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7/26/2019 Grammar Guide Ingls 3
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GRAMMAR GUIDE - INGLES 3
CONTENTS
Prepositions of location (B.2) .............................................................................................................. 2
Modals of possibility May & Might (B.3) ......................................................................................... 5
Make vs Do (B.4) ........................................................................................................................... 6
Phrasal Verbs (B.4) ............................................................................................................................ 10
Gerunds (B.5) .................................................................................................................................... 12
Comparisons (C.2) ............................................................................................................................. 13
Relative pronouns & relative clauses (C.4) ....................................................................................... 17
Tag questions (C.4) .......................................................................................................................... 189
Present Perfect / Pretrito Perfecto (C.5) ......................................................................................... 21
The past simple (C.5) ......................................................................................................................... 24
key ................................................................................................................................................... 256
Para mayor ayuda, puedes usar el diccionario Cambridge online:
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/freesearch.html
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Prepositions of location
In general, we use: En general se usa:
atfor a POINT/ Para un lugar especfico. infor an ENCLOSED SPACE/ Para un lugar cerrado. onfor a SURFACE/ Para una superficie.
at in on
POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE
at the corner in the garden on the wall
at the bus stop in London on the ceiling
at the door in France on the door
at the top of the page in a box on the cover
at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor
at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet
at the crossroads in a building on the menu
at the front desk in a car on a page
Look at these examples: Mire los ejemplos:
Mark is waiting for you atthe coffee shop.
The shop is atthe end of the street.
My plane stopped atDubai and Hanoi and arrived inBangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive atthe office?
Do you work inan office?
I have a meeting inNew York.
Do you live inJapan? Jupiter is inthe Solar System.
The author's name is onthe cover of the book.
There are no prices onthis menu.
You are standing onmy foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign onthe wall.
I live onthe 7th floor at21 Oxford Street inLondon.
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Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, inand onin these standard expressions/
Vea el uso de las preposiciones de lugar at, iny onen stas expresiones:
at in on
at home in a car on a bus
at work in a taxi on a train
at school in a helicopter on a plane
at university in a boat on a ship
at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television
at the side in a row on the left, on the right
at reception in Oxford Street on the way
More prepositions!!
Position Posicin
about sobre, acerca de
above por encima de, ms arriba de
against contra
amid(st) entre, en medio de
among(st) entre (ms de 2 cosas o personas)
(a)round alrededor
at en
before antes de
behind detrs de
below debajo de
beneath bajo, debajo de
beside al lado de
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between entre (2 cosas o personas)
in en, dentro de
in front of delante de, frente a
inside (UK)
inside of (US)
dentro de
near cerca de
next to al lado de, junto a
off de, separado de
on encima
opposite enfrente de
underneath debajo de (en la parte inferior)
upon sobre (preposicin de uso "formal")
Exercises
Put the preposition that best suits the sentence / Escoja la preposicin que mejor se
ajuste a la oracin.
1.- I read about the pop festival .a magazine.
2.- My parents' flat is ................. the twenty-first floor.
3.- Melanie was holding a small bird .............. her hands.
4.- I'll meet you.................. the airport.
5.- Natasha now lives .............32 Johnson Avenue.
6.- I was standing..................the counter in the baker's shop, waiting to be served.
7.- London is ..............the Thames.
8.- There weren't many books ..................the shelves.
9.- The passengers had to stand ................. a queue.
10.- The woman sitting next to me left the train ..............Chesterfield.
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Modals of possibility May & Might
May and might indicate present or future possibility / Mayy mightindican una
posibilidaden presente o futuro.
Examples
He might arrive soon.He may arrive soon.
Subject + modal + basic verb + ... He might arrive soon./Sujeto + verbo modal + verbosimple + . l podra llegar luego.
May I? or May we? are used for polite requests, in the same way as Can I? or Can we? /May I? or May we? Se usan como peticiones formales, de la misma manera que Can I o
Can we?
ExamplesMay I go to the bathroom?
Exercises
Rewrite these sentences using mayor might. Where two answers are possible, write themboth / Reescriba estas oraciones usando mayo might. Si cree que dos respuestas son
correctas, indquelo .
