Graphics and Mutimedia Unit 3

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IT6501- GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA

III YEAR / V SEMESTER

UNIT III

PREPARED BY,

Mr.M.KARTHIKEYAN, M.E., AP / IT

VERIFIED BY

HOD PRINCIPAL CEO/CORRESPONDENT

SENGUNTHAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,TIRUCHENGODE 6!" #05.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT III

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MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS DESIGN

Multimedia basics

Multimedia applications

Multimedia system architecture

Evolving technologies for multimedia

Defining objects for multimedia systems

Multimedia data interface standards

Multimedia databases.

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LIST OF IMPORTANT $UESTIONS

UNIT III

MULTIMEDI !"!TEM DE!I#N

PART - A$. Define abstract images.%Nov&Dec '($)*'. +o, does holography differ from hologram -%May &un '($'*). /ring out the difference bet,een the +DT0 and U+DT0.%May &un '($'*1. !tate the applications of multimedia systems %Nov&Dec '($$* %May &un '($'* %May&un

'($)*2. !tate any t,o advantages of multimedia. %May &un '($'*3. 4hat do you mean by Multimedia- %May&une5'((6* May&une5'($$*%May&un '($)*6. List the components of multimedia. %May&une5'((6* 7r

List any four hard,are re8uirements of Multimedia. %May&une5'((6*9. 4hat is hypermedia document- %Nov&Dec '($(*:. 4hat are the elements of multimedia-

$(.Define +olography-$$. 4hat is hologram-$'.!tate the important processes in image processing-$).Name the comple; image enhancement capabilities-$1.4hat is D0I-$2.4hat is +yperte;t-

PART - B

$. Describe the objects of multimedia systems.%$(* %Nov&Dec '($(* or +o, Multimedia objectsare classified- %pr &May '($$*Discuss the basic data type and object used in multimedia

systems %9* -%May &un '($'* Describe various building bloc


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NOTES

UNIT III

MULTIMEDI !"!TEM DE!I#N

PART A

1. D%&'(% )*+r) ')%+.N2/D% #01!3

bstract images are really not images that ever e;isted as real 5,orld objects or

representations. =ather they are computer 5generated images based on some arithmetic

calculations. e.g. fractals.

#. H4 %+ 7r)89 '&&%r &r 7r) :M)9 /;

U+DT0> or U+D* includes 1? U+D %'$3(p* and 9? U+D %1)'(p*> ,hich are t,o digitalvideoformats proposed by N+? !cience @ Technology =esearch Laboratoriesand defined

and approved by the International Telecommunication Union %ITU*.

+igh5definition television %+DT0* provides a resolutionthat is substantially higher than that

of standard5definition television.

+DT0 may be transmitted in various formatsA

$(9(pA $:'(B$(9(pA '>(6)>3(( pi;els %C'.(6 megapi;els* per frame

$(9(iA$:'(B$(9(iA $>()3>9(( pi;els %C$.(1 M* per fieldor '>(6)>3(( pi;els %C'.(6 M*per frame

=. S)% % )887')'(+ &


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5. S)% )(9 4 )2)()%+ & graphics and video. Fommunication

research has sho,n that the combination of communication modes%aural and visual*

offers greater understanding and retention of information.

o #ood for Gcomputer5phobicsGA Those ,ho are intimidated by computer ) 9< %)( *9 M 0ideo =ecorder> udio

Microphone> ?eyboards> mice> graphics tablets> )D input

devices> tactile sensors> 0= devices. Digitising +ard,are

Sr)% D%2'%+

H+ard dis FD5=7Ms> D0D5=7M> etc

C

Internet> Multimedia or other special high speed net,or


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D'+87)9 D%2'%+

H FD58uality spea +DT0>!0#> +i5=es

monitors> Folour printers etc.

. >) '+ 98%r%') video etc. hypermedia document contains a te;t and any other sub

objects such as images> sound> full5motion video etc. r3

set of documents in ,hich a given document can contain te;t> graphics video and audio

clips as ,ell as embedded references to other documents ,orld ,ide ,eb pages are

hypermedia documents.

. >) )r% % %7%%(+ & #raphics> nimations> udio and 0ideo.

E.g. acsimile> Document images> hotographic images> #eographical information system

maps> 0oice commands and voice synthesis> udio messages> 0ideo messages> ull5motion

stored and live video> +olographic images> ractals.

10.D%&'(% H7r)89:

It is defined as the techni8ue that allo,s the light scattered from an object to be recordedand later reconstructed so that ,hen an imaging system %a camera or an eye* is placed in

the reconstructed beam> an image of the object ,ill be seen even ,hen the object is no

longer present. The image changes as the position and orientation of the vie,ing system

changes in e;actly the same ,ay as if the object ,ere still present> thus ma) '+ 7r): hologram ,as a projected three5dimensional representation of a person or object> normally

used in communication or entertainment.

