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Grade VIIISocial Studies(Booklet)

HISTORY Chapter 1 – How when and where? Q.1 Why did the Britishers gave importance to survey? Q.2 National Archives of India serves as a useful source of history. Comment. Q.3 State the importance of dates. Q. 4 Why do you think the periodisation is important while studying history? Q.5 Give one problem with the periodisation of Indian history offered by James Mill ? Chapter 2 – From trade to territory Q.1 Explain the “ Doctrine of Lapse”. Q.2 Battle of Plassey is considered to be a turning point in the history of India. Comment. Q.3 Write a short note on Battle of Buxar. Q.4 Highlight the new administration that was set up under Warren Hastings. Q.5 Why were European countries attracted to India? Chapter 3 – Ruling the countryside Q1. Write a short note on Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements Q.2 What lead to the rise of peasant revolt against the indigo production? Q.3. Explain the main features of the Permanent Settlement. Q.4 Why did the Britishers force the peasants to grow the cash crops? Q5 Why were the zamindars unhappy with the Permanent Settlement? Chapter 4 – Tribals Dikus and the vision of golden age. Q.1 What was reserved forest ? Q.2 what was the impact of the forest law on the life of the tribals? Q.3 How can you say that the forests were the lifeline of the tribal people? Q.4 What was the Birsa movement ? Q.5 why did the Birsa movement leave the British rulers worried? Chapter 5 – When People Rebel Q1. Who was Mangal Pandey? Why did he initiate a revolt against the Britishers? Q.2 Explain in detail the Political causes of the Revolt of 1857. Q.3 Explain in detail the Economic causes of the Revolt of 1857. Q.4 What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity? Q.5 What was the objective of the revolt of 1857?

Chapter 6 – Colonialism and the city Q.1 Write a note on the creation of New Delhi. Q.2 What is De-urbanization? Q.3 Describe the features of the city of Shahjahanabad. Q.4 How did Delhi change in the 19th century? Q.5 The buildings built by the british were different. How? Chapter 7 - Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Q.1 Give the full form TISCO. Who set up TISCO? Q.3 How was the life of the weavers affected by the British rule? Q.4 How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Chapter 8 - Civilising the “Native”,Educating the Nation Q.1 How was the education system during the British era? Q.2 What are the features of Wood's Despatch of 1854 ? Q.3 Write a short note on the negative effects of the british education policy. Q.4 Write a short note on the positive effects of the british education policy. Q.5 Give a brief description about Mahatma Gandhi's perception about national education in India. Chapter 9 - Women, Caste and Reform Q.1 What is female infanticide? Q.2 Highlight the contribution of the B.R. Ambedkar for the upliftment of the dalits. Q.3 What was Ram Mohan Roy's contribution in changing the lives of the widows? Q.4 What was women's contribution in world of literature? Q.5 What was Periyar's non- brahman movement? Chapter 10 - The Changing World of Visual Arts Q.1 Give an account of the Kalighat paintings. Q.2 What was portrait paintings? Q.3 What was the contribution of the mechanical printing presses in the late 19th century? Q.4 Write about the painting style of Raja Ravi Varma. Q.5 Write a note on the “ history paintings”.

Chapter 11 - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s—1947 Q.1 Write a short note on Boycott and Swadeshi movement? Q2. What was the Rowlatt Act ? Q.3 What is the significance of the lahore session? Q.4 What was the effect of the Quit India movement? Q.5 what were the causes of the civil disobedience movement? Chapter 12 - India After Independence Q.1 What was the reason that Hyderabad decide to join the Indian union ? Q.2 What were the immediate challenges that India faced after independence? Q.3 What were the principles of the Panchsheel Agreement with China?Q.4 What were the socio- economic challenges faced by independent India.

GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1 – Resources Q.1 What is a resource? Q.2 What is the difference between natural and man made resources? Q.3 What is human resource? Q.5 How would we classify resources based on distribution? Explain. Chapter 2 - Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Q.1 What are the causes of land degradation? Q.2 suggest ways to conserve the forests. Q.3 Why is the percentage of wildlife depleting? Q.4 Write a note on different types of soil. Q.5 List some methods to conserve soil erosion. Chapter 3 - Mineral and Power Resources Q.1 What is the effect of mining on the environment? Q.2 Why are minerals important for us? Q.4 “Mineral resources are unevenly distributed in India”. Comment. Q.5 Differentiate between Conventional and Non – conventional sources of energy.

Chapter 4 – Agriculture Q.1 Why do you think agricultural development was needed? Q.2 what are the major crops in India? Q.3 What is shifting cultivation? Q.4 What is intensive subsistence farming? Q.5 What are the main features of commercial farming? Chapter 5 - Industries Q.1 what factors have lead to the development of IT industries in Bengaluru? Q.2 Explain the classification of industries based on raw materials. Q.3 what is the difference between small scale and large scale industries ? Q.4 What are co-operatives? Q.5 Write a short note on the cotton industry in India. Chapter 6 - Human Resources Q.1 How does climate play an important role in determining the population of a place? Q.2 What are the reasons behind the uneven distribution of population?

CIVICS Chapter 1 – The Indian Constitution Q.1 What is the importance of a constitution? Q.2 How can you say India is a secular state? Q.3 Discuss the key features of the Indian constitution? Q.4 What do you understand the right against exploitation? Q.5 Write a short note on the National Human Rights Commission. Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism Q.1 What are the features of the preamble? Q.2 Why is it important to separate religion from state? Q.3 What is secularism? Q.4 What according to you are the objectives of a secular state? Q.5 What is India's policy of non- interference? Chapter 3- Why Do We Need a Parliament?

Q.1 What is the composition of Rajya Sabha? Q.2 Discuss the functions of the parliament. Q.3 State the difference between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Q.4 What is the role of the opposition? Q5. What do you understand by the term universal adult franchise? Chapter 4 - Understanding Laws Q.1 Which is the lawmaking body in India? Q.2 What do you understand by the rule of law? Q.3 Write in brief the steps involved in law making. Q.4 What is a money bill? Q.5 What is a controversial law? Chapter 5 – Judiciary Q.1 Judiciary is considered to be independent. Comment. Q.2 Write a note on High court. Q.3 What are the three levels of judiciary in India? Q.4 What are the main functions of the judiciary? Q.5 Differentiate between civil law and criminal law. Chapter 6 - Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Q.1 What is the role of public prosecutor? Q.2 What do you understand by FIR? Q.3 Judge is the key player while solving the criminal case. How? Q.4 What do you understand by fair trial? Q.5 What protections are guaranteed to an arrested person under Article 22 of the Constitution of India? Chapter 7 – Understanding Marginalisation Q.1 What are marginalised groups? Q.2 Why does the constitution protect the marginalised groups? Q.3 Who were the Adivasis? Q.5 List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised. Chapter 8 – Confronting Marginalisation Q.1 Who were the untouchables?

Q.2 Write a short note on Article 17 of the Indian constitution. Q.3 What does Article 15 states? Q.4 Evaluate the role of social reforms in the upliftment of the untouchables. Q.5 Who are manual scavengers? Chapter 9 - Public Facilities Q.1 Mention two important aspects of five year plans. Q.2. What is meant by Public facility. Q.3 Discuss how Sulabh NGO works. Q. 4 What new programme has been taken by the government Q.5 Do you think water in Chennai is available and

HISTORY Chapter 1 – How when and where? Q.1 Why did the Britishers gave importance to survey? Ans : The practice of surveying also became common under the colonial administration. The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered. Importance of Surveys:

● British conducted surveys to know the country better. ● For better administration ● To consolidate their control and establish their power and authority. ● Surveys were conducted to know country's topography, its local history ● Also to know the social demographics i.e. people's caste, religion, language

Q.2 National Archives of India serves as a useful source of history. Comment. Ans : It serves as a useful source of history because: 1. Archives are places where important records are stored 2. Here one can find documents that give information about historical events like administrative records of kings, grants made by them, wars waged etc to the readers 3. At National Archives one can find ancient historical symbols like coins, manuscripts, etc which tells culture, reign of a ruler Q.3 State the importance of dates. Ans: Dates are important to keep account of the period or time the event took place. Date is inevitable part of human life. EG: It tells us how old things are , evolution of mankind is dated to understand the stages involved, inventions, etc Q. 4 Why do you think the periodisation is important while studying history? Ans: We periodise history in an attempt to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us. Periodisation demarcates the difference between periods. They reflect our ideas about the past. They show how we see the significance of the change from one period to the next. Q.5 Give one problem with the periodisation of Indian history offered by James Mill ?