1.- Maybe there's some tea in the pot.
2.- Would you mind if I asked you how old you are?
3.- Visitors are not allowed to stay in the hospital after ten p.m. ..
4.- Do you think I could have one of these sandwiches? ..
5.- I think the car is in the station car park.
6.- Is it all right if I use your phone? .
7.- Guests are allowed to wear casual dress. .
8.- Maybe she'll move to London. ..
9.- There's a possibility that the show will be cancelled.
10.- Maybe she'll be elected. ..
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Make vs Do
When do you use Do? / Cundo usamos Do?
Dois used as follows / Dose usa de la siguiente manera:
1. Dois used when talking about work, jobs or tasks/ Usamos Docuando nos referimos a
trabajo, empleos o tareas.
Have you doneyour homework?
I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doingthe housework now.
I wouldn't like to dothat job.
2. Dois used when we refer to activities in general without being specific. In these cases,
we normally use words like thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc. / Dose
usa cuando nos referimos a actividades en general, sin ser especficos. En estos casos,
generalmente usamos palabras como thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc.
Hurry up! I've got things to do!
Don't just stand theredosomething!
Is there anything I can doto help you?
3. We sometimes use Doto replace a verb when the meaning is clear or obvious. This ismore common in informal spoken English / Algunas veces usamos Dopara reemplazar al
verbo cuando el significado est claro. Es ms comn en ingls hablado e informal.
Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb)
Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed)
I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)
Remember Docan also be as an auxiliary verb (for making questions in the present tense -
Do you like chocolate?) Here we will be talking about Doas a normal verb / Recuerde que
Dotambin puede cumplir la funcin de verbo auxiliar (para hacer preguntas en el tiempopresenteDo you like chocolate?) Aqu estaremos hablando de Docomo un verbo, no
como auxiliar .
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When do you use MAKE? / Cundo usamos make?
Make is for producing, constructing, creating or buildingsomething new / Makees para
producir, construir o crear algo nuevo.
It is also used to indicate the origin of a product or the materials that are used to make
something / Tambin se usa para indicar el origen de un producto o los materiales que se
usan para hacer algo.
His wedding ring is made of gold.
The house was made of adobe.
Wine is made from grapes.
The watches were made in Switzerland
We also use makefor producing an action or reaction /Tambin se usa makecuando se
produce una accin o una reaccin.
Onions make your eyes water.
You make me happy.
Its not my fault. My brother made me do it!
We use makeafter certain nouns about plans and decisions/ Se usa makedespus de
ciertos sustantivos acerca de planes y decisiones:
make arrangements
make a choice
We use makewith nouns about speaking and certain sounds/ Usamos makecon
sustantivos relacionado con el hablar o producir sonidos.
make a comment
make a noise
make a speech
We use makewith Food, Drink and Meals/ Seusa makecon alimentos, bebestibles y
comidas.
make a cake
make a cup of tea
make dinner
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Here is a list of some common expressions with doand make. The best way to learn them
is through practice / Aqu hay una lista de las expresiones ms comunes con doy make. La
mejor forma de aprenderlas es practicarlas o usarlas en contexto.
Do Make
a test a call
a favor a cake
a project a choice
an exam a bed
an assignment a complaint
badly a comment
business a decision
exercise a fortunegood a phone call
harm a presentation
homework a point
housework a profit
nothing an excuse
research friends
something changes
the cleaning corrections
the dishes plans
the shopping tea/coffeeyour best lunch/dinner/breakfast
your hair time
your job sure
work progress
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Exercises
Choose makeor do in the correct tense.Use the table above. / Elija make o doen
el tiempo verbal apropiado. Usa la tabla de la pgina anterior.
1.- You have to __________ your bed.
2.- Ill ___________ a comment.
3.- She has to _____________ some work.
4.- What if we _____________ a cake?
5.- They have ____________ a fortune.
6.- He is ____________ research on wild animals at the moment.
7.- Charles normally ___________ dinner and I normally prepare breakfast.
8.- Im not happy with this product at all. Im going to _____________ a complaint.
9.- Have you ____________ your homework, George?
10.- I like your offer, Henry. Lets _______________ business.