The photographic recoding of the image is called a hologram> ,hich appears to be an

unrecogniable pattern of stripes and ,horls but ,hich ,hen illuminate by coherent light as

by a laser beam> organies the light in to )D representation of the original object.

1#.S)% % '8r)( 8r%++%+ '( ')% 8r%++'(:

J Image recognition

J image enhancement

J image synthesis

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J image reconstruction.

1!.N)% % 87% ')% %()(%%( )8)*'7''%+:

J Image calibration

J =eal5time alignment

J #ray5scale normaliation

J =#/ hue

J intensity adjustment

J Folor separation

J rame averaging.

1=.>) '+ DVI:

The Digital 0ideo Interface %D0I* standard ,as defined to provide a processor independent

specification for a video interface that could accommodate most compression algorithms for fast

multimedia displays.

15.>) '+ H98%r%:

The lin a hypermedia documents is the basic comple; object of ,hich te;t is a sub5object.

7ther sub5objects in the basic object include images> sound> and full5motion video.

16.4hat is ppleKs uic< time-The uic developed by pple Fomputer> is designed to support multimedia

applications. ppleKs uic


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1. 4hat is MIDI-

This is the interface standard for file transfer bet,een a computer and a musical

instrument such as a digital piano.

#0.4hat are the sub5systems in D!-

Memory management> hard,are5interrupt handling> Multitas Inter tas Multiple timer services> Device5independent I&7.

#1. 4hat are the types of images based on multimedia-

0isible images> non5visible images> abstract images.

##.4hat does non5visible images refer-

Non5visible images are those that are not stored as images but are displayed as

images e.g. pressure gauges> temperature gauges.

#!. 4hat are abstract images-

bstract images are really not images that ever e;isted as real5,orld objects or

representations. =ather they are computer5generated images based on some

arithmetic calculations. e.g. fractals.

#=.4hat are the important processes in image processing-

Image recognition> image enhancement> image synthesis> and image

reconstruction.

#5.4hat are comple; image enhancement capabilities-

Image calibration> =eal5time alignment> #ray5scale normaliation> =#/ hueintensity adjustment> Folor separation> rame averaging.

#6.#ive some Net,or


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PART-B

1. D%+r'*% % *%+ & te;t has become more the important than

ever. 4eb is +TML %+yper te;t Mar ,ith 7ccasional graphic images thro,n in as

illustrations.

''3 A painting or a photograph ta and can be created and demonstrated in a number

of ,ays.

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23 V'%

Digital video has supplanted analog video as the method of choice for ma


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A &%4 )887')'( )r%)+ & to

entertainment> to commercial art> to journalism> to media and soft,are services provided for

any of the industries listed belo,. n individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum

throughout their career. =e8uest for their s to analytical and to

creative.

C%r')7

Much of the electronic old and ne, media utilied by commercial artists is multimedia.

E;citing presentations are used to grab and

business to business> and interoffice communications are often developed by creative

services firms for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide sho,s to sell

ideas or liven5up training. Fommercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for

governmental services and nonprofit services applications as ,ell.

E(%r)'(%( )( F'(% Ar+

In addition> multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry> especially to

develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime

and are soft,are programs available either as FD5=7Ms or online. !ome video games also

use multimedia features.Multimedia applications that allo, users to actively participate

instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive

Multimedia.

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!oft,are engineers may use multimedia in Fomputer !imulations for anything from

entertainment to training such as military or industrial training.Multimedia for soft,are

interfaces are often done as collaboration bet,een creative professionals and soft,are

engineers.

I( multimedia is used as a ,ay to help present information to

shareholders> superiors and co,or advertising and selling products all over the ,orld via virtually unlimited ,eb5based

technologies.

M)%)')7 )( S'%('&' R%+%)r

In Mathematical and !cientific =esearch> multimedia is mainly used for modeling and

simulation. or e;ample> a scientist can loo< at a molecular model of a particular substance

and manipulate it to arrive at a ne, substance.=epresentative research can be found in

journals such as the ournal of Multimedia.

M%''(%

In Medicine> doctors can get trained by loo shopping malls> museums> and grocery stores>multimedia

,ill become available at stand5alone terminals or

and they can ,or< around the cloc even in the middle of the night> ,hen live help is offduty.

menu screen from a supermar

and provide guest services such as automated chec provide great added depth> allo,ing visitors to bro,ser though

richly detailed information specific to that display.

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!. E87)'( % )r)%r'+'+ & MDBMS.103 M)9/;


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The D/M! must be capable of handling and managing large amounts of data and

satisfying 8ueries for individual relations among data or attributes of relations.

