Grammar (Exclude Tenses)

8/9/2019 Grammar (Exclude Tenses)

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Comparison of AdjectivesExercise on Positive Form and Comparison of Adjectives

Positive FormUse the positive form of the adjective if thecomparison contains one of the followingexpressions:

as … as

Example: Jane is as tall as John.

not as … as / not so … as

Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est) one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est silent „ e ‟ is dropped

Example: late-later-latest

final „ y‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example: easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled

Example: hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most) adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

KLIK LINK YANG BIRU-BIRU ITUHUNTUK COBA FREE TRIAL

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives#exercises





difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlativeform

good better best

bad / ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much / many more most

far (place + time) further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

old (people and things) older oldest



old (people) elder eldest



Form and Comparison of AdverbsAdverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).

Example: The dog sleeps quietly . The dog is absolutely quiet.

Form

In general: adjective + -ly

adjective adverb

slow slowly

Exceptions in spelling

exception example

silent e is dropped in true, due, whole true → truly

y becomes i happy → happily

le after a consonant is dropped sensible → sensibly

after ll only add y full → fully

Adjectives ending in -ic : adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly)

adjective adverb

fantastic fantastically



Adjectives ending in -ly : use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar meaning

adjective adverb

friendly in a friendly wayin a friendly manner

likely probably

Exceptions

adjective adverb (meaning) adverb (meaning)

good well

difficult with difficulty

public publicly

deep deep (place) deeply (feeling)

direct direct directly (=soon)

hard hard hardly (=seldom)

high high (place) highly (figurative)

late late lately (=recently)

most most mostly (=usually)



near near nearly (=almost)

pretty pretty (=rather) prettily

short short shortly (=soon)

The following adjectives arealso used as adverbs (without modification):

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little,long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly,yearly, …

Exercise on the form of adverbs

Comparison

Comparison ( -er /-est )

Comparative ending in -er

Superlative ending in -est

one-syllable adverbs (hard) harder hardest

adverbs with the same form as adjectives(early)

earlier earliest

Comparison ( more / most )

Comparative formed with more Superlative formed with most

adverbs ending in -ly (happily) more happily most happily

Irregular comparisons

positive form comparative superlative

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adverbs/exercises





well better best

badly worse worst

ill worse worst

little less least

much more most

far (place + time) further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

Exercise on comparison of adverbs

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adverbs/exercises?02





Adjective or Adverb Adjectives are used to modify nouns:

The dog is loud .

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs:The dog barks loudly .

Linking Verbs

Some verbs can only be used with adjectives, others might change their meaning whenused with an adverb.

verb used with an adjective used with an adverb

look look good (= appearance) look well (= healthy)

feel feel good (= state of health/mind) feel well (= have a good sense of touch)

smell smell good (= odour) smell well (= have a good sense of smell)

taste taste good (= preference) taste well (= have a good sense of taste)

The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:

be become get grow keep remain

seem sound stay turn

Exercises on Adjectives or Adverbs Adjective or Adverb

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/exercises





Exercise on the text “ Niagara Falls ”

http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/niagara-falls#exercises








Auxiliary VerbsExercises on Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be , do , have , will when they are followed by another verb(the full verb ) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or thepassive.

The verb "be"

The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb:

Simple Present:

I am , he/she/it is , we/you/they are Simple Past:

I/he/she/it was , we/you/they were Past Participle:

been

You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed byanother verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.)

Progressive Forms Present Progressive:

He is playing football.Past Progressive:

He was playing football.Present Perfect Progressive:

He has been playing football.Past Perfect Progressive:

He had been playing football.

Passive

Simple Present/Past:

The house is/was built.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs#exercises





Present/Past Perfect:The house has/had been built.

Future I:The house will be built.

"be" as a full verb

The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be isused as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions.

positive sentence:

They are fifteen years old.negative sentence:

They are not fifteen years old.question:

Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have"

The verb have , too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary weuse this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participleof the full verb.)