Ans: The problem with the periodisation of Indian history by James Mill was that he divided the Indian society in three stages: 1. Hindu 2. Muslim 3. British However, this suggested that no other major changes took place in the history of India, other than the religious ones. Thus the Indian scholars later classified Indian history into: 1. Ancient 2. Medieval 3. Modern Chapter 2 – From trade to territory Q.1 Explain the “ Doctrine of Lapse”. Ans: It is a doctrine devised by Lord Dalhousie which declares that if an Indian ruler dies without a male heir, then his kingdom would lapse i.e. become a part of British territory. Q.2 Battle of Plassey is considered to be a turning point in the history of India. Comment. Ans: Battle of Plassey was a turning point since: It marked the supremacy of the British rule in India. 2 The Battle of Plassey fought between the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud Daula and Robert Clive in June 23, 1757 was remembered as a great historical war. The Nawab was defeated and forced to flee. 3.This war boosted the prestige and morale of the British in India.They could establish themselves as a free trading company by capturing the rich revenues of Bengal. They could also build up a strong army with the help of which they could rule over the whole country later. 4.After the war ended, Mir Zafar who was loyal to the British during the war was made the Nawab of Bengal. The British Company got the right to trade freely in Bengal. The Company also received the Zamindari (land revenue) of the 24 Paraganas near Calcutta. 5.To maintain its supremacy over Bengal, the East India Company introduced a major system of land revenue here which came to be known as the Permanent Settlement System.The Government used to get 10th or 11th part of the revenue collected by the zamindars. Q.3 Write a short note on Battle of Buxar. Ans: The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined army of Mir Qasim,

the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam II The battle fought at Buxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town located on the bank of the Ganges river about 130 km west of Patna, was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Q.4 Highligh the new administration that was set up under Warren Hastings. Ans: British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General, introduced several administrative reforms, notably in the sphere of justice. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat ). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors. By 1778 a code of Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta. Q.5 Why were European countries attracted to India? Ans: They were attracted for a number of reasons: 1.Good destination for trade. 2. Rich country with ample resources. 3. Great market for their goods. 4. Weakness among the rulers . 5. Hub of trade for many countries at that time. Chapter 3 – Ruling the countryside Q1. Write a short note on Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements Ans:

Permanent

Settlement

Ryotwari

Mahalwari Settlement

Settlement

Initiated

by Lord Cornwallis

Introduced

by Munro and William Bentinck

Initiated by Holt Mackenzie

Executed

in Bengal

Executed

in Madras and Bombay

Executed in the North West Frontier Provinces

The authorities entered into settlement with the Zamindars

The

authorities entered into settlement with the actual ryot or the

owner of the land.

The authorities entered into settlement with the village community

where they held land in common tenancy or with the landlords.

The revenue was not fixed.

The land revenue was fixed.

The land revenue

was fixed.

No assessment of the land was made.

Assessment

of land done. Munro assessed the revenue from 50-55% and later

reduced it to one third of the estimated produce.

Assessment done. The revenue was charged on the ‘net produce’.

Causes

for Failure-

● The

peasants lost the right of their lands

●

● Sub-infeudation

●

● The

Zamindars oppressed the cultivators more revenue

● The

system was harsh and rigid.

Causes

of Failure-

●

● The

cultivator was required to pay a fixed sum of rent irrespective

of the actual yield

● The

Causes of Failure-

● ● No more

enquiries made for assessment

● ● State

demand of revenue was very high

●

●

● Least

statutory base and executive management received to implement the

plan.

assessment of the rent was done by the agents who made unfair

extortions.

In Munro system the farmer was recognized as the owner of the land. The company made a revenue settlement directly with the peasants. Thomas Munro developed this system. So it is known as Munro system. Q.2 What lead to the rise of peasant revolt against the indigo production? Ans: In 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal rose up in revolt refusing to grow indigo. This was indigo cultivation had impoverished them. The British planters forced the ryots to sell the indigo to them at very low prices. Such low prices were not sufficient to provide the peasants a decent subsistence. The planters also prevented peasants from growing food grains for their own consumption. Due to such desperate conditions, the ryots refused to grow indigo any longe Q.3. Explain the main features of the Permanent Settlement. Ans: It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis. According to this settlement, the rajas and the talukdars were made the zamindars. They became hereditary owners of the land. They had to collect the rent from the peasants and deposit the revenue with the company. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently; it couldn't be increased in future. these are the main features of permanent settlement Q.4 Why did the Britishers force the peasants to grow the cash crops?

Ans: East India Company was interested in getting more and more revenue through taxes from the peasants. Also those commercial crops like cotton, indigo etc were required by them as raw materials for the British industries. So they forced the farmers to grow commercial crops Q.5 Why were the zamindars unhappy with the Permanent Settlement? Ans: The zamindars were unhappy as the the revenue was too high for the zamindars to pay under the permanent settlement and those who failed to pay revenue had to part with his Zamindari. Therefore, Zamindars were not interested improving the land and in participating in the permanent settlement. Chapter 4 – Tribals Dikus and the vision of golden age. Q.1 What was reserved forest ? Ans : Reserved forests were the type from which the villagers could not take anything even for their own uses such as fruits,fuel,fodder etc. This system came into effect under the 1878 Forest Act, based on the system of scientific forestry.The reserved forests were considered to be the best one. Q.2 what was the impact of the forest law on the life of the tribals? Ans: Impact of forest laws on tribal people.

● People were not allowed to move freely ,practise Jhum cultivation ,collect fruits or hunt animals.

● Jhum cultivators were therefore forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

● Tribal people were not allowed to live inside the forests due to this they faced a problem.

Many tribal groups reacted against the forest laws and disobeyed the new rules and led revolt against the Britishers .Like the Revolt of Songram Sangma in 1906 in Assam,and the forest satyagraha of the 1930's. Q.3 How can you say that the forests were the lifeline of the tribal people? Ans: Forests were the lifeline of the tribal people because they were very much dependent on the forests for various things: 1) In forest areas, people use fruits and tubers to eat. 2) Herbs are used for medicine, whereas wood is used in agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs.

3) Bamboo is used to make fences and is also used to make baskets and umbrellas. 4) A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle. 5) The leaves can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups. 6) The siadi (Bauhinia vahlii) creeper can be used to make ropes, and the thorny bark of the semur (silk-cotton) tree is used to grate vegetables. 7) Oil for cooking and to light lamps can be pressed from the fruit of the mahua tree Q.4 What was the Birsa movement ? Ans: Birsa Movement was led by Birsa Munda in areas of modern Bihar and Jharkhand The Mundas were the frustrated tribal people who resorted to rebel several times in 1789, 1807, 1812, 1819 and 1832 in Bihar & modern Jharkhand. These revolts were because of the undue interference by the administration and the attitude of the landlords Q.5 why did the Birsa movement leave the British rulers worried? Ans: Birsa Munda is considered to be the “Bhagawan” of Jharkhand. Birsa was a tribal leader. He had organised his first protest march for remission of forest dues. The revolt showed that tribal people can revolt against the colonial oppression and injustice and this left the Britishers worried that the tribals could also have the courage and unite to stand against the British rule. This left the government officials more responsive to the complaints and grievances to the Mundas. Chapter 5 – When People Rebel Q1. Who was Mangal Pandey? Why did he initiate a revolt against the Britishers? Ans: Mangal Pandey was a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry regiment of the English East India Company. He is known for his involvement in the initial stages of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Mangal pandey was upset with the British because The British introduced the new type of cartridges made up of cow and pig fat during his office at the Bengal infantry at the Barrackpore .As the soldiers had to tear cartridges with their teeth .So they refused to use it for religious reasons. So ,Mangal Pandey led a group of Indian soldier to refuse the use of cartridges that is made up of cow and pig fat and thus started to revolt against this. Q.2 Explain in detail the Political causes of the Revolt of 1857. Ans: Political Causes: The British policy of territorial annexations led to the displacement of a large number of rulers and chiefs. The vigorous application of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse