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Phrasal Verbs
1. A phrasal verbis a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning differentfrom the original verb / Un phrasal verbes un verbo ms una preposicin o adverbio el
cual crea un significado distinto al del verbo original.
Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. RUN +INTO =MEET/ENCONTRARSE
He ran away when he was 15. RUN +AWAY =LEAVE HOME/IRSEDEUNLUGAR
More examples of phrasal verbs are /Algunos ejemplos de phrasal verbs:
English Spanishadd up sumar, totalizar
blow up explosionar
bring up criar, educar, plantear
call off cancelar
carry on continuar
come across encontrarse de casualidad
come up with crear, inventar
get along llevarse bien
get away escaparse (viaje)
get up levantarse
give up dejar, rendirse
go on seguir, continuar
hold on esperar
look after cuidar de
look forward to esperar (con ansia)
look up buscar
make out entender, comprender
pass out desmayarse
pull over Detenerse en la berma (en vehculo)put down bajar, soltar
put off posponer
put up with soportar
turn up aparecer
watch out tener cuidado
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Exercises
Use the phrasal verb to complete the sentence using the table above / Use el phrasal verb
mas adecuado para completar la oracin. Use la tabla de la pgina anterior.
1.- Please _____________ my baby while Im out!
a) look up b) turn up c) look after
2.- I ___________ very early this morning.
a) blew out b) got up c) got down
3.- I dont know this word. Ill_____________ the word in the dictionary.
a) look up b) look to c) look after
4.- I cant meet this afternoon. Can you _____________ the meeting, please?
a) put out b) cancel in c) put off
5.- I need a break from the city. Lets______________ this weekend.
a) get away b) put away c) get off
6.- The party was a disaster. Very few people ___________.
a) looked after b) came up with c) Turned up
7.- At school I have to _____________ childrens bad behavior every day.
a) put away b) put up with c) stand up
8.- That road is terrible. Youll have to _____________ for the big holes!
a) get out b) get along c) watch out
9.- I dont smoke anymore. I _______________ smoking last year.
a) gave up b) gave out c) get out
10.- Sorry to interrupt. ______________ with your work.
a) carry on b) carry out c) call off
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Gerunds
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb"read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of
a sentence / Al agregarle -ing a un verbo, estamos formando un gerundio. La forma
gerundio del verbo read es reading. Sepuede usar el gerundio como el sujeto,
complemento o incluso como el objeto de una oracin.
Examples:
Readinghelps you learn English. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE/COMO SUJETO
Her favorite hobby is reading. COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE/COMO COMPLEMENTO
I enjoy reading. OBJECT OF SENTENCE/COMO OBJETO
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Los gerundios pueden ser negativos slo
anteponindoles not.
Examples:
He enjoys not working.
The best thing for your health is not smoking.
ExercisesFill the gaps with gerundsfrom the brackets / Completa las oraciones con gerundiosde
los verbos en parntesis.
1 She is good at (cry) ________.
2 Mark is crazy about (sing) __________.
3 She doesnt like (play) __________ cards.
4 Theyre afraid of (swim) ______________ in the sea.
5 My father should give up (smoke) _____________.
6 I dream of (build) ___________ my own house.
7 You seem interested in (make) _____________ friends.
8 Do not insist on (bring) __________ your own beer.
9.- (Drive) __________ too fast is dangerous.
10.- (Save) _________ someone elses life is the most beautiful thing.
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Comparisons
Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used when we want to compare two or more nouns. This
means that an adjective changes its form to be used in comparisons. These are the rules/
Los adjetivos comparativos se usan para hacer comparaciones entre dos o ms sutantivos.
Esto significa que un adjetivo cambia su forma para poder ser usado en una comparacin.
Estas son las reglas:
For one syllable adjectives, add er (Remember that it is sometimes necessary to double
the final consonant)
Examples: cold/colder, small/smaller, big/bigger
For adjectives that end iny, addier
Examples: pretty/prettier, noisy/noisier, Funny/funnier
For adjectives with two or more syllables, use morebefore the adjective
Examples: beautiful/more beautiful, dangerous/more dangerous, modern/more modern
There are some irregularadjectives which change their form completely.
