Student

Book

f

TEXTS

T a n y a G i b b

Grammar gets real

First published in 2008 by

MACMILLAN EDUCATION AUSTRALIA PTY LTD15–19 Claremont St, South Yarra 3141

Visit our website at www.macmillan.com.auAssociated companies and representatives throughout the world.

Copyright © Tanya Gibb/Macmillan Education Australia 2008

Grammar Rules! Book FISBN 978 1 4202 6135 6

Publisher: Sharon Dalgleish

Editor: Laura Davies

Design by: Trish Hayes and Stephen Michael King

Illustrations by: Stephen Michael King

Printed by MPAL

All rights reserved.

Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without

the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

ContentsNote to Teachers and Parents .............................................. 2Scope and Sequence ............................................................ 4Units 1–35 ........................................................................... 6Grammar Rules—a glossary and index ............................ 76Writing Log ..........................................centre pull-out pages

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8Unit

19Commands, verb tense

This recipe is a procedure text. Each step is a command

with an action verb as the theme telling what

to do.

Tip!

Remember the rule on page 21.

Read Cosmonaut Cookies. List the seven action verbs used in theme position.1

Complete each sentence with an action verb from the box.2

stir

chop

mash

mix

whip

the carrots.

the potatoes.

the cream.

the vegetables into the stock.

the flour with the sugar.

Use each action verb in theme position in a sentence.3

boil bake fry steam grill

INGREDIENTS(Makes 70 cookies)250 g butter370 g caster sugar2 teaspoons vanilla essence1 egg250 g plain flour, sifted250 g self-raising flour, sifted120 g desiccated coconut

METHOD1. Cream butter, sugar and vanilla until fluffy.2. Add egg and beat until well mixed.3. Fold in all flour and desiccated coconut.4. Refrigerate for 2–4 hours.5. Place dessert-spoon-sized flat mounds of mixture on a greased

oven tray.6. Bake for 15 minutes at 180 degrees.

Cosmonaut Cookies

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Try it yourself! Make up a crazy recipe with space-age ingredients. You could devise a

Marvellous Martian Stew or a Pungent Pluto Pie. Use action verbs in theme position in each clause. Write the steps in the procedure in logical order.

Underline the noun groups in Cosmonaut Cookies.4

Tip!The form of the verb tells when the events are happening: past, present or future. Recipes are written in present tense.

Pretend that you have just made some cosmonaut cookies. You are recounting the steps you took to a friend. Write the steps in past tense.

5

Tip!

Remember the rule on page 26.

Write the verb forms to show past tense.6

Base form Past tense Past tense with auxiliary

laugh I I have

burn I I have

weep I I have

drive I I have

bring I I have

forget I I have

bake I I have

Number the steps in this recipe in logical order.7

Mash potatoes.

Serve hot.

Add milk and butter to mashed potatoes and stir until smooth.

Place potatoes in a saucepan of water.

Boil potatoes until tender.

Drain water from potatoes.

Commands (imperative mood); action verbs (material processes); theme; noun groups (participants); present tense; past tense suffixes and auxiliaries

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8

Mr Neil Armstrong

Kennedy Ave

Orlando

Florida 12753

USA

Unit

21Evaluative language, commas

This letter is a response text. It uses evaluative language to express the writer’s

point of view.

Dear Mr Armstrong,My grandad watched on television when you walked on the Moon on July 20th 1969. He saw you step out of the lunar module. He still gets so excited talking about it and you have been his hero ever since. He loves Saturn V rockets and he collects space memorabilia like models of the Eagle, jigsaw puzzles of Apollo 11, commemorative coins, pendants, photos and posters. He even has a 1969 commemorative sterling silver spoon and an Apollo 11 Zero Gravity Space Pen. I hope one day that he can visit the Kennedy Space Centre and see the Saturn V rocket with his own eyes. Thank you for your courage in travelling into space and inspiring so many people like my grandad. Yours sincerely, Ben Shipway

Tip!

Remember the rule on page 12.