angered the ruling sections of the society. Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana Sahib became bitter enemies of the British and led to the revolt in their respective territories. The annexation of Awadh, on grounds of misgovernment, was greatly resented. The Nawabs of Awadh had always been loyal to the British. The annexation was widely seen as a blatant act of back-stabbing by the British. It deeply hurt the sentiments of the Companys sepoys because most of them came from Awadh. Moreover, even under the new regime, the people of Awadh got no relief from oppression. Peasants had to pay even higher revenue and additional taxes were imposed. The British provided no alternative source of employment to the people who lost their jobs due to the dissolution of the Nawabs administration. Q.3 Explain in detail the Economic causes of the Revolt of 1857. Ans: Economic Causes: The most important cause of popular discontent was the British policy of economically exploiting India. This hurt all sections of society. The peasants suffered due to high revenue demands and the strict revenue collection policy. Artisans and craftsmen were ruined by the large-scale influx of cheap British manufactured goods into India which, in turn, made their hand-made goods uneconomical to produce. People who made a living by following religious and cultural pursuits lost their source of livelihood due to the withdrawal of royal patronage caused by the displacement of the old ruling classes. A corrupt and unresponsive administration added to the miseries of the people. Q.4 What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity? Ans: The British undertook these methods to promote Christianity 1. In 1830, a decree was passed by which Christian missionaries were allowed to function and own property in the regions ruled by the British. 2. In 1850, new rule was put into force by which a convert to Christianity could still inherit his ancestral property. Q.5 What was the objective of the revolt of 1857? Ans : 1. To provoke the spirit of nationalism among the citizens of India 2. To free the people from the clutches of the British rule

Chapter 6 – Colonialism and the city Q.1 Write a note on the creation of New Delhi. The British wanted Delhi to forget its Mughal past. The area around the Fort was completely cleared of gardens, pavilions and mosques (though temples were left intact). The British wanted a clear ground for security reasons. Mosques in particular were either destroyed, or put to other uses. In the 1870s, the western walls of Shahjahanabad were broken to establish the railway and to allow the city to expand beyond the walls.The British were fully aware of the symbolic importance of Delhi.In 1911, The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced. New Delhi was constructed as a 10-square-mile city on Raisina Hill. New Delhi took nearly 20 years to build. The idea was to build a city that was a stark contrast to Shahjahanabad. There were to be no crowded mohallas, no mazes of narrow bylanes. In New Delhi, there were to be broad, straight streets lined with sprawling mansions set in the middle of large compounds. The architects wanted New Delhi to represent a sense of law and order, in contrast to the chaos of Old Delhi. The new city also had to be a clean and healthy space. Q.2 What is De-urbanization? Ans: 1. For administrative purposes, the British divided colonial India into three Presidencies, which in turn led to the rise in the importance of the Presidency cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. 2. These cities became the centres of British power in the different regions of India. New factories came up, trade developed. 3. At the same time when these cities were expanding, the towns and cities that manufactured specialised goods declined due to a drop in the demand for what they produced. 4. Old trading centres and ports could not survive when the flow of trade moved to new centres. 5. Similarly, earlier centres of regional power collapsed when local rulers were defeated by the British and new centres of administration emerged. This process is described as de-urbanisation. Q.3 Describe the features of the city of Shahjahanabad. Ans:

Shahjahanabad

Constructed as a walled city with 14 gates, adjoining a fort-palace complex , with the river Yamuna flowing near it

Mazes of narrow and winding lanes and bylanes and quiet cul-de-sacs

Crowded and congested mohallas

Q.4 How did Delhi change in the 19th century? Ans:The Making of New Delhi After defeating the Marathas in 1803, the British gained control of Delhi. The city developed only when Delhi became the capital of British India in 1911. Demolishing a Past In the first half of the nineteenth century in Delhi, the British lived with wealthy Indians in the Walled City. The Delhi College was established in 1792. This led to a great intellectual flowering in science and humanity. The period from 1830 to 1857 was referred to as the period of Delhi Renaissance. After the revolt of 1857, everything changed. The British wanted the people of Delhi to forget about their Mughal past. For security reasons, they got rid of the gardens, mosques and pavilions which surrounded the Fort. One-third of the city was demolished and the canals were filled up. When the western walls of Shahjahanabad were broken for the railways and expansion, the British shifted to the sprawling Civil Lines area away from the Indians in the Walled City. It took 20 years for building the city of New Delhi. The main idea was to build a city that was in stark contrast to Shahjahanabad. In contrast to the chaos of the Old Delhi, the architects wanted New Delhi to represent a sense of law and order. It had to be clean and hygienic and free from diseases.

Q.5 The buildings built by the british were different. How? The buildings built by the Mughal emperors were inspired by the Indian and Persian styles of architecture. Their buildings achieved a fusion of these two styles of architecture. On the other hand, the buildings built by the British were inspired by European styles of architecture ranging from the Classical to Gothic to Edwardian. Chapter 7 - Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Q.1 Give the full form TISCO. Who set up TISCO? Ans: TISCo stands for Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.Tata Iron and Steel Company was established by Dorabji Tata On August 25, 1907, as part of his father Jamset ji's Tata Group Q.3 How was the life of the weavers affected by the British rule? Ans: The main cause that affected the lives of the weavers was the industrial development. 1. The Industrial revolution marked the beginning of mechanised productions of cheaper goods and thus the Indian weaver were thrown out of employment. 2. Machine made goods became popular and captured the Indian market which lead to the Indian weavers and spinners lost their livelihood and were ruined. 3. They were left with no option but were forced to leave their ancestral profession. Had to migrate to cities to work in mills. Some weavers became agricultural labourers. Q.4 How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India? Ans: ) Indian textiles had to compete with British textiles in European and American markets and moreover, exporting textiles to England also became difficult as high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported to Britain 2) By 19th century, English made cotton goods successfully threw Indian goods from traditional markets in Africa, America, Europe etc 3) Thousands of weavers in India were thrown out of employment out of which weavers of Bengal were worst hit 4) English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods and their trading agents no longer gave advances to weavers to procure their supplies 5) Thus, the development of cotton industries in Britain affected textile producers in India in many ways Chapter 8 - Civilising the “Native”,Educating the Nation Q.1 How was the education system during the British era?

Ans: They felt that institutions should be set up to encourage the study of ancient Indian texts and teach Sanskrit and Persian literature and poetry. The officials also thought that Hindus and Muslims ought to be taught what they were already familiar with, and what they valued and treasured, not subjects that were alien to them. Only then, they believed, could the British hope to win a place in the hearts of the “natives”; only then could the alien rulers expect to be respected by their subjects. With this object in view a madrasa was set up in Calcutta in 1781 to promote the study of Arabic, Persian and Islamic law; and the Hindu College was established in Benaras in 1791 to encourage the study of ancient Sanskrit texts that would be useful for the administration of the country. But, later this approach was criticized. Thereafter, the English Education Act of 1835 was introduced. The decision was to make English the medium of instruction for higher education, and to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta Madrasa and Benaras Sanskrit College. These institutions were seen as “temples of darkness that were falling of themselves into decay”. English textbooks now began to be produced for schools. Q.2 What are the features of Wood's Despatch of 1854 ? Ans: The Wood's Despatch:

● outlined the educational policy that was to be followed in India, ● emphasised the practical benefits of a system of European learning, as opposed to

Oriental knowledge. ● enable Indians to recognise the advantages that flow from the expansion of trade and

commerce, ● and finally introduced them to European ways of life, change their tastes and

desires, and create a demand for British goods Q.3 Write a short note on the negative effects of the british education policy. Ans: Negative impacts of British Education system 1) According to Gandhiji, British education system created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians 2) It destroyed the pride of Indian culture and it enslaved them. 3) Education in English crippled Indians and distanced them from their own surroundings. 4) English education gave theoretical knowledge rather than practical experience to Indians Q.4 Write a short note on the positive effects of the british education policy.

