or warm clothing or they are prevented from attending school by a lack of proper clothing. Deprivation gradually stifles any sense of cleanliness and morality and leaves room only for thoughts of the struggle against the hunger and cold. (Report by the Mayor of Berlin, 1923)
Germany’s Problems April 1921, the Allied Reparations
Commission determined that Germany owed 132 German billion marks (33 billion U.S. $) for reparations; in installments of 2.5 billion a year
Germany made first payment in 1921 Afterwards said it can’t afford it; France
sends troops to Ruhr Valley (German mining center) to collect money from these sources
German workers strike; government pays salaries by printing more money, adds to inflation
German mark becomes worthless-1914 – 4.2 marks = $1 U.S.-1923 – 130 billion marks = $1 U.S.- end of 1923 4.2 trillion marks = $1 U.S.-people carried their salaries in
wheelbarrowsGerman kids playing with bank notes
Plans for Peace International Commission called
The Dawes Plan – reduced reparations and coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay; gave Germany a $200 million loan
More American investment in Europe
Short period of European prosperity from 1924 to 1929
1925 Treaty of Locarno – guaranteed Germany’s borders with France and Belgium – seen as a time of real peace
Germany joins the League of Nations 1926
Kellogg-Briand pact written by U.S. secretary of state and French foreign minister – pledged to “renounce war as an instrument of nation policy”
Logic behind Dawes Plan)
The Great Depression Depression--period of low economic
activity and rising unemployment Overproduction of wheat International financial crisis European prosperity built on U.S. bank
loans; Germany needed U.S. loans U.S. withdraws more money from
Germany because of Depression in U.S. Germany’s problems are getting worse 1/6 of Britain unemployed 40% of Germany’s labor force
unemployed Governments try to make more
protective tariffs to exclude foreign goods
More government activity in the economy in the U.S. and Europe
Marx’s predictions that capitalism would destroy itself through overproduction seem true
People start to follow leaders who have simple solutions in return for dictator power German homeless person due to
Depression; many Germans starved to death
Democratic States after the War - Germany
Women can’t vote in France until 1944, Italy 1945, Switzerland 1971
Germany became a democratic state called the Weimar Republic-no good leaders-President Hindenburg was a military man who didn’t like some of the ideas of a democratic republic-economic crisis-widows, teachers, others on fixed incomes saw their monthly incomes and life savings become worthless-Depression leads to rise of extremist parties Germany 1919-1937)
Democratic States after the War - France
France becomes the most powerful country on the European continent
Had financial problems after the war; also Depression hits in 1932
1936 coalition of communists, socialists, and radicals form the government and start the French New Deal – started collective bargaining – gave workers the right to negotiate 40 hour work week, two week paid vacation and minimum wage
This coalition does not work and by 1938 French people had no confidence in their political system
Democratic States after the War – Great Britain
Britain lost industrial markets to the U.S. and Japan
Industries like coal, steel and textiles decline after the war
1921, 2 million Britons unemployed Some prosperity from 1925-1929 1929 Britain feels effects of Depression Labour Party – largest political party in Britain
cannot solve problems Conservative party back in power in 1931 starts
protective tariffs, balanced budgets
A New Idea from a British Economist
John Maynard Keynes published the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936) – Keyes said that unemployment did not come from overproduction but from a decline in demand and demand can be increased by putting people back to work building highways and public buildings and the government should fund this through deficit spending or going into debt to pay for it.
Democratic States after the War – The United States
1932 U.S. industrial production had fallen by almost 50%
More than 12 million unemployed Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected
president 1932 Thought capitalism must be reformed;
started the New Deal New Deal included Works Progress
Administration (WPA)-put 3 million to work building bridges, roads, post offices, and airports
Social Security Act created-gave old-age pensions and unemployment insurance
Did not solve problems of the Depression
1938 unemployment still over 10 million WWII will bring U.S. industry back and
people back to full employment
Picture of Dust Bowl U.S.)