Examples: good/better, bad/worse, far/farther
We use a than with comparative adjectives /Se usa thancon los adjetivos comparativos.
Examples
This restaurant is nicer than the Pizza House.I had a bigger meal than you.The steak is more expensive than the fish.
Superlative adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used when we want to compare three or more nouns. Using the
superlative form takes a comparison to the highest degree possible. These are the rules /Los adjetivos superlativos se usan para hacer comparaciones entre tres o ms sustantivos.
Al usar la forma superlativa, se compara al mayor nivel posible: el ms caro, la ms
bonita, etc. Estas son las reglas:
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For one syllable words add -estto the word (Remember that it is sometimes necessary to
double the final consonant).
Examples: strong/strongest,big/biggest.
For adjetives ending with ay, addiest
Examples: crazy/craziest, silly/silliest.
For adjectives with two or more syllables, use mostor least.
Examples: most desirable, least expensive.
There are some irregularadjectives which change their form completely.
Examples: good/best, bad/worst
We normally use the before a superlative adjective / Generalmente usamos theantes de
un adjetivo superlativo.
Usain bolt is the fastest runner in the world.Water is the most important element on earth.
Study the table below for further help / Estudia la tabla de abajo para mayor ayuda.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Una slaba
long longer(than) (the) longest(of/in)
hot hotter (than) (the) hottest(of/in)
nice nicer(than) (the) nicest(of/in)
Dos slabas
que terminan
en
consonante+Y
happy happier(than)
(the) happiest(of/in)
Dos o ms
slabas
beautiful more beautiful (than) (the) mostbeautiful (of/in)
Adjetivos
irregulares
good better(than) (the) best (of/in)
bad worse(than) (the) worst (of/in)
far farther/ further(than) (the) farthest / furthest(of/in)
You can find a list of comparative and superlative adjectives at this website / Puedes
encontrar una lista de adjectivos comparativos y superlativos en est pgina web:
http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/compar-lista.php
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As... as
Another way to compare is to use as ... as. Here are some more examples / Otra forma de
hacer comparaciones es usando asas. Aqu hay ejemplos:
Our house is as big as yours. / Nuestra casa es tangrande comola tuya.It isn't as cold as yesterday / No est tanfro como ayer.The chair is not as expensive as the table / La silla no es tancara comola mesa.We arent as quick as you / No somo tanrpidos comoustedes.
There are also idiomatic expressions with asas/ Tambin existen expresiones
idiomticas en ingls con asas:
As sick as a dog
As quiet as a mouse
As hungry as a bear
As happy as a clam
As clean as a whistle
Puedes visitor este sitio par aver ms ejemplos:
http://esl.about.com/od/vocabularyreference/a/as_expressions.htm
Exercises
Write sentences with a comparativeadjectiveand than. Use the adjectives in brackets/Escribe oraciones usando los adjetivos en parntesisen su forma comparativo y than.
Example: The film lasts two and a half hours, but the videotape is only two hours long.
The film is longer than the videotape.
The water-colour is 85, and the oil-painting is 100.
The oil-painting is more expensive than the water-colour.
1 The castle was built in 1878 and the library in 1925. (old)
2 Claus can lift 90 kilos, but Matthew can lift 120 kilos. (strong)
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3 Guy is 1.7 metres tall, but Harriet is 1.8 metres. (tall)
4 Sayid hasn't many friends. Claire has lots of friends. (popular)
5 Mark's car has room for five people, but Sarah's has room for only four. (big)
Use the superlativeform of the adjectives / Use la forma superlativade los adjetivos.
Melanie / kind person /I know Melanie is the kindest person I know.
1 Friday / busy day / week ..of the week.
2 the Metropole / nice hotel / town
3 this watch / one / cheap / you can buy .
4 this Beatles album / good / they ever made .
5 Alan / successful salesman / company .
Traduce estas oraciones al ingls.
1. Mis hijas son tan altas como yo. ...
2. Chile no es tan grande como Brasil. .
3. La lasaa es tan difcil de hacer como la cazuela.
4. El japons no es tan fcil como el portugus.
5. Mis amigos son tan buenos como los tuyos. ..
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Relative pronouns & relative clauses
Use defining relativeclauses to identify the person, thing or place you are talking about /Usa oraciones relativas para identificar la persona, cosa o lugar del cual ests hablando.