Ans: Positive impacts of British Education system 1) Macaulay emphasised the need to teach English language as he felt that English would allow Indians read the finest literature the language had produced the world 2) Teaching English helped to civilize Indians which would thereby change their tastes, culture and values 3) It would enable Indians to recognize the advantages of trade and commerce in India. 4) It would change the desires of Indians as they would begin to appreciate and buy things produced in Europe thereby increasing the demand for British goods 5) Steps were taken to develop University education also in India and more schools, colleges and universities were opened in India Q.5 Give a brief description about Mahatma Gandhi's perception about national education in India. Ans: Mahatma Gandhi was against the colonial system of education.He believed that such education created inferiority complex among the Indians.It forced the Indians to project Western education as superior and make them lose pride they had in their native culture.The Western influence becomes stronger, if an Indian studies under westernised system of education and eventually praises British rule. Mahatma Gandhi wanted to develop a new system of education that could help Indians recover their sense of dignity and self-respect.He wanted one's mother tongue as the medium of instruction.Education according to Gandhi was to develop one's mind and soul and not to become literate. Chapter 9 - Women, Caste and Reform Q.1 What is female infanticide? Ans: Female infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborn female children. In countries with a history of female infanticide, the modern practice of sex-selective abortion is often discussed as a closely related issue. Female infanticide is a major cause of concern in several nations such as China and India. Q.2 Highlight the contribution of the B.R. Ambedkar for the upliftment of the dalits. Ans: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the chairperson of the drafting committee of Indian Constitution. Ambedkar had always aimed to make everyone see the power of caste prejudices within society and the Temple Entry movement initiated by him also targeted the same issue. Q.3 What was Ram Mohan Roy's contribution in changing the lives of the widows?

Ans: The life of widows changed for the better with the rise of social reformers. Due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the British government banned sati. This allowed widows to live after the death their husbands. Previously, they would have had to kill themselves on their husband's funeral pyre. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar led the movement to establish the right to remarriage for widows. This enabled to rebuild their lives after their husband's death. Q.4 What was women's contribution in world of literature? Ans: By the 1880s, Indian women began to enter universities. Some of them trained to be doctors, some became teachers. Many women began to write and publish their critical views on the place of women in society. Tarabai Shinde, a woman educated at home at Poona, published a book, Stripurushtulna, (A Comparison between Women and Men), criticising the social differences between men and women. Pandita Ramabai, a great scholar of Sanskrit, felt that Hinduism was oppressive towards women, and wrote a book about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women. Q.5 What was Periyar's non- brahman movement? Ans: It was the movement that started in early twentieth century .It was started by influential classes who were non-Brahmin.To give a direction to this fight against untouchability Periyar founded the self Respect movement.He criticised the Hindu scriptures,codes of Manu etc .He believed they depicted the authority of Brahman's over non-Brahmins.He played a key role like by his movement the self-respect marriage system were organised, whereby marriages were conducted without being officiated by a Brahmin priest,this movement also encouraged inter-caste marriages, replacing arranged marriages by love marriages that are not constrained by caste. Chapter 10 - The Changing World of Visual Arts Q.1 Give an account of the Kalighat paintings. Ans: The Kalighat paintings:

● Originated from the Kalighat Kali Temple region of Calcutta ● They generally depicted Kali amongst other Hindu gods, goddesses, and other

mythological characters ● Some paintings were also made on subjects other than mythology ● Were a deviation from the scroll paintings popular in Bengal before its advent ● Were an amalgamation of the Oriental and the Occidental school of paintings ● Were simple to make and easy to reproduce

Q.2 What was portrait paintings? Ans: Tradition of art that became immensely popular in colonial India was portrait painting. The rich and the powerful, both British and Indian, wanted to see themselves on canvas. Unlike the existing Indian tradition of painting portraits in miniature, colonial portraits were life-size images that looked lifelike and real. The size of the paintings itself projected the importance of the patrons who commissioned these portraits. Q.3 What was the contribution of the mechanical printing presses in the late 19th century? Ans: Printing presses in India developed the feeling of nationalism, patriotism and unity among the masses. Nationalist feelings and revolutionary ideas were secretly spread by the dailies like - The Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Indian Mirror, Kesri, The Hindu, Bombay Samachar etc. Through these newspapers national leaders always tried to mobilize public opinion of Indian masses and unite them for the cause of nationalism.The ideas generated through he press educate people who gradually were influenced by the reformist ideas of the Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Gandhiji, Subhash Bose etc. Q.4 Write about the painting style of Raja Ravi Varma. Ans: a. Ravi Verma was an Indian artist who hailed from the Princely state of travancore. b.His paintings represented a blend of Indian traditions with modernity. c. He depicted in his paintings mythological characters from Ramayana and Mahabharat. d. Some of his important art works were Shakuntala, Arjuna and Subhadra etc. e. Ravi Varma started press in Ghatkopar, Bombay in 1894 and later shifted to Malavali near Lonavala, Maharashtra in 1899. f. He had set up the printing press with the help of German technicians as his paintings had become popular and so that it could reach and be distributed to the masses. In his printing press coloured prints of his paintings were produced on a large scale which even the poor could afford. Q.5 Write a note on the “ history paintings”. Ans: History painting is a branch of painting which represents the events of history. It is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than artistic style. History paintings usually depict a moment in a narrative story, rather than a specific and static subject, such as a portrait. History paintings are often large in scale. Their subjects can be taken from the Bible, from mythology or other forms of secular literature, from historical events; or they can be allegories. History painting was viewed as the most important of the genres from about the 16th century, and the climax of an academic painter's training. It was the equivalent of Epic or Tragedy in literature.Example- The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, 1833

Chapter 11 - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s—1947 Q.1 Write a short note on Boycott and Swadeshi movement? Ans: The Swadeshi movement was a part of the Indian Independence Movement. It was an economic strategy that sought to remove British rule by following the principles of self-sufficiency (swadeshi). This strategy was based on the idea that the foundation of British rule in India was the economic dependency of India on Britain. Indian industries had been destroyed by British rule as a result of which, India was almost entirely reliant on imports from Britain for manufactured goods like textile. It was argued that by becoming self-sufficient, India could weaken the economic foundation of British rule. The Swadeshi movement started with the partition of Bengal in 1905 and continued up to 1911. Boycott was one of the tactics used in the Swadeshi movement. It involved the boycott of British products like cotton textile manufactured in Britain. Instead, leaders of the movement advocated the use of Indian products. Q2. What was the Rowlatt Act ? Ans: 1. The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" enacted during the First World War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy. 2. This act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person for a maximum period of two years, without trial who was suspected of doing terror in the Raj. 3. The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal with revolutionary activities Q.3 What is the significance of the lahore session? Ans: The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress was held in 1929 under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. h. Its Importance: The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress witnessed significant developments in the Indian national movement. In this session Congress had taken such decisions which had far-reaching consequences. Besides, the signs of the imminent Civil Disobedience Movement were visible in this Congress. However, the importance of the Lahore session of the Congress may be summed up as follows:

First, the election of Jawaharlal Nehru to the post of Presidentship of the Congress was a clear indication of the growing strength of the Leftists in the Congress. Secondly, it was in this session that the Congress for the first time raised the demand for complete independence. Such demand was not raised from the Congress platform earlier. The Lahore Congress accepted the new interpretation for Swaraj which was now to mean 'complete independence '. Thirdly, it was in the Lahore session that the Congress decided not to participate in the Round Table Conference. Fourthly, the Nehru Report was declared to be null and void in the Lahore Congress. Fifthly, another significant decision arrived at in the Lahore Congress was that the Congressmen all over the country will take an Oath of Independence in the midnight of 31st December, 1929. Sixthly, it was further decided in the Congress that 26th January, 1930 was to be celebrated as the 'Independence Day '. This fake Independence Day under the British rule was to be celebrated to make the Indian national movement more lively. Seventhly, Lahore Congress also decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Movement with complete independence as its goal. The detailed programme of the movement was, however, to be drawn up by Gandhiji. Q.4 What was the effect of the Quit India movement? Ans: Impact of Quit India Movement: 1) Quit India was a direct call to independence and Gandhiji gave the call for ‘Do or Die’ but through non-violent methods. 2) The movement was clear in its call and ultimatum was given to the British to quit the country peacefully and gracefully. 3) Smaller parties opposed the call, but the movement saw widespread participation of people from all religions and communities. Q.5 what were the causes of the civil disobedience movement? Ans: Cause for launching Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress:

● The British Government in India had deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It had based itself on the exploitation of masses,

● The British Government had ruined India economically, politically culturally and spiritually.

● The people of India believed it to be a crime against man and god to submit any longer to a rule that has caused irreparable harm to Indian economy and its social fabric.

● The Congress, therefore, declared the attainment of complete independence as its

aim in the Congress Session held at Lahore and decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.