Dust Storm South Dakota
Dust Storm Oklahoma
Dust Storm Colorado
Moving to California
Family moving during Depression
Moving West during the Great Depression
Wife and Children of a sharecropper
Alabama School during Depression
Family during Depression
Employment Agency 1935
CCC working – Civilian Conservation Corps
CCC planting
Shack during Depression
Soup Kitchen NYC
U.S. Depression Farm Foreclosures
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
The Rise of Dictators Democracy in Europe was
short 1939 – France and Great
Britain only major European countries who are democratic
Totalitarian states formed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union and other states; more central power
Totalitarian states wanted the total loyalty and obedience of their subjects
They were led by a single leader and a single party and rejected individual freedoms British Parliament
Fascism in Italy Fascism--glorifies the state over
the individual and a strong government led by a dictator
Italy had economic problems after WWI
Strikes, inflation etc. People feared communism (it
was already in Russia) Benito Mussolini formed groups
of Fascists called squadristi or Blackshirts
They attacked socialist offices Broke up strikes with violence Middle class and upper class
who fear the poor support Mussolini
Mussolini demanded more land for Italy and used nationalism and patriotism to get support
Fascism in Italy 1922 Mussolini threatens to march on
Rome if he is not given power King Victor Emmanuel III was forced to
make Mussolini Prime Minister People’s rights taken, no one could
criticize police or Mussolini and could be arrested for any reason
1926 Mussolini outlaws other political parties and creates a secret police called OVRA
He rules as Il Duce – “The Leader” He censored newspapers, radio, film Used propaganda to mole Italians into a
single-minded Fascist community Most propaganda said stuff like
“Mussolini Is Always Right” Fascists started “youth groups” wanted
to make people fit, disciplined, and war-loving
Women were to be homemakers Mussolini said, “their natural and
fundamental mission in life” was to be mothers
Blackshirts
The Catholic Church
1929 Mussolini recognized the independence of Vatican city (church had claimed this area since 1870); in return the Pope recognized the Italian state
Mussolini said Catholicism is the “sole religion of the state”
Hitler admired Mussolini
Vatican
Soviet Union Peasants began to sabotage
communism by hoarding food; huge drought and famine in USSR between 1920-1922
5 million died Industry collapsed 1921-Industry output only 20% of
its 1913 level 1921 Lenin starts New Economic
Policy (NEP) Peasants allowed to sell products Small businesses allowed to be
privately owned Large industry, banking, and
mines run by government 1922 Lenin and Communists
formally create the state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR
Agriculture gets better The NEP saved the USSR from
economic disaster
Stalin (center)
Rise of Stalin - USSR
Lenin died in 1924 Law making body of
communist body – Politburo began fighting for power
Leon Trotsky wanted to end the NEP, industrialize and spread communism
Joseph Stalin is also an official and seizes power; he eliminates the Politburo and creates a true dictatorship
Trotsky was expelled from the party and was went to Mexico; was eventually killed (probably ordered by Stalin) Lenin’s mausoleum
Five-Year Plans – Stalin - USSR Stalin started the First Five-Year Plan,
which set up goals for the next five years-wanted to produce heavy machines and machinery, and double oil production
Real wages declined, families lived in horrible conditions; laws limited where workers could move; the government stressed sacrifice
Collectivization of agriculture – private farms were eliminated; government owned land, peasants worked it
By 1934 Stalin had taken 26 million family farms
Peasants tried to hoard food and even killed livestock
10 million peasants died of famine in 1932-1933
People who resisted Stalin were sent to labor camps in Siberia
5 year plan poster
Stalin’s Great Purge of the 1930s
Old Bolsheviks were put on trial and sentenced to death
He arrested 8 million people for various reasons and sent them to Siberian labor camps – they were never heard from again
Many were executed Women could get divorces;
encouraged women to work; men who didn’t support their children were heavily fined
Bolsheviks with Lenin in the middle
The Purge of Stalin How many died? In the original version of his book The Great Terror, Robert Conquest gave the following
estimates of those arrested, executed, and incarcerated during the height of the Purge: Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 million
Executed - about 1 millionDied in camps - about 2 millionIn prison, late 1938 - about 1 millionIn camps, late 1938 - about 8 million
Conquest concluded that "not more than 10 percent of those then in camp survived." Updating his figures in the late 1980s based on recently-released archival sources, he increased the number of "arrests" to 8 million, but reduced the number in camps to "7 million, or even a little less." This would give a total death toll for the main Purge period of just under ten million people. About 98 percent of the dead (Gendercide Watch's calculation) were male.
The estimates are "only approximations," Conquest notes, and "anything like complete accuracy on the casualty figures is probably unattainable." But "it now seems that further examination of the data will not go far from the estimates we now have except, perhaps, to show them to be understated"; and "in any case, the sheer magnitudes of the Stalin holocaust are now beyond doubt."