For example:
- A teacher is someone whosocializes with people every day. (Identifies person)
- A tragedy is a film or a play whichis sad. (Identifies thing)
- Arica is the place whereyou can visit El morro. (Identifies place)
- That is the song thatI used to love. (identifies object)
Otros casos de non defining relative(agrega informacin sobre el sujeto) clauses son:
- My sister, whois from Arica, speaks Chinese.
- Paris, whichis in France, is a beautiful city.
- Temuco, whereI spent a year, is a beautiful city as well.
We do not use another pronoun like her or itwith the relative pronoun / No usamos otro
pronombre como hero itcon el pronombre relativo.
NOT: a woman who they met her NOT -the old castle that we visited it
Exercises
XI) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence, using whoorthat. Write the second sentence as a defining relativeclause / Junte cada par deoraciones para hacer una, usando whoo that. Escriba la segunda oracin como oracin
relativa.
1 This is the woman. She gave me my first job.
This is the woman who gave me my first job.
2He picked up the book. It was on the desk.
_______________________________________________________
3 The meal was delicious. Tom cooked it.
_______________________________________________________
4 She's the woman. She telephoned the police.
_______________________________________________________
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5 He's the person. He wanted to buy your house.
_______________________________________________________
6 We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
_______________________________________________________
7 This is the lion. It's been ill recently.
_______________________________________________________
8 The man was badly injured. He was driving the car.
_______________________________________________________
9 The children broke my window. They live in the next street.
_______________________________________________________10 They sold the cat. It was afraid of mice.
_______________________________________________________
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TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions are small phrases or questions at the end of an affirmative or negative sentence
whose general objective is to confirm or deny the contents of this same phrase / Los tag
questions son pequeas frases o preguntas que se colocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o
negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase
misma. Es el equivalente al cierto?
FORM
THREE BASIC RULES THAT YOU SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER /TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES
RECORDAR:
1. Tag questions always use auxilary verbs. The verb to be is considered to be an auxiliary
verb for itself and for present and past continuous tenses. /Los tag questionsutilizan
siempre los verbos auxiliares. El verbo to be es considerado como el verbo auxiliar para s
mismo y los tiempos continuos del presente y pasado.
2. Afirmative sentences always use negative tag questions. /Con oraciones afirmativas
utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.
3. Negative sentences always use affirmative tag questions /Con oraciones negativas
utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO.
Consider the following examples /Considera los siguientes ejemplos:
Positive sentence + Negative tag Negative sentence + Positive tag
Youre from Santiago, arent you? That wasnt very good, was it?You know how to cook, dont you? You didnt do your homework, did you?
Harry will come tonight, wont he? It hasnt been a nice has it?
You would do the same for me, wouldnt you? You cant speak French, can you?
Note: After Im .., the question tag is arent I?
Im in trouble, arent I?
USAGE
The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it /El significado de un tag question
depende de como lo digas:
If your voice goes down, you are not really asking a question, you are only inviting the
listener to agree with you. /Si el tono de voz baja, no es realmente una pregunta sino uno
est invitando al escuchador estar de acuerdo.
o Its a nice day, isnt it?
o Bill doesnt look very well today, does he?
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If your voice goes up, it is a real question. /Si el tono de voz sube, entonces realmente es
una pregunta.
o You havent got a pen, have you?
o
You dont know where Henry is, do you?
EXERCISES
Write the tag question at the end of the following sentences/Escribe el tag question al final de las
siguientes oraciones.
a. Youre tired, _______________?
b. Thats youre teacher over there, _______________?
c. There were a lot of people there, _______________?
d. I shouldnt have done that, _______________?
e. We can come back tomorrow, _______________?
f. Im supposed to be somewhere else, _______________?
g. I didnt pass the exam, _______________?
h. You wouldnt do that, , _______________?
i. Max wont be coming to the party, _______________?
j. You havent seen Jenny today, _______________?
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Present Perfect / Pretrito Perfecto
Form
The present perfect is made with have/has + a past participle verb/ El pretrito perfectose forma con have/has + un verboen pasado participio.