Chapter 12 - India After Independence Q.1 What was the reason that Hyderabad decide to join the Indian union ? Ans: One of the major challenges that Independent India was with regard to the Princely states. There were around 500 Princely states with Independent Nawab. They had to be persuaded because: a. To complete the process of integration. b. It would not have been possible to have independent Princely states within an Independent country c. Many Nawab like Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain their independence, thus they had to be persuaded. Q.2 What were the immediate challenges that India faced after independence? Ans: India had to face many problems after it gained independence. 1.The problem of immigration was one of the greatest challenges that India had to face.Nearly 8 million refugees who migrated from Pakistan to India needed shelter and livelihood. 2.There were about 500 princely states ruled by nawabs or rulers. These states ad to be acceded to the Indian kingdom and their boundaries need to be demarcated.This was a huge challenge that India had to face. 3.India is a land of diversity where assimilation of different languages, culture, religion and food habits ad to be made.The achievement of unity in diversity was a big challenge.

4.The economic condition of India was critical. It had to overcome the challenge of poverty.Industrialisation was the need of the hour. 5.Finally, illiteracy and health development of the people was also the demand of the time and a challenge to overcome. Q.3 What were the principles of the Panchsheel Agreement with China? Ans: Mutual non-aggression,

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, 2. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, 3. Equality and mutual benefit, and 4. Peaceful co-existence.

Q.4 What were the socio- economic challenges faced by independent India. Ans: Overpopulation : Overpopulation had to be dealt with as this was the root cause of poverty in India. Illiteracy: Education was important as the leaders thought that literacy was important so that they could assert their rights and exercise their duties. Casteism : Casteism was seen as the major threat to the unity of the country. Poverty: Eradication of poverty was the main challenge for the development of the country.

GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1 – Resources Q.1 What is a resource? Ans:

An object that has a utility and holds a value is called a resource. Resources can be classified as natural, human and human-made. Q.2 What is the difference between natural and man made resources? Ans:

Natural Resources

Man-made Resources

These resources occur in nature.

These resources do not occur in nature, rather are made by the humans.

They are used without much modifications in them.

As they do not occur naturally, so this suggests that they are modified for use.

They can be both renewable and non-renewable.

They are always non-renewable.

They enable economic development.

They enable both economic and social development.

Example, land, water, etc.

Example, building, bridges, etc.

Q.3 What is human resource? Ans: Human Resource refer to the individuals or personnel or workforce within an organisation responsible for performing the tasks given to them for the purpose of achievement of goals and objectives of the organisation which is possible only through proper recruitment and selection, providing proper orientation an induction, training, skill developments, proper assessment of employees (performance appraisal), providing appropriate compensation and benefits, maintaining proper labour relations and ultimately maintaining safety, welfare and health concern of employees, which is process of the human resource management. Q.5 How would we classify resources based on distribution? Explain. Ans: Resource distribution refers to the distribution of resources, including land, water, minerals, fuel and wealth in general among corresponding geographic entities (states, countries, etc.). Chapter 2 - Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Q.1 What are the causes of land degradation? Ans: The various causes of land degradation is

1. Deforestation-cutting down trees 2. Mining-leaves deep scars and traces of over-burdening 3. Dumping of industrial effluents 4. Overgrazing 5. Over irrigation-increases the salts and alkaline deposits in the soil

Q.2 suggest ways to conserve the forests. Ans: Ways to conserve the forests are given below : 1) Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited. 2) Wastage of timber and fuel wood to be avoided. 3) Alternative sources of energy, such as biogas should be used to supplement fuel wood. 4) Forest fires should be prevented. 5) Pests and diseases of the forest trees should be controlled chemically and biologically. 6) Grazing of cattle in forests should be discouraged. 7) Indiscriminate cutting of trees should be prohibited. 8) Reforestation of the deforested areas should be undertaken.

9) Large afforestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture.10) Operations called improved cutting and selective cutting should be adopted in forest management Q.3 Why is the percentage of wildlife depletion? Ans: Loss of Habitat and Habitat Alteration

● Human Animal Conflict: is a direct result of habitat destruction where the animals wander into human habitation in search of prey and thus ends up being killed.

● Poaching and Hunting: Poaching has been a long time enemy of wildlife conservation. ● Pollution: Water pollution leads to the extinction of many aquatic species, not to forget

the soil pollution which results from toxic chemicals that leach into the soil and water bodies all resulting in the decline of numerous species.

Q.4 Write a note on different types of soil. Ans: Indian soils are generally divided into four broad types. These soil types are: 1) alluvial soils; 2) regur soils; 3) red soils and 4) laterite soils. ALLUVIAL SOILS: This is the most important and widespread category. It covers 40% of the land area. In fact the entire Northern Plains are made up of these soils. They have been brought down and deposited by three great over the Himalayan rivers- Sutlej, Ganga and Brahmaputra- and their tributaries. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan they extend into the plains of Gujarat. They are common in eastern coastal plains and in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. REGUR SOILS: These soils are black in colour and are also known as black soils. Since, they are ideal for growing cotton, they are also called cotton soils, in addition to their normal nomenclature of regur soils. These soils are most typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over north-west Deccan plateau and are made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa and southern Madhya Pradesh and extends eastwards in the south along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys. RED SOILS: These soils are developed on old crystalline rocks under moderate to heavy rainfall conditions. They are deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogenous material. Red soils cover the eastern part of the peninsular region comprising Chhotanagpur plateau, Orissa, eastern Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, the Nilgiris and Tamil Nadu plateau. Tey extended northwards in the west along the Konkan coast of Maharashtra. LATERITE SOILS: The laterite soils is the result of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical rains. They are found along the edge of plateau in the east covering small parts of Tamil Nadu, and Orissa and a small part of Chhotanagpur in the north and Meghalaya in the north-east. Besides these four broad types of soils, mountain soils and desert soils are found in respective areas of India.

Q.5 List some methods to conserve soil erosion. Ans: Use rotational grazing. There is a short grazing period followed by a rest period of longer duration. Grazing is done when the farm is still in the vegetative stage. This prevents crops from being totally eaten away.

1. Change the plant species on your farm. Don’t use tilling, instead use herbicides to kill the existing plants.

2. Cover the entire soil with plants, which will significantly reduce erosion. 3. Along with the plants it’s important to water soil, which keeps it damp and makes it

settle down. 4. Don’t cultivate soils on steep slopes. Do terrace farming. 5. You can construct wind barriers at the boundaries of the farm. This will prevent wind

from blowing away the soil. 6. Add humus to your soil. It will prevent soil erosion. 7. Keep grassed waterways to drain out storm water. 8. To fight storm water, use structures made of natural materials. Use logs or collection of

large stones instead of cement and concrete. Natural resources are more effective and inexpensive.

9. Plant strips of grass, trees or shrubs between water and cropland. It prevents surface movement of fertilizers, pesticides and soil. Strips cause increased runoff of water into soil. There is increased denitrification, in which microbes convert nitrate-nitrogen into gas form that dissipates to the atmosphere. It decreases the amount of nitrate available to move into groundwater and surface water supplies. They absorb nutrients, sediment, and pesticides moving from adjoining cropland before they reach the water sources. The strip’s trees, grass or shrubs absorb the nutrients and pesticides. 11.Farm taking into account the shape of the land. The small grooves and channels that you fashion play the role of dams, trapping runoff water, sediment, nutrients, and pesticides, and pushing them along graded crop rows to outlets such as grassed waterways.

So we see that there are a number of simple and effective ways by which we can conserve soil. Only a global and earnest effort can save this life sustaining resource. So do take the necessary steps and fulfill your obligation towards your planet. Chapter 3 - Mineral and Power Resources Q.1 What is the effect of mining on the environment?

Ans: Mining activities are major cause of deforestation where forests are cleared and huge pits dug to extract the mineral resources. This causes soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil and water by chemicals from mining processes. A huge volume of earth is excavated and displaced causing silting. Mining can cause health hazard to people working in mine under unsafe conditions. Q.2 Why are minerals important for us? Ans: Uses of minerals- 1. They are an important source of fuel. 2. They are used in the development of industries and machinery. 3. They are used in the manufacturing of ornaments like gold, diamond, silver,etc. 4. They are also used in the field of communication .like telephone, wires, cables, etc. Q.3 Write a short note on the classification of minerals. Q.4 “Mineral resources are unevenly distributed in India”. Comment. Ans: Minerals in India are unevenly distributed:-

● Minerals in Deccan:- The peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non metallic minerals.

● Minerals in western and eastern India:- In Gujarat and Assam petroleum deposits are present in the sedimentary rocks.