Compound Tenses - Active Voice

Present Perfect Simple:

He has played football.Past Perfect Simple:

He had played football.Present Perfect Progressive:

He has been playing football.Past Perfect Progressive:

He had been playing football.Compound Tenses - Passive Voice

Present/Past Perfect:

The house has/had been built.

Note that have is an irregular verb, too:



Simple Present:

I/we/you/they have , he/she/it has Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they had Past Participle:had

"have" in positive sentences

As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use havegot (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb).

full verb:

I have a car.auxiliary verb:

I have got a car.

"have" in negative sentences and questions

When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences andquestions. If we use have got , however, we do not need another auxiliary.

have as a full verb:

I do not have a car.Do I have a car?

have as an auxiliary verb:I have not got a car.Have I got a car?

The verb "will"

The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.

The auxiliary verb "will"

Future I:

He will not play football.Future II:

He will have played football.



The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short formfor negative sentences is won't .'

Examples:

I will, he willI will not = I won't

The verb "do"

The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negativesentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be , will , have got and modal verbs)in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)

The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences

Simple Present:

He does not play football.Simple Past:

He did not play football.

The auxiliary "do" in questions

Simple Present:

Does he play football?Simple Past:

Did he play football?

The verb do is irregular:

Simple Present:

I/we/you/they do , he/she/it does Simple Past:

I/he/she/it/we/you/they did

The full verb "do"

As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary.

positive sentence:



She does her homework every day.negative sentence:

She doesn't do her homework every day.question:

Does she do her homework every day?

Sentences without the auxiliary "do"

In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:

the full verb is "be"

Example:

I am not angry. / Are you okay?

the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)

Example:

They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that?

the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)

Example:

We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please?

the question asks for the subject of the sentence

Example:

Who sings that song? Auxiliary or Full Verb - Exercise 1 Auxiliary or Full Verb - Exercise 2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs/exercises


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/auxiliary-verbs/exercises?ex02






Modal Verbs and their substitutesModal verbs are for example may , can , must , should , need . They express an ability,permission, wish etc. to do something. (I may, can, must swim.) Many modal verbs cannot

be used in all of the English tenses. That's why we need to know the substitutes to thesemodal verbs.

Modal Verb Substitute Example

must to have to I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not not to be allowed to I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can to be able to I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may to be allowed to I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need to have to I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not not to have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/ought to

to be supposed to / to beexpected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed toswim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Exercise on modal verbs and their substitutes

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/modal-verbs/exercises







Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris.So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely , that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past , Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

IF Clause Type 2

Formif + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)


The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use acomma.

Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und ConditionalI on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn‟t stay here.

Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were„ – even if the pronoun is I , he , she or it – .

Example: If Iwere you, I would not do this.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I

just imagine „what would happen if …“


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-past



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-1-simple


















I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but Icannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.

Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris.He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will havethe money to buy one in the near future.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect , Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

IF Clause Type 3

Form

if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II


The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use acomma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and ConditionalII on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I hadn‟t studied, I wouldn‟t have passed my exams.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could havehappened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then,however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.


Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address,however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-simple





















Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. Hewould have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.

Tests on Conditional Sentences Conditional Sentences Type 1 Conditional Sentences Type 1 and 2 Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2 and 3 Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2, 3 and Exceptions

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-1








http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences










Infinitive and GerundExercises and Tests on Infinitive and Gerund

There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or gerund. If youare not sure whether to use the infinitive or gerund, check out our lists or look the words upin a dictionary.

Infinitive

Use

Certain words are followed by an infinite verb with or without ‘to’ .