Eastern Europe - Authoritarian
Didn’t know much about democracy
Landowners feared peasants
Peasants uneducated Feared communism Only Czechoslovakia,
which had a large middle class and strong industry maintained a democracy
Spain Democracy fails in Spain General Francisco Franco
revolted against the democratic government in 1936
Bloody Civil War began – Germany and Italy helped Franco
Franco established dictatorship in 1939
It favors landowners, businesspeople, and Catholic clergy
He didn’t try to control all aspects of people’s lives
He was authoritarian, not totalitarian
(right: Franco and a propaganda poster during the Spanish Civil War for the republic and against fascism)
Hitler and Nazi GermanyChapter 17 Section 3
Hitler and his Views Adolf Hitler was born in Austria (1989) Failed in school, went to Vienna to become
an artist, was rejected by art school He was a racist, nationalist, understood
propaganda, and how governments could use terror
He served in WWI for 4 years Remained in Germany after war, entered
politics Joined the German Workers’ Party (right
wing and nationalist) 1921 Hitler has control of party and it had
been renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi Party; had a militia known as the Storm Troops or Brownshirts
Staged an uprising against the German government, it was crushed, Hitler sent to prison
He wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail which spoke of extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism; says superior nations can expand, and leaders can have authoritarian leadership over the masses
(Hitler: baby, left, top right)
Nazism
Hitler realizes Nazis must become a mass political party and compete for votes
He expands party to all of Germany; it becomes largest party in the Reichstag (German parliament)
Depression made extremist parties attractive
Hitler promised a new Germany; talked of national pride, honor, and traditional militarism
Victory of Nazism Parliament is not important, government not
working Many look to Hitler for leadership Elite thought Hitler could save Germany
from communism 1933 Hindenburg, under pressure allows
Hitler to become chancellor and create new government
In two months, Hitler has complete control Reichstag passed Enabling Act-says
government can ignore the constitution for four years
Hitler becomes dictator appointed by the parliament
Nazis bring civil service under their control; no more Jews in government positions
People who opposed regime were sent to concentration camps
Unions were dissolved All other political parties were outlawed Summer of 1933 – Germany is a totalitarian
state 1934 Hindenburg dies, presidency is
abolished Hitler is sole ruler of Germany Government officials and soldiers had to
take an oath of loyalty to Hitler, “the Fuhrer” or leader
The Nazi State (1933-1939) Hitler wanted an Aryan racial state
to dominate Europe and maybe the world
They thought Germans were descendants of Aryans and would make a new empire like the Romans
Nazis believed there had already been two empires or Reichs – The Holy Roman Empire and the Germany Empire of 1871-1918 and Hitler would create a Third Reich, the empire of Nazi Germany
Terror was used to get people to conform
The Terror of the Nazi State Hitler was absolute ruler The SS (Schutzstaffeln “Guard
Squadrons”) maintained order under Heinrich Himmler
SS was the secret police and regular police
SS had two principles: terror and ideology
They used repression, murder, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps
Himmler’s goal was to further the Aryan master race
Economic Policies
Hitler created arms program and gave grants to private firms to put people back to work and end Depression
Unemployment dropped from 6 million in 1932 to less than 500k in 1937
Hitler took credit for this, and this helped him get more support from people
Hitler with SS
Organizations and Women under Nazism Rallies held in Nuremberg to gain
enthusiasm Catholic and Protestant Churches and
primary and secondary schools were brought under the control of the Nazis
Professional organizations and youth organizations were taught Nazi beliefs
Women were crucial as bearers of children of the Aryan race
Nazis believed men were to be warriors and political leaders
Women were meant to be wives and mothers
Women were encouraged to work in social work and nursing
Propaganda said: “Get a hold of pots and pans and broom, and you’ll sooner find a groom”
Rally at Nuremberg
Anti-Semitic Policies Sept 1935 new racial policies were
announced at a rally in Nuremberg called the Nuremberg laws- Excluded Jews from citizenship- Forbade marriage between Jews and German citizens- Required to wear Stars of David and carry ID cards saying they are Jewish
Nov. 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht – Night of the Shattered Glass – Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed Jewish businesses; at least 100 Jews were killed; 30k Jewish males were sent to concentration camps
Jews were banned from public transportation/buildings, schools, hospitals-- Prohibited from owning, managing or working in retail stores-- Forced to clean up the damage from Kristallnacht-- Encouraged to leave Germany
Temple after Kristallnacht
Jews lined up to concentration camp from Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