● Minerals in Rajasthan:- Rajasthan is rich in reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.

● Minerals in north India:- The vast alluvial plains are devoid of economic minerals.

Minerals in India occur in variations. These variations exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals. Q.5 Differentiate between Conventional and Non – conventional sources of energy. Ans: Conventional Sources of Energy I. The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power. II. They are exhaust able except water.

III. They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke and ash. IV. They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted as they are carried over long distance through transmission grid and lines. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy I. The resources which are yet in the process of development over the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal. II. They are inexhaustible. III. They are generally pollution free. IV. Less expensive due to local sue and easy to maintain. Chapter 4 – Agriculture Q.1 Why do you think agricultural development was needed? Ans: Since the majority of the population is Agrarian. Government has taken many initiatives. The boom started with the green revolution in the 90s. Then with the growth in IT & C. Agriculture has been boosted with modern technology, equipment, communication etc. Farmers are given real time help through helplines, weather alerts etc. India is one of the major exporters of fruits, vegetables etc. It also occupies a major share in the global market for the production of rice and wheat. Some of the actions that were taken : 1. Focus on Research and development 2. Improving irrigation facilities, storage etc. 3.Subsidies , loans etc for farmers 3. Expert help for farmers with respect to soil, type of fertilisers, crop rotation etc. 4. Improving rural infrastructures Q.2 what are the major crops in India? Ans: Major crops in India are:

1. Rice 2. Wheat 3. Tea

4. Coffee 5. Jute 6. Rubber 7. Maize 8. Millet 9. Sugarcane 10. Oilseeds

Q.3 What is shifting cultivation? Ans: Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot. The period of cultivation is usually terminated when the soil shows signs of exhaustion or, more commonly, when the field is overrun by weeds. The length of time that a field is cultivated is usually shorter than the period over which the land is allowed to regenerate by lying fallow. Of these cultivators, many use a practice of slash-and-burn as one element of their farming cycle. Others employ land clearing without any burning, and some cultivators are purely migratory and do not use any cyclical method on a given plot. Sometimes no slashing at all is needed where regrowth is purely of grasses, an outcome not uncommon when soils are near exhaustion and need to lie fallow. Q.4 What is intensive subsistence farming? Ans: Cultivation methods change significantly based upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type. Primitive Subsistence Farming and Intensive Subsistence Farming are two forms of farming.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

practised in areas of high population pressure on land

modern machineries

labour intensive farming

Artificial irrigation

where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. Higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides

Q.5 What are the main features of commercial farming? Ans: Commercial farming - The crops grown and animals reared are for sale in the market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large.Machines are used for the most of the work. It is practised all over the world, mainly in developed countries. Chapter 5 - Industries Q.1 what factors have lead to the development of IT industries in Bengaluru? Ans: Factors contributing to the development of IT in Bengaluru are: a. The growth of IT industry can be attributed to a series of political, social, economic and cultural factors. b. The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure. c. Bengaluru has largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges that provided for skilled and trained manpower for the IT industry. d. The city has always attracted people because of low rent, good housing facility. e. It has highest availability of skilled top and middle level executives.

f. There is also ample support from the state government which was first to announce IT policy in 1992. Q.2 Explain the classification of industries based on raw materials. Ans: Industries based on raw materials are 1.Agro-based industries. Cotton textile, jute textile and sugar are examples of such agro-based industries. 2.Pastoral based industries. Hides, skins, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries. 3.Forest based industries. Paper, plywood, lac, rayon, resin, furniture, sports are forest-based industries. Q.3 what is the difference between small scale and large scale industries ? Ans:

Small scale industries

Large scale industries

1. Industries that require capital less than

or up to Rs. 1 crore are called small scale industries.

Industries that require capital more than Rs. 1 crore are called large scale industries.

1. Production is low targeted for local

markets only.

Produce goods on large scale.

1. Low skilled or non-skilled labour required.

Highly skilled labour is required.

1. High-cost productivity with non uniform products.

Production is fine and cheap with uniform products.

1. Labour employed is small in number.

Employs large number of labour.

Example: Toy-making, pickle-making etc.

Example: Cotton textile, steel and iron and sugar industry etc.

Q.4 What are co-operatives? Ans: Cooperatives are group of people acting together to meet the common needs and aspirations of its members, sharing ownership and making decisions democratically. They are not profit making organisations but providing value service for the customers.It is unique in character for he service it provides. For example, Mother Dairy, Amul, Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India, Andhra Pradesh State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society. Q.5 Write a short note on the cotton industry in India. Ans: India became the major producer of cotton and silk

● The quality of cotton produced in India was very fine and it had an international market

● Cotton was exported to Persia, Central Asia and this was made possible through a major port in Surat

● Merchants provided finance to this industry and in due course India emerged as a major exporter of cotton textiles

● After suppression of British on Cotton exports, there was a decline in cotton industry

● But, due to support of certain communities, and financial support of certain industrialists, like J. N Tata, G. D. Birla, the first cotton mill was set up in Bombay in 1854 and after 6 years, many cotton mills were started providing employment to large number of labourers

Chapter 6 - Human Resources Q.1 How does climate play an important role in determining the population of a place? Ans: people do not live in very cold areas like mountains . it is a place where life is not possible. agriculture , herding are not possible .

● people cannot live in very hot places like deserts . vegetation , availability of water , is not possible

● people cannot live in forests where lots of dangerous things like man eating animals , poisonous plants , etc

Q.2 What are the reasons behind the uneven distribution of population? Ans: The distribution of population in India is uneven because of the following factors: a.Topographic factors: . Like in the Himalayan region, because of hilly region , there is sparse population, whereas in the Ganga plain, due to fertile soil and non hilly land, leads to dense population. b . Climatic conditions: Extreme climatic conditions like hot regions of Rajasthan or snow covered regions of J & K have unfavourable and harsh climate. Livelihood activities like agriculture and animal rearing cannot be done throughout the year. Thus, these regions have low population. c . Availability of water and resources also impacts the distribution of population one can give example of Kutch area or Thar desert area in Rajasthan, these areas receive less rainfall .

d. Transportation and other facilities: Areas like North Eastern states are also thinly populated. Lack of adequate road, rail networks in many remote areas of these states have made them sparsely populated, Hilly terrain , heavy fog and thick forest though also contribute to uneven distribution of population in these areas. e. Industralization - This is one of the factors for the growing population in urban areas which has compelled people from rural areas to migrate into cities in search for better job and employment opportunities. Many people from backward states like Bihar , Orissa migrate in huge numbers to cities like Delhi, Mumbai etc. Q.3 What is population pyramid? What does it tells us? Ans: A population pyramid is a diagrammatic presentation of population that shows:

● The total population divided into various age groups, e.g., 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years.

● The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females, in each of those groups.

● The shape of the population pyramid shows the people living in that particular country. The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect the level of births.

● The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and reflects the number of deaths.

● The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country. There are two groups

● of dependents — young dependents (aged below 15 years) and elderly dependents (aged over 65 years). Those of the working age are the economically active

Q.4 Why are humans considered as a resource? Ans: Humans have the knowledge, skill and the adequate technology to make the maximum utilization of the resources around us. Humans are not only able to utilize and make proper use of resources but even search for new ones. With training and education humans become capable enough to create more resources. Q.5 What factors affect the change of population of a place? Ans: The major factors responsible for the sharp increase in the population are

1. High birth rate due, illiteracy, poverty, early marriage etc 2. Low death rate due to improved medical facilities, cure of epidemic diseases, etc. 3. Increases migration rate.

CIVICS Chapter 1 – The Indian Constitution Q.1 What is the importance of a constitution? Ans: A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to comprise a written constitution. Q.2 How can you say India is a secular state? Ans: India is a secular country as the Indian Constitution provides fundamental rights that allow individuals to practice their own religion and live by their own religious beliefs. Citizens have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently and exit from their religion. The Constitution provides for the separation of the powers of religion and the State. The State does not have any religion of its own and is expected to not discriminate between its citizens on this ground. According to the Constitution, the objectives of a secular state are:

● that one religious community does not dominate another ● that some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community ● that the State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious

freedom of individuals. The Indian state functions to uphold secularism in many ways. The offices of government institutions are not supposed to display any sign of religious affiliation. The Indian state practices non-interference in religious matters in order to respect religious sentiments. This includes making exception for certain religions in matters of faith. However, the state also interferes to eliminate discrimination in certain cases, e.g. abolishing untouchability. Q.3 Discuss the key features of the Indian constitution? Ans: Key features 1. Federalism: It ensures national unity and at the same time allows individual progress. A federal government allows the Centre to hold supreme power but its Constituent States have some power as well.