Use and Word Lists Example

as the subject of a clause To know you is to love you.

after certain expressions (without ‘to’ ) Why not go to the cinema?

after certain verbs (without ‘to’ ) I can swim .

after certain verbs (with ‘to’ )

He wants to swim .

after certain verbs with interrogatives (infinitiveconstructions)

They don‟t know how to swim .

after certain verbs with objects (without ‘to’ ) He made her swim .

after certain verbs with objects (with ‘to’ ) They wanted him to swim .

after certain adjectives and their comparisons It‟s easier to swim downstream.

after nouns deriving from the verbs mentionedabove

We made a promise to swim . (derived from theverb ‘to promise’ )

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/infinitive-gerund#exercises


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/infinitive-gerund/wordlist?01












































effort agreement aim appearance

arrangement attempt choice claim decision determination expectation failure guarantee

hesitation hope longing need neglect offer plan preparation procedure promise refusal resolution tendency threat trouble try

Infinitive after certain

Expressions (without'to')

Example: I would rather stay athome.

had better

would rather would sooner why not

Infinitive after certainVerbs (without to)

Example:We must stay athome.

can dare (also with to) do help (also with to) let may must need (also with to) shall should will why should I/you/…

[not]

Infinitive after certainVerbs (with to)

Example:He refused topay the bill.

afford agree

aim appear arrange attempt be determined beg

care choose claim condescend

consent dare (also

without to) decide demand deserve determine endeavour expect

fail guarantee happen have help (also

without to) hesitate hope learn

long manage mean need (also

without to) neglect offer ought plan

prepare pretend proceed promise refuse resolve

seem stop swear tend

threaten trouble undertake used volunteer vow want wish would hate

would like would love would prefer

Infinitive after certainVerbs withInterrogative (how, if,what, where,whether)

Example: Wedidn't remember where to meet .

ask advise + Objekt consider decide explain find out forget know learn remember see show



teach tell + object understand wonder

Infinitive after certainVerbs with an Object(without 'to')

Example:We heard him scream .

let make

Infinitive after certainVerbs with an Object(with 'to')

Example: She got me to wash thedishes.

advise allow ask beg

cause enable encourage expect

forbid force get help invite mean order permit persuade

recommend remind teach tell want warn would hate would like would love would prefer

Infinitive after certainAdjectives

Example: Itwas impossible to go back.

amazed amazing angry astonished astonishing awkward brave

careless clever cowardly crazy delighted difficult disappointed disgusted easy

extraordinary funny generous

glad happy hard honest

horrified impossible kind nice odd pointless relieved ridiculous rude

sad selfish silly sorry strange stupid surprised wicked wise

Gerund

Form

ing form of the verb

Exceptions in Spelling

See → Present Progressive – Exceptions

Use

Certain words are followed by an Ing -Form.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/exceptions









as the subject of a clause Cycling is good for your health.

after certain adjectives He‟s afraid of going by plane.

after certain prepositions Before going to bed he turned off the lights.

after certain verbs I enjoy cooking .

after certain verbs with prepositions I am looking forward to see ing you again.

after certain nouns We had problems finding our way back home.

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing -Form


same meaning I started to read. / I started reading.

same meaning but different use She forbids us to talk. / She forbids talking.

different meaning He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

infinitive or present participle I saw him go up the stairs. / I saw him going up the stairs.
































talk about / of thank for think of use for

warn against worry about

Nouns / Nouns withPrepositionsfollowed by theGerund

Example: There'sno point in waiting anylonger.

advantage of alternative of chance of choice between danger of difficulty in doubt about experience in fun hope of idea of interest in opportunity of place for pleasure in point in possibility of problem reason for trouble trouble in use

way of waste of money waste of time

Words with the samemeaning

Example: Istarted to read. / Istarted reading.

attempt begin bother cannot bear cease continue hate intend love prefer start



Words with the same meaning but different use

Word Infinitive - with an object Gerund – without an object

advise I advise you to go by bus. I advise going by bus.

allow / permit He allowed her to take the car. He allowed taking the car.

forbid She forbids us to smoke. She forbids smoking.