Read Dear Mr Armstrong. Write six noun groups that contain classifying adjectives.1

Circle the words in Dear Mr Armstrong that express the author’s evaluation of Neil Armstrong.2

Write the words from Dear Mr Armstrong that express the grandad’s evaluation of Mr Armstrong.3

Think of five adjectives the grandad would use to describe Mr Armstrong.Use a thesaurus if you wish.

4

Write Mr Armstrong’s response to the letter from Ben. You could include his point of view of the events of 1969, and how he felt as he read the letter.

5

Dear Ben,

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Try it yourself!

Tip!

No punctuation marks are used in addressing envelopes.Shortened forms are used for proper nouns: St Rd Mr MsAddresses are written in this order: name, street, city or suburb, state, postcode, country

Address the envelope to yourself.6 Draw a line to link the shortened form with its full term.7

Rd doctor Ave litre

km Road Qld Avenue

NW north-west NSW Queensland

Dr kilometre L New South Wales

Rule!

Commas are used to separate items in a list. We bought wire, hooks, sinkers and tape. Commas are used to separate adverbs. He was glowingly, startlingly handsome.Commas are used to separate describing adjectives before a noun, and all adjectives after a noun. The ferocious, hideous space monster. The girl was intelligent, witty, confident and kind.

Add commas where they are needed.8

Gopal bought flour eggs butter jam and cream for scones.

The horse was spectacularly amazingly fast.

Nia is clever funny charming and kind.

Add commas in the correct places.9

My grandpa collects space memorabilia too. He collects coins pendants photos and posters. He

said that the astronauts were brave heroic and intelligent. He said that he would have been too

incredibly sickeningly terrified to do what they did. He can’t help but admire them very much.

Write a letter to someone you admire. Tell the person what it is that you admire about them and why. Use describing and classifying adjectives. Use evaluative language to express your point of view. Make sure you use correct punctuation.

Noun groups, including describing and classifying adjectives (participants); evaluative language; addressing envelopes; commas

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8Unit

27Prepositional

phrases

This is an explanation. It

includes a series of steps linked through

cause and effect.

Read How is the Earth Magnetic? Use a dictionary and write the definitions for the technical terms used.1

magnet:

magnetic field:

iron:

molten iron:

electric current:

rotates:

Tip!

Remember the rule on page 18.

Underline the prepositional phrases used in How is the Earth Magnetic? 2

Underline the prepositional phrases that tell how. Circle the prepositional phrases that tell where.

3

Planet Earth could be said to have a magnet at its centre.

Around the solid core is liquid iron.

Magnetic fields are caused by electric currents.

As the Earth rotates, the electrons move and cause magnetism.

It would be unpleasant to be hit on the head with an iron.

An iron pan flying through the air would cause damage.

Use each prepositional phrase that tells when in a sentence.4

during the flight since the beginning until the flying saucer returns

after the space shuttle lands before the cyclone

How is the Earth Magnetic? The centre of the Earth is a solid core that is mostly made of iron. Around the solid core is a liquid layer of molten iron.

As the Earth rotates, it causes movement in this molten iron layer. This in turn creates electric currents. These currents generate a magnetic field giving planet Earth the properties of a magnet.

Earth’s magnetic field reaches out thousands of kilometres into space. However, the Earth’s magnetism is too weak to cause metal objects to fly through the air as the Earth rotates. Imagine what would happen if Earth’s magnetism were stronger!

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Try it yourself!

Complete each label on the diagram with one of these prepositional phrases. Hint! You’ll find the information in How is the Earth Magnetic?

5

as the Earth rotates for thousands of kilometres at its centre

Planet Earth has a lot of iron .

Electric currents are generated .

The magnetic field extends .

Rewrite each present tense sentence in the past tense.6

The centre of the Earth is solid and mostly made of iron.

Around the solid core is a liquid layer of molten iron.

The electric currents generate a magnetic field.

Earth has the properties of a magnet.

Now read your past tense sentences. Does past tense make sense in this explanation? Why or why not?

Explanations are often accompanied by diagrams or flow charts. Do some research on a topic of your choice. Write an explanation. Draw a diagram or flow chart to illustrate the concepts in your explanation.