Use
The present perfect is often used with sinceand forto talk about situations that began in
the past and continue up to now / El pretrito perfecto a menudo se usa con sinceyfor
para referirse a situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continan hasta ahora.
When we use the present perfect, we see things as happening in the past but having a
result in the present / Cuando usamos el pretrito perfecto, vemos cosas como
sucediendo en el pasado pero teniendo una concecuencia en el presente.
I/you/we/they have washed OR I/you/we/they'vewashedhe/she/it has washed OR he/she/it's washed
NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/you/we/they haven't washed have I/you/we/they washed?he/she/it hasn't washed has he/she/it washed?
The past participle of regular verbs end ined /Elpasado participio de los verbos
regulares terminan en -ed.The past participle of irregular verbs vary. (See table below)/Elpasado participio de los
verbos irregulares varan. (Ver la tabla ms abajo).
Examples
washed, landed, finished. We've washed the dishes.Have you opened your letter? The aircraft has landed safely.How many points has Matthew scored? The students haven't finished their exams.
We've washed the dishes.(They're clean now.)
The aircraft has landed.(It's on theground now.)
We've eaten all the eggs. (There aren't any left.) They've learnt the words. (They knowthe words.)
You've broken this watch. (It isn't working.)
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Most common irregular verbsbaseform
pastsimple
pastparticiple
baseform
pastsimple
pastparticiple
be was/were been lead led led
bear bore born learn learnt learnt
beat beat beaten leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lie lay lain
broadcast broadcast broadcast lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
bring brought brought mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
burn burnt burnt pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
catch caught caught read read readchoose chose chosen ride rode ridden
come came come ring rang rung
cost cost cost rise rose risen
cut cut cut run ran run
do did done say said said
draw drew drawn see saw seen
dream dreamt dreamt sell sold sold
drink drank drunk send sent sent
drive drove driven set set set
eat ate eaten shoot shot shot
fall fell fallen show showed shown
feed fed fed shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
fight fought fought sit sat sat
find found found sleep slept slept
fly flew flown smell smelt smelt
forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken
freeze froze frozen spend spent spent
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone stick stuck stuck
grow grew grown swim swam swum
hang hung hung take took takenhave had had teach taught taught
hear heard heard tell told told
hide hid hidden think thought thought
hit hit hit throw threw thrown
hold held held wake woke woken
hurt hurt hurt wear wore worn
keep kept kept win won won
know knew known write wrote written
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Exercises
XIII) Complete the questions/sentences with the verbs from the box below. Remember
to make use of the past participle form of the verbs / Complete las preguntas/oraciones
con los verbos de la tabla a continuacion. Recuerde usar el pasado participio de los verbos.
1.- Have you ever___________________ a book in English?
2.- Have you ever___________________ the guitar?
3.- Have you ever___________________ to England?
4.- You have __________________ an English course this semester.
5.- She has never_______________ a lie.
6.- I havent________________ coffee since I was a little kid.
7.- I have__________________ biology for two years.
8.- Have you ever_____________ in a tent before?
9.- I have never______________ to someone who doesnt speak my language.
10.- I have____________ my wallet.
Tell - read - take - talk - drink - sleep
study - play - be - lose
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The past simple
Positive formsA regular past form ends ined / Un pasado regular lleva terminacin -ed.
It happened very quickly.The van crashed into the cat.Iposted the letter yesterday.We once owned a caravan.
Some verbs have an irregular past form / Algunos verbos tienen una forma irregular.
The car came out of a side road. Vicky rang earlier.I won the game.I had breakfast at six. The train left on time. We took some photos.
The past simple is the same in all persons except in the past tense of be / El pasado simple
es el mismo en todas las personas excepto en el pasado de Be.
I/he/she/it was I was ill last week,you/we/they were Those cakes were nice.
Negatives and questions
We use did in negatives and questions / Usamos diden negaciones y en preguntas.
NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not stop did I/you/he/she/it/we/they stop?
OR didn't stop
The car did not stop. The driver didn't look to his right.What did you tell the police? - Nothing. Did you ring home? - Yes, I did.