Words with a different meaning

Word Infinitive meaning Gerund meaning

forget / remember with regard to the future

Remember to switch off the lights.

with regard to the past

Do you remember switching off thelights?

go on start something new

Go on to read.

continue with the same action

Go on reading.

regret with regard to the future

I regret to say that.

with regard to the past

I regret saying that.

stop interrupt another action

I stopped to smoke.

terminate

I stopped smoking.

try do something complicated

Try to solve this riddle.

do it and see what happens

Try talking to him.





Nouns - Articles, Plural undPossessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how toform the plural and how to form the possessive case.

Article

Direct article - the

example: the house

Indirect article a / an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant

example: a car, a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel

example: an apple, an hour

Exercise on indirect articles

Exercise on direct articles

Plural

general rule: singular form + s

example: a car - two cars

after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es

example: a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s

example: a city - two cities

But: y after a vowel is not changed

example: a boy - two boys

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with wordsused for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco)

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/nouns/exercises


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/nouns/exercises?02






example: a tomato - two tomatoes

Exercise - singular or plural?

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding 's of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronny's brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things,often the s is added instead of using an of phrase.

example: Germany's economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time, s is added.

example: a three week's holiday

Exercise on the possessive case of nouns









Passive VoiceExercises on Passive

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known,however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the followingexample shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g.You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed ( to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is

dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

SimplePresent

Active: Ritawrites a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive#exercises


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/irregular-verbs



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive





Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

PresentPerfect

Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

PresentProgressive

Active: Ritais writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

PastProgressive

Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the twoobjects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transforminto a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.





Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Ritawrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That ‟ s why itis usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subjectof the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form apersonal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passivesentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonalconstruction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive .

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g.German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception(e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that womenlive longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said tolive longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; theverb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using aninfinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).



Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of anactive sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.



ParticiplesExercises on Participles

There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfectparticiple. You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apartfrom that, participles are also used to shorten sentences.

Present Participle

The present participle is the ing -form. You surely know this form:

from progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive ) – I am speaking . as an adjective form – The film is interesting . as a gerund – He is afraid of flying .

Not the exceptions in spelling when adding 'ing':

Exception Example

final e dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming (but: agree - agreeing)

final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled sit – sitt ing

final consonant l after vowel is always doubled (in British English) travel – trave lling

final ie becomes y lie – lying

The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs:

come, go, sit

Example: The girl sat crying on the sofa.

The present participle can also be used after verbs of the senses if we do not want toemphasise that the action was completed. (see Infinitive or Ing-Form)

feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch

Example: Did you see him dancing ?

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/participles#exercises


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive







Furthermore, the present participle can be used to shorten or combine active clauses thathave the same subject.

Example: She left the house and whistled . – She left the house whistling .

Exercises on Present Participle

Past Participle

The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form:

from perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple ) – I have spoken . from passive voice – The letter was written . as an adjective form – I was bored to death.

For irregular participle forms see third column of irregular verbs. Regular verbs form thepast participle by adding ed , however, note the following exceptions in spelling:

Exceptions when adding ed Example

after a final e , only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowelor l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit – admitted travel – travelled

finaly after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurr ied

The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have thesame subject.

Example: The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple,the boy stopped crying.

Exercises on Past Participle Perfect Participle

The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the samesubject if …

… one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the nextaction starts.







http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple













Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycledhome.

… one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts.

Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move toanother town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move toanother town.

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.

active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.) passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked

delicious.)

Exercises on Perfect Participle

Use of Participle Clauses

If a clause is shortened using a participle construction, the clause is called participleclause.

Example: Watching TV , she forgot everything around her.

In English, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of informationinto one sentence.

When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the followingrules in mind:

Both clauses should have the same subject. The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information should

always be in the main clause. Make sure, you use the correct participle form (see above). The conjunctions as, because, since and relative pronouns who, which are left out. The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause. The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.

Participle Clauses with different SubjectsSometimes participle clauses can be used even if the clauses to be combined do not havethe same subject. This is the case for example if the main clause contains one of thefollowingverbs + object :

feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch






Example: I heard him playing the guitar.