Technical terms; prepositional phrases to tell how, where and when (circumstances of manner, place, time); past and present tense

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8Unit

34Connectives,

lexical chains

This discussion uses connectives to link

and compare opinions. It gives the points of view

of experts.

Rule!

Lexical chains are made up of words that link a particular content strand in a text. A lexical chain about aliens could be:Martians aliens frightening space monsters friendly extraterrestrials

Read The Cost of the Space Program. Circle the words that make a lexical chain related to the space program.1

Discussions present a number of points of view on an issue. Summarise the points of view and the conclusion presented in The Cost of the Space Program.

2

Many scientists

Some people

on the other hand, critics of the space program

The average person

Conclusion: Nevertheless, most people

The CosT of The spACe progrAMA space program is enormously costly to any country involved. The cost of the US space shuttle program alone is estimated to reach $175 billion dollars.

Many scientists believe the space program is critically important and will benefit all humankind because of advances in technology. Some people even believe that Australia should get more involved than it has been, or it will miss an opportunity to be at the forefront of scientific research.

On the other hand, critics of the space program argue that its benefits do not justify its costs and that the money could be better spent on things like schools, roads, and medical research. The average person would think that these things are far more important than sending a person to stand on the Moon, or sending a camera to photograph red sand on Mars.

Nevertheless, most people are happy to support a space program as long as money isn’t squandered and they can see tangible advances in science as a result.

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Try it yourself!

Tip!Sometimes texts are presented as fact when they really portray the author’s point of view. This can be subtle or obvious.

Do you think The Cost of the Space Program portrays the author’s point of view? What do you think that point of view might be?

3

Do you think the ideas presented in the discussion The Cost of the Space Program were balanced or biased? Explain your reasoning.

4

If you were an astronaut, what would be your point of view on The Cost of the Space Program?5

If you were a person in a developing country that did not have a space program, what might your point of view be?

6

Tip!

Remember the rule on page 36.

Each sentence contains a connective that compares. Complete each sentence.7

The space program is expensive, nevertheless

Despite the space program being so expensive,

Whereas the space program is very expensive,

In The Cost of the Space Program underline the connectives that compare.8

Have a spoken discussion with family members on a topic that you know will raise different points of view, such as pocket money amounts, bedtimes and so on. Record the discussion. Use connectives to structure your writing.

Connectives: on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, despite, however, yet, though; lexical chains; point of view

Use each connective to compare in a sentence.9

howeveryetthough

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8Unit

35 RevisionWrite five thinking and feeling verbs.1

Write five adjectives to describe your best friend.2

Write an extended noun group to describe your favourite animal.3

Write two colloquial terms, and their definitions, used by your friends.4

Choose words from the box to complete each sentence.5

would have might have could have should have

I wish I had a sleepover.

I helped you clean your room.

My sister allowed me to borrow her jacket.

I finished my essay on time but I left my book at school.

Rewrite each command as a question.6

Go to bed.

Put that away now.

Finish your dinner and then get ready for bed.

Put it on the shelf.

Write fact or opinion after each sentence.7

I love Bowen mangoes.

Computers are highly technical pieces of equipment.

Australia has a Prime Minister.

Pay-for-view TV is better than free-to-air.

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Rewrite each sentence in the present tense.8The comet flew across the sky.

I launched the rocket.

I could see Mars through the telescope.

Patrick wrote a list of instructions.

Write a recount using all the connectives in the box. 9

after finally while during before because

Add to, or change, the end of each noun or verb to make a word for a person associated with it.1O

teach act

photograph law

bakery dictate

library tile

Use each connective in a sentence.11

on the other hand

nevertheless

despite

alternatively

because of

Circle the words that make a lexical chain relating to the Martian.12The Earthling looked the Martian up and down, taking in its purplish skin, six arms and sharp teeth.

Circle the words that are part of the reference chain referring to Albert.13

The scientists called the ape Albert. Albert was just one of many animals used in the space program.

Some people would call this ape a hero.