6. =elational Fonsistency of Data Management

=elations among data of one or different media must stay consistent corresponding to

their specification. The MD/M! manages these relations and can use them for 8ueries

and data output. Therefore> for e;ample> navigation through a document is supported by

managing relations among individual parts of a document.

9. =eal5time Data Transfer

The read and ,rite operations of continuous data must be done in real5time. The data

transfer of continuous data has a higher priority than other database management

actions. +ence> the primitives of a multimedia operating system should be used to support

the real5time transfer of continuous data.

:. Long Transactions

The performance of a transaction in a MD/M! means that transfer of a large amount of data

,ill tar'% +r (%+ (


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O2%r2'%4 & M


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+igh ualityADra,s a raster image or vector graphic at +igh =esolution default This option provides the

highest 8uality but the slo,est performance. Use this option ,hen you ,ant to fine5tune an

image.

T% IMA Ar'%

F D M '((( and fi;ed line.

N%4r@'( +)()r+ll net,or and often presume that the reader has a fair bit of and perhaps other languages as ,ell. Today>

virtually all net,or administered by a standards

organiation or industry group.

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5. E87)'( % %272'( %(7'%+ '(


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s of today most ne, televisions sold in the United states are +DT0 . In fact> It is probably

just a matter of time before ,e all decide to do a,ay ,ith the cumbersome + D and go bac T 0 stations and providers need to phase out

standard definition. /roadcasts in favor of high definition ones> and T0 producers ,ill need

to ma a simple implementation ,ill be e;plained in detail.

The concept of uy Logic> It as a ,ay of processing data by allo,ing partial set

membership rather than crisp set membership or non5membership. This approach to set

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theory ,as not applied to control systems until the 6(Ks due to insufficient small computer

capability prior to that time.

The numerical information input> and yet they are capable of highly adaptive control. If

feedbac< controllers could be programmed to accept noisy> imprecise input> they ,ould be

much more effective and perhaps easier to implement. Unfortunately> United5states.

Manufacturers have not been so 8uic< to embrace this technology ,hile the Europeans and

apanese have been aggressively building real products around it.

In this conte;t> L is a problem solving control system methodology that lends itself to

implementation in systems ranging from simple> small> embedded micro controllers to large>

net,or multi channel F or ,or soft,are> or a combination of both. L provides a simple

,ay to arrive at a definite conclusion based upon vague> ambiguous> imprecise> noisy> or

missing input information. LKs approach to control problems mimics ho, a person ,ould

ma only much faster.

D'')7 S'()7 Pr%++'( DSP* A

Digital signal processors %D ! * are special microprocessors designed for digital signal

processing> usually in real time. D ! s can also be used to perform general purpose

computationsV ho,ever> they are not optimied for this function. Instead> D ! s use an

instruction set architecture I ! that is optimied for rapid signal processing. Important I ! features include deep pipelining to enhance microprocessor performance and the ability to

act as a direct memory access device D M for the host environment. Digital signal

processors also use +arvard architecture ,ith separate program and data memory. In

addition> D ! s use saturation arithmetic so that overflo, operations accumulate at the

ma;imum or minimum

values that the register can hold instead of ,rapping around. 4ith D ! s> the ma;imum

remains the ma;imum. /y contrast> ,ith many general5purpose FUs> the!um of the ma;imum plus one e8uals the minimum.

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D S P F and the results reunited. This approach has the tremendous po,er of

brea a term meaning that certain

mathematical rules apply. ortunately> most of the applications encountered in science and

engineering fall into this category. This chapter presents the foundation of D ! A ,hat it

means for a system to be linear> various ,ays for brea

and ho, superposition provides a variety of signal processing techni8ues.

3. E;plain the various multimedia data interface standards.%3*%Nov&Dec '((6* .%Nov&Dec '($)*

7r resent an outline on various multimedia data interface standards. Fompare and contrast

them. %Nov& Dec '($'* %May&un '($)*

F'7% &r)+ &r

and a multimedia service system and method based on the integrated multimedia file

format structureV and> more particularly> to an integrated multimedia file format

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structure and an integrated multimedia service system and method suitable for

generating and providing integrated contents based on the integrated multimedia

format structure

V'% 8r%++'( +)()r+

0ideo and Image rocessing in Multimedia !ystems treats a number of critical topics

in multimedia systems> ,ith respect to image and video processing techni8ues and their

implementations. These techni8ues includeA

Image and video compression techni8ues standards

Image and video inde;ing and retrieval techni8ues.