Here, the participle clause must directly follow the object it is relating to. (Note: Some of theverbs mentioned here can also be used with the infinitive. For further information seeInfinitive or Ing-Form)

A participle construction is also possible, if both subjects are mentioned (often the word'with' is put before the subject in the participle clause). This is very formal, however, andnot often used.

Example: Mrs Jones went to New York. Mr Smith took up her position.→ (With) Mrs Jones going to New York, Mr Smith took up her position.

Incorrect Participle Clauses

Apart from the exceptions mentioned above, participle clause and main clause should havethe same subject. Otherwise the sentences might sound rather strange.

Example: I was driving on the motorway, when the baby started to cry.→ Falscher Partizipialsatz: Driving on the motorway, the baby started to cry.

In this example you get the feeling that the baby has driven the car. So these participleclauses are considered wrong in standard English. In colloquial English, these 'incorrectparticiple clauses' are usually okay, and you can even find an example in Shakespeare'sHamlet:

Now, Hamlet, hear. ‟Tis given out that, sle eping in my orchard, a serpentstung me.

As the text goes, it is said that Hamlet's father was bitten by a snake. Strictly speaking,however, the snake was asleep when it bit Hamlet's father.



Phrasal VerbsPhrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal aconversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle canchange the meaning of the verb completely, e.g.:

look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary) look for – seek (look for her ring) look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)

There are no rules that might explain how phrasal verbs are formed correctly - all you cando is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings. In our lists, you will findsome frequently used phrasal verbs and their meanings.

Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with: break , bring, call, carry, come , do, fall, get, go, keep , look, make , put, run, set , take , turn

Position of the Particle

The particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.

Example:Write down the word. / Write the word down .

If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object).

Example:Write itdown .

http://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/prepositions



http://www.ego4u.com/de/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs



http://www.ego4u.com/en/dictionary



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http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#come



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#do



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#fall



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#get



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#go



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#keep



http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#look



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PrepositionsÜbungen zu Präpositionen

Präpositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition inyour native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up ina dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Präpositions – Time

English Usage Example

on days of the week on Monday

in months / seasons

time of day

year after a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winter

in the morning

in 2006in an hour

at for night

for weekend

a certain point of time (when?)

at night

at the weekend

at half past nine

since from a certain point of time (past tillnow)

since 1980

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions#exercises


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for over a certain period of time (past tillnow)

for 2 years

ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago

before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004to telling the time ten to six (5:50)

past telling the time ten past six (6:10)

to / till /until

marking the beginning and end of aperiod of time

from Monday to/till Friday

till / until in the sense of how long something isgoing to last

He is on holiday until Friday.

by in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 o‟clock.

By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Präpositions – Place (Position and Direction)


in room, building, street, town, country

book, paper etc.

car, taxi

picture, world

in the kitchen, in London

in the book

in the car, in a taxi

in the picture, in the world




at meaning next to, by an object

for table

for events

place where you are to do something typical (watch a film,

study, work)

at the door, at the station

at the table

at a concert, at the party

at the cinema, at school, at work

on attached

for a place with a river

being on a surface

for a certain side (left, right)

for a floor in a house

for public transport

for television, radio

the picture on the wall

London lies on the Thames.

on the table

on the left

on the first floor

on the bus, on a plane

on TV, on the radio

by, next to,beside

left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.

under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else the bag is under the tablebelow lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface

over covered by something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side (also across )

overcoming an obstacle

put a jacket over your shirt

over 16 years of age

walk over the bridge

climb over the wall

above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake




across getting to the other side (also over )

getting to the other side

walk across the bridge

swim across the lake

through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel

to movement to person or buildingmovement to a place or country

for bed

go to the cinemago to London / Ireland

go to bed

into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house

towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) go 5 steps towards the house

onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table

from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions


from who gave it a present from Jane

of who/what does it belong to

what does it show

a page of the book

the picture of a palace

by who made it a book by Mark Twain

on walking or riding on horseback on foot, on horseback




entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi get in the car

off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi

by rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking or horseriding)

prices have risen by 10 percent

by car, by bus

at for age she learned Russian at 45

about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you





Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example: We have got some books.