2. Separation of Powers: This serves two purposes: firstly, tyrannical use of power is avoided since it does not vest power in any single authority. Secondly, the 3 organs of power also work as a check on each other, thereby maintaining a good balance. 3. Fundamental Rights: These are important because they conform to a humane society. They also protect citizens against arbitrary and absolute use of power by the State. 4. Parliamentary Form of Government: It upholds universal adult franchise. This entails the fact that the people of a country play a direct role in electing their representatives to run the state as well as the nation. Q.4 What do you understand the right against exploitation? Ans: The right against exploitation allows Indian citizens to stand up against any kind of exploitation that he/ she might be going through. This fundamental right is described in the constitution as: Article 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.- (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. Article 24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.- No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. Q.5 Write a short note on the National Human Rights Commission. Ans: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA).The NHRC is the national human right commission , responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as "rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants".

Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism Q.1 What are the features of the preamble? Ans: A preamble is the introduction to the Constitution.It is the expressionary statement in a document and explains the Constitution's purpose and underlying philosophy. The Preamble is important because :

● It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. ● It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government, to find

out whether it is good or bad. Q.2 Why is it important to separate religion from state? Ans: Religion should be separated from politics because it can take the form of communalism. There are many different forms of communalism in politics and they act as threats to democracy: 1. The common form of communalism are practiced on everyday customarily beliefs. It can be in the form of religious prejudices, stereotypes of religions communities, supremacy of one religion over the other religions. These beliefs are so common that we often fail to detect even when we believe in it. 2. It leads to a search for political dominance of religious community over others. It takes the form of majoritarian dominance for majority community, for minority community, it can take form of a desire to form a separate political unit. 3. The most frequent form of communalism is political enlistment on the religious guidelines. It involves the usage of sacred symbols, religions leaders, emotional appeal and creating fear in order to accumulate followers of one religious community in the political arena. It is materialized to gain advantage in electoral politics. 4. It often takes the form of communal violence, riots and massacre. Q.3 What is secularism? Ans: Secularism means the non-interference of the state and the religion in the affairs of each other. In the Indian context, it refers to the freedom of an individual to practice the religion of her/his choice. India is a secular state as the state has no religion of its own. The Constitution of India guarantees equality of all religions and prohibits discrimination against any individual on grounds of religion.

Q.4 What according to you are the objectives of a secular state? Ans: In Indian secularism, though the State is not strictly separate from religion it does maintain a principled distance vis-à-vis religion. This means that any interference in religion by the State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution. The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. According to the Constitution, only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following: 1. that one religious community does not dominate another; 2. that some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community; 3. that the State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals. Q.5 What is India's policy of non- interference? Ans: The policy of non- interference means that in order to respect the sentiments of all religions and not interfere with religious practices, Chapter 3- Why Do We Need a Parliament? Q.1 What is the composition of Rajya Sabha? Ans: The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian parliament. IT is also called the Council of States. It has 250 members, 12 of whom are chosen by the president for their competence in the fields of art, literature, science social services. These members are known as the nominated members. The remaining 238 members are elected by the states and union territories by the method of indirect elections. The members serve for a period of 6 years, with one-third of the members retiring every 2 years. Thus, the Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is never dissolved. The vice-president of India is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. Q.2 Discuss the functions of the parliament. Ans: The term 'Parliament' has its root in the French word parley which means "to talk", " to discuss".

● In society, there are various issues of conflicts and competition between the majority and minority groups. We cannot allow the powerful groups to suppress the rights and freedom of the weaker groups. In that case the rights and freedom of individuals would be curbed and violence would ensue. That would lead to dictatorship not democracy. Hence, the requirement of a Parliament, where the greatest good of

the people is arrived upon by the use of " talking", "discussions", and "debates". The Parliament is the highest body of the government that makes and amends laws in favour of the society through debates.

● The primary functions of the Parliament are: 1. legislation, within its jurisdiction; 2. amendments of the constitution; 3. approval of presidential ordinance and proclamation; 4. act as the check on the remaining two organs of government: Executive and Judiciary

Q.3 State the difference between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Ans: There are a lot of differences between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Some of them are/; i) Lok Sabha is the lower chamber of the Parliament whereas Rajya Sabha is the upper chamber. However, you should not be mistaken as it does not mean that the powers of Lok Sabha are inferior as compared to the other house. In fact, it is just the opposite. ii) Lok sabha can have a maximum of 552 members. At present, there are 545 members out of which 2 are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community. On the other hand, Rajya Sabha have 250 members out of which 12 members have been nominated by the President from amongst the persons having special knowledge in art, science, literature etc. iii) The members of the Lok Sabha are elected on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise whereas the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the Legislative assembly of each state through proportional representation. iv)Lok Sabha has the power to introduce the budget of the country whereas no such power resides in the hands of Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is called the controller of the purse of the nation. Rajya sabha can only discuss it when passed by the Lok Sabha. v) Lok Sabha exercises effective control on the ministers through various motion such as no confidence motion, censure motion, question hour, adjournment motion etc. On the other hand, Rajya Sabha cannot pass any such motion. It exercises control on them by means of questions, debates and discussions. vi) Lok Sabha is dissolved after every five years or earlier by the president. On the other hand, Rajya Sabha is a permanent body which is not subject to dissolution. One-third of its members retire after every second year.

vii) A person should be at least 25 years of age to be eligible for Lok Sabha whereas our constitution requires a person to be at least 30 years of age to be a member of Rajya Sabha. viii) Money bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha. After that, it is passed to the Rajya Sabha for consideration. Rajya Sabha must pass the bill within fourteen days with or without any changes. It is up to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject the changes. Q.4 What is the role of the opposition? Ans: The opposition party in Indian democracy holds an important position and performs the following roles:

1. To question the ruling party and hold them accountable to the public. 2. To debate on legislative issues in the House and during the Select Committee process to

ensure that the legislation receives due consideration. 3. Equally responsible to work in the best interests of the people. 4. To take care that government does not take such steps that may have negative effect for

the people. 5. Basically the Opposition party acts on behalf of common people and should be in

position to help the ruling party if the issues are in favour of the masses. Q5. What do you understand by the term universal adult franchise? Universal adult franchise: Adult franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens (above the age of 18yrs) without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or sex. It is based on equality which is a basic principle of democracy. It demands that the right to vote should be equally available among all. In fact, the spirit of democracy can be maintained only if the people are given the right to vote without any discrimination Chapter 4 - Understanding Laws Q.1 Which is the lawmaking body in India? Ans: The Parliament is the highest law making body of the country.

Q.2 What do you understand by the rule of law? Ans: The rule of law is an ambiguous term that can mean different things in different contexts. In one context the term means rule according to law. No individual can be ordered by the government to pay civil damages or suffer criminal punishment except in strict accordance with well-established and clearly defined laws and procedures. In a second context the term means rule under law. No branch of government is above the law, and no public official may act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law. In a third context the term means rule according to a higher law. No written law may be enforced by the government unless it conforms with certain unwritten, universal principles of fairness, morality, and justice that transcend human legal systems. Q.3 Write in brief the steps involved in law making. Ans: There are several stages in the procedure of law making in the Parliament. a. In the first stage the bill is introduced in the Parliament by the minister or a member of the Parliament. He or she explains the aims and objects of the Bill. The bill is then published and its printed copies are circulated among the Members of the Parliament. b. In the second stage the objectives of the Bill are discussed thoroughly. The Bill after discussion is referred to a Select Committee for detailed examination. The Select Committee gives its recommendation on the various provisions of the Bill. c. At the third stage, the Bill as recommended by the Select Committee is discussed clause by clause and put to vote.If the Bill is passed by the required majority, it goes to the other House. Again the same procedure is followed. If the two Houses do not agree, a joint meeting of both the Houses is held. In this meeting, the decision taken by the majority is considered as the decision of both the Houses. d.Finally, the Bill goes to the President for his assent. After President's assent the Bill becomes an Act and is enforced as the law of the land. Q.4 What is a money bill? Ans: Explanation of Money Bill: Under article 110(1) of the Constitution, a Bill is deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely:

● the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;

● the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;

● the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such fund;

● the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India; ● the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of

India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure; ● the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account

of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State.