0ideo and Image rocessing in Multimedia !ystems is divided into three parts. art

one serves as an introduction to multimedia systems> discussing basic concepts>

multimedia net,or and an overvie, of multimedia applications. It

presents comprehensive coverage of image and video compression techni8ues and

standards> their implementations and applications. /ecause multimedia data specifically

video and images re8uire efficient compression techni8ues in order to be stored and

delivered in real 5time> video and image compression is a crucial element of an effective

multimedia system. In art three attentions are focused on the semantic nature of image

and video source material> and ho, that material may be effectively inde;ed and

retrieved. Topics discussed include static images> full 5 motion video> and the manner

in ,hich compressed representations can facilitate structural analysis

M'r+& AVI

uic capable of handling various formats of digital video> picture> sound> panoramic

images> and interactivity. It is available for Mac 7! classic %!ystem 6 on,ards*>

Mac 7! W and Microsoft 4indo,s operating systems. The latest version is uic is defined by pple Fomputer> refers to both the e;tensions to the Mac

operating system and to the compression & decompression functionality of the

environment. ile formats that uic 40> D05DI> M)> and ME# program stream. 4ith additional uic it can also support !> DivW Media ormat> lash 0ideo>Matros 7gg>

and many others.

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I(%7+ DVI

D0I is an acronym of digital video Interface. D0I standard is to provide a processor

Independent specification for a video interface. That video interface should accommodate

most compression algorithms for fast multimedia displays.

The ,ide range of re8uirements for displays from lo,5resolution te;t only to fast full5

motion video #UI displays> re8uire a range of different solutions> from using the

,or soft,are based F video.

A2)()%+ '& DVI C'8

%i* It can operate soft,are video processing in real time.

%ii* It can share the processing ,ith the host FU

%iii* It can handle additional vector58uantiation5type algorithms in conjunction ,ith

host processing.

D0I silicon chip relies on a programmable video processor. It gives potential to D0I

Fhips to run a range of compression algorithms.

6. E;plain in detail about multimedia data base. List out the various challenges of multimediadatabase.%$3* %May&une '($$* %Nov& Dec '($'*

Multimedia Database !ystems

The multimedia database systems are to be used ,hen it is re8uired to administrate huge

amounts of multimedia data objects of different types of data media %optical storage>

videotapes> audio records> etc.*

so that they can be used %that is> efficiently accessed and searched*for as many applicationsas needed.

J The 7bjects of Multimedia Data areA te;t> images. #raphics> sound recordings> video

recordings> signals> etc.> that are digitalied and stored.

J Multimedia Data are to be compared in the follo,ing ,ayA Medium Elements Fonfiguration

Typical sie Time dependent !ense

The need and efficiency of MM5D/! are to be defined by follo,ing re8uirementsA

/asic serviceA

J To be used for multiple applications

J Not applicable as a real end5user system %li


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or the !torageA

J input of MM objects

J composition %to multimedia objects* %e;ampleA authoring systems*

J rchive of data %in hard,are and format independent ,ay*

or the =etrievalA

J !upport of comple; search

J Efficiency %indices etc.*

J Evaluation %aggregation> filtering*

J revie,

J lso conversions %needed to gain or lead to hard,are and format independence*

or the Update

J 7nly replace or also edit- %the comple;ity depends on*.

M i.e. data types as data structures> including type of data

and operations

'. Fapability to manage very numerous multimedia objects> store them and search for them

). To include a suitable memory management system> to improve performance> high

capacity>cost optimiation

1. Database system featuresA

J ersistency

J Transaction concept

J Multi5user capability

J =ecovery

J d5hoc 8ueriesJ Integrity constrains %,hich leads to consistency*

J !afety

J erformance

2. Information retrieval featuresA

J ttribute5based search

J Fontent5based search

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I(%r'9 C(+r)'(+ &r MM-DB A887')'(+

The follo,ing features are typical for MMD/A

J Uni8ue> rimary5 information retrieval

J !tatic&active

Education & Fommercials& Entertainment %!chool> university> professional training> games>

commercials*

F!E> Teach ,are> Fourse,are> F/T>

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J Dynamic&passive

4riting & ublications& Design%ress> engineering> architecture*

Editors> layout generators> FD5systems

J Dynamic&active

Fontrolling&Monitoring %actories> traffic> ,eather forecast> military*

Transaction management for multimedia systems

A database transaction comprises a unit of work performed within a database

management system or similar system against a database, and treated in a coherent

and reliable way independent of other transactions. Transactions in a database

environment have two main purposes:

1. To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and

keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure, when executionstops completely or partially and many operations upon a database remain

uncompleted, with unclear status.

2. To provide isolation between programs accessing a database concurrently.

ithout isolation the programs outcomes are typically erroneous.

A database transaction, by definition, must be atomic, consistent, isolated and

durable. !atabase practitioners often refer to these properties of database

transactions using the acronym A"#!.

Transactions provide an all or nothing proposition, stating that each work unit

performed in a database must either complete in its entirety or have no effect

whatsoever. $urther, the system must isolate each transaction from other

transactions, results must conform to existing constraints in the database, and

transactions that complete successfully must get written to durable storage.

Documents

Graphics and Mutimedia Unit 3