We do not use a past form such asstopped
orrang
in negatives and questions.The car didn't stopped and NOT Did you rang?
We also use was and were in negatives and questions / Tambin usamos waso wereen
oraciones negativas y en preguntas
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NEGATIVE
I/he/she/it was not ORwasn'tyou/we/they were OR weren't
QUESTION
was I/he/she/it?were you/we/they?
I wasn't very well last week. The gates weren't open.Where was your friend last night? Was your steak nice?
Use
We use the past simple for something in the past which is finished / Usamos el pasado
simple para referirnos a algo que finaliz en el pasado.
Emmapassed her exam last year. We went to the theatre on Friday. Elvis Presley died in1977.
I knew what the problem was. When did you buy this car? - About three years ago.
Exercises
XIV) Complete the newspaper story about a fire. Put in the past simple forms of the
verbs / Complete la noticia sobre un incendio. Use el pasado simple en los verbos en
parentesis.
Two people died (die) in a fire in Ellis Street, Oldport yesterday morning. They
(1)......................(be) Herbert and Molly Paynter, a couple in their seventies. The
fire (2).. (start) at 3.20 am. A neighbor, Mr Aziz, 3) (see)
the flames and (4) (call) the fire brigade. He also5)......... (try) to
get into the house and rescue his neighbors, but the heat (6).. (be) too
great. The fire brigade (7)(arrive) in five minutes. Twenty fire-fighters
(8) .. (fight) the fire and finally(9). (bring) it under
control. Two fire-fighters (10)(enter) the burning building but
(11) (find) the couple dead.
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KEY/Respuestas
Prepositions1.- in 6. at
2.- on 7. on
3.- in 8. on
4.- at 9. in
5.- at 10. at
May/Might
1.- There may/might be some tea in the pot.
2.- May I ask you how old you are?
3.- Visitors may not be in the hospital after ten p.m.
4.-May I have one of these sandwiches?
5.- The car may/might be in the station car park
6.- May I use your phone?
7.- Guests may wear casual dress.
8.- She may/might move to London.
9.- The show might be cancelled.
10.- She may/might be elected.
Make and Do
1.- make 6.- doing2.- make 7.- makes
3.- do 8.- make
4.- make 9.- done
5.- made 10.- do
Phrasal verbs
1.- C 6.- C
2.- B 7.- B
3.- A 8.- C4.-C 9.- A
5.- A 10.- A
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Gerunds
1.- crying 6.- building
2.- singing 7.- making
3.- playing 8.- bringing
4.- swimming 9.- driving
5.- smoking 10.- saving
Comparatives
1.- The castle is older than the library
2.- Mathew is stronger than Claus
3.- Harriet is taller than Guy
4.- Claire is more popular than Sayid
5.- Marks car is bigger than Sarahs.
Superlatives
1.- Friday is the busiest day of the week
2.- The Metropole is the nicest hotel in town
3.- This watch is the cheapest one you can buy
4.- This Beatles album is the best they have ever made
5.- Alan is the most successful salesman in the company
As as1. My daughters are as tall as me.
2. Chile is not as big as Brazil.
3. Lasagna is as hard to make as cazuela.
4. Japanese is not as hard as Portuguese.
5. My friends as as good as yours.
Relative pronouns
2.- He picked up the book that was on the bed.
3.- The meal Tom cooked was delicious.
4.- Shes the woman who telephoned the police.5.- Hes the person who wanted to buy your house.
6.- We threw out the computer that never worked properly.
7.- This is the lion thats been ill recently.
8.- The man who was driving the car was badly injured.
9.- The children who live in the next street broke my window.
10.- They sold the cat that was afraid of mice.
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Tag Questions
1) Arent you.
2) Isnt it.
3) Werent there.
4) Should I.
5) Cant we.
6) Arent I.
7) Did I.
8) Would you.
9) Will he.
10) Have you.
Present perfect
1.- read
2.- played
3.- been
4.- taken
5.- told
6.- drunk
7.- studied
8.- slept
9.- talked10.- lost
Past simple
1.- were
2.- started
3.- saw
4.- called
5.- tried
6.- was
7.- arrived
8.- fought
9.- brought
10.- entered
11.- found