Exercise on personal pronouns - subject form Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example: The books are for us .

Exercise on personal pronouns - object form

Possessive Adjectives

example: These are our books.

Exercise on possessive adjectives

Possessive Pronouns

example: The books are ours .

Exercise on possessive pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

example: He can carry the bags himself .

Exercise on reflexive pronouns

Exercise on reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/pronouns/exercises


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Question TagsQuestion tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction fromthe person you are talking to. That ‟ s not really difficult, is it? ;o)

Form positive main clause → negative question tag negative main clause → positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom, aren ‟ t you?He isn ‟ t Joe, is he?

main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ ve got a car, haven ‟ t you?

Exercise on question tags

Exercise on the text “ Keystone ”

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/question-tags/exercises


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Relative ClausesContent

How to form relative clausesRelative pronounsSubject pronouns or Object pronouns?

Relative adverbs

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

How to shorten relative clauses

Exercises and TestsExercises and tests on relative clauses

We use relative clauses to give additional information about somethingwithout starting another sentence. By combining sentences with arelative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoidrepeating certain words.

How to Form Relative ClausesImagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask afriend whether he knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with arelative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence.Start with the most important thing – you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl … As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need toput in the additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use thegirl“ only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it

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with the r elative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun who“).So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns

relativepronoun use example

who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about thewoman who lives next door.

which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lyingon the roof?

which referring to a whole sentence He couldn‟t read which surprisedme.

whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the

boy whose mother is a nurse?

whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-definingrelative clauses (in defining relative clauses wecolloquially prefer who )

I was invited by theprofessor whom I met at theconference.

that subject or object pronoun for people, animals andthings in defining relative clauses ( who or which arealso possible)

I don‟t like the table that stands inthe kitchen.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?







Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relativeclauses or restrictive relative clauses ) give detailed information defininga general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not putin commas .

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom andyou ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clausedefines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped.(Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun arecalledContact Clauses .)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative ClausesNon-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative

clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses ) give additional information onsomething, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are putin commas .

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to eachother and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here therelative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obviouswhich girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replacedwith that .

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

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How to Shorten Relative Clauses?Relative clauses with who , which , that as subject pronoun can bereplaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told youabout the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you seethe cat lying on the roof?

Exercises on Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs Exercise on Relative Pronouns Subject Pronouns or Object Pronouns? Relative Pronouns – Necessary or not? Relative Pronouns – Necessary or not? Relative Adverbs Relative Pronouns in the Text Stonehenge“ (who/which)

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Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)Exercises on Reported Speech

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use thespeaker‟s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech.Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech intoreported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

StatementsWhen transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

Type Example

direct speech “I speak English.”

reported speech(no backshift)

He says that he speaks English.

reported speech(backshift)

He said that he spoke English.

→ more on statements in reported speech

Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift)

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech#exercises


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Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if / whether

Type Example

with interrogative direct speech “Why don‟t you speak English?”

reported speech He asked me why I didn‟t speak English.

without interrogative direct speech “Do you speak English?”

reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

→ more on questions in reported speech

RequestsWhen transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns place and time expressions

Type Example

direct speech “Carol, speak English.“

reported speech He told Carol to speak English.

→ more on requests in reported speech

Additional Information and ExeptionsApart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspectsthat you should keep in mind, for example:

main clauses connected with and / but

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/questions



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tense of the introductory clause reported speech for difficult tenses exeptions for backshift requests with must , should , ought to and let’s

→ more on additional information and exeptions in reportedspeech

Exercises on Reported Speech

Statements in Reported Speech no backshift – change of pronouns

no backshift – change of pronouns and places with backshift with backshift and change of place and time expressions

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/advanced




http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises




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Documents

Grammar (Exclude Tenses)