Q.5 What is a controversial law? Ans: Laws which the people feel are unjust and harmful and hence unacceptable to them are referred to as controversial and unpopular. Chapter 5 – Judiciary Q.1 Judiciary is considered to be independent. Comment. Ans: Independence of judiciary means that the organs of the govt. cannot influence the functioning and decisions of the judiciary. The constitution has ensured independence of the judiciary through a number of measures:

● The appointment of judges doesn't involve political parties. A person must have experience as a lawyer to be appointed as a judge. He/she can't be appointed arbitrarily.

● T\he judges hold office till the age of retirement. This security of tenure or permanent status ensures that the judge functions without apprehension.

● The judiciary is not financially dependent on either the executive or the legislature. The remuneration (wages or salary) of the judges does not need the approval of the legislature

Q.2 Write a note on High court. Ans: The High Courts are the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in the state. It is powerful in the following manner:

1)Each High Court has power to issue to any person within its jurisdiction directions, orders, or writs including writs which are in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. 2)Each High Court has powers of superintendence over all Courts within its jurisdiction. 3)It can call for returns from such Courts, make and issue general rules and prescribe forms to regulate their practice and proceedings and determine the manner and form in which book entries and accounts shall be kept. Q.3 What are the three levels of judiciary in India? Ans: The three levels of judiciary are: 1. Supreme court 2. High court 3. Lower courts Q.4 What are the main functions of the judiciary? Ans: The judiciary of India is a powerful and independent institution. It is a mechanism for the legal redressal of disputes and prosecution of legal offenders as well. Apart from this, the judiciary at the higher level also interprets the Constitution and resolves disputes between the centre and states as well as between different states. It protects the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and is the mechanism to seek recourse to constitutional remedies. It also strikes down any law that contravenes the Constitution in letter and spirit. Along with the legislature and the executive, it is one of the three pillars of Indian democracy. Q.5 Differentiate between civil law and criminal law. Ans: Criminal Law :- 1) Deals with the conducts or acts that the law defines as offences. For example, theft, harassing a woman, to bring down more dowry, murder etc. 2) It usually begins with the First Information Report (FIR) with the police who investigates the crime after which a case is filed in the court. 3) If found guilty the accused can be sent to jail and also be fined. Civil Law :- 1) Deals with the harm or injury to the rights of the individuals. For example, purchasing of goods, sale of land, rent matter, divorce cases etc. 2) A petition has to be filed in the relevant court by the affected party only. For instance, in a rent matter, either the landlord or the tenant can file a case.

3) The court gives specific relief asked for. For instance, In a rent matter between the landlord and the tenant, the court may order the flat to be vacated and the pending rent to the paid. Chapter 6 - Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Q.1 What is the role of public prosecutor? Ans: In the court, it is the Public Prosecutor who represents the interests of the State. The role of the Prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court. He/she has no role to play in the investigation. The Prosecutor must conduct the prosecution on behalf of the State. As an officer of the court, it is his/her duty to act impartially and present the full and material facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case Q.2 What do you understand by FIR? Ans: FIR refers to First Information Report, usually prepared by police departments

● It is a written document in which information about the offence is recorded ● It is a report or complaint lodged by a victim or on his behalf, to the police, either through

writing or verbal ● FIR is considered as important document by police as investigation is proceeded

only after it has been registered Q.3 Judge is the key player while solving the criminal case. How? Ans:

● The judge conducts the trial impartially in an open court. ● The judge decide whether the person is guilty or innocent on the basis of evidence.

Q.4 What do you understand by fair trial? Ans: The elements of a fair trial are:

● Firstly, the accused is given a copy of the chargesheet and all other evidence that the prosecution presented against him/ her.

● The offence must be defined as a crime in the law. ● The trial must be held in an open court, in public view.The relatives may be allowed to

attend the court hearings.

● The trial must be held in the presence of the accused. ● The accused is defended by a lawyer. ● The lawyer of the accused must be given an opportunity to cross-examine all the

prosecution witnesses. ● The judge assumed the accused to be innocent till the crime is proved. ● The judge should remain impartial

Q.5 What protections are guaranteed to an arrested person under Article 22 of the Constitution of India? Ans: The following are the rights granted to an arrested person under Article 22 of the Constitution of India:

1. The right to be informed about the offence for which the person is being arrested at the time of arrest.

2. The right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest. 3. The right to not be ill treated or tortured during arrest or in custody. 4. Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence. 5. A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to police station only for

questioning. Chapter 7 – Understanding Marginalisation Q.1 What are marginalised groups? Ans: Some marginalised communities in India are Tribals or Adivasi, SC's, OBC’s, Religious minorities and women. They protested against being excluded because: a. They were victims of societal oppression and were historically discriminated like women, SC's. b. They were socially and educationally backward. c. Many of them were cut off from the mainstream. d. They demanded fairness, equal and just treatment. e. Many of them demanded their customary rights like tribals. Q.2 Why does the constitution protect the marginalised groups?

Ans: The Constitution provides these safeguards because it is committed to protecting India’s cultural diversity and promoting equality as well as justice. Q.3 Who were the Adivasis? Ans: Adivasis is the collective name used for the many indigenous peoples of India. The term Adivasi derives from the Hindi word ‘adi' which means of earliest times or from the beginning and ‘vasi' meaning inhabitant or resident. For Adivasis, land is not merely a source of livelihood, it is also an integral part of their culture, identity and existence. Q.5 List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised. Ans: Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized because firstly, they follow a different culture, language and traditions from mainstream Indian society which leads us to wrongfully classify them as exotic, primitive and backward. Secondly, they are used to a way of life close to nature and with the cutting down of forests they are being forced to migrate to urban areas where they feel out of place and not in sync with a lifestyle so vastly different from their countryside background. Chapter 8 – Confronting Marginalisation Q.1 Who were the untouchables? Ans: Untouchable, also called Dalit, officially Scheduled Caste, formerly Harijan, in traditional Indian society, the former name for any member of a wide range of low-caste Hindu groups and any person outside the caste system.The use of the term and the social disabilities associated with it were declared illegal in the constitutions adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India in 1949 and of Pakistan in 1953. Mahatma Gandhi called untouchables Harijans (“Children of the God Hari Vishnu,” or simply “Children of God”) and long worked for their emancipation. However, this name is now considered condescending and offensive. The term Dalit later came to be used, though that too occasionally has negative connotations. The official designation Scheduled Caste is the most common term now used in India. Q.2 Write a short note on Article 17 of the Indian constitution. Ans: Article 17 of the Indian constitution states that untouchability is abolished. No one can prevent Dalits from learning, entering temples, using public facilities and so on. Untouchability shan't be in the democratic government. Anyone treating the Dalits in a rude way shall be

punished. This article also concludes that Dalits have right to equality and right against exploitation. Dalits also use Article 15 of Indian Constitution to seek equality. Q.3 What does Article 15 states? Ans: The Article 15 of Indian constitution promotes equality as it prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Q.4 Evaluate the role of social reforms in the upliftment of the untouchables. Ans: 1)Raja Rammohan Roy- Laid the foundation of the Brahmo Samaj and worked for the removal of the evil practice of Sati from the society 2) Annie Besant- laid the foundation of the Theosophical Society of India. She advocated ideas like trade unions, national education, women's' right to vote, and birth control. 3) B.R. Ambedkar: . The untouchables were not allowed entry in temples and any other auspicious places. To start from the beginning , Dr.Ambedkar started movements for temple entry between 1927 and 1935. His aim was to abolish caste prejudices within the existing society. 2. He started the Dalit (all the backward classes) Movement for the betterment of lower castes in Bihar region which gradually spread to other regions as well. He started schools for educating untouchables and other low caste people. Q.5 Who are manual scavengers? Ans: Manual scavenging is manual removal of excreta (night soil) from "dry toilets", i.e., toilet without the modern flush system, especially in the Indian subcontinent and the people who used to do manual scavenging were known as manual scavengers. Chapter 9 - Public Facilities Q.1 Mention two important aspects of five year plans. 1. Ensured balanced Distribution of resources 2. All groups of people Are benefitted. Q.2. What is meant by Public facility. Ans: Public Facilities are the essential facilities that need to be provided for everyone. Q.3 Discuss how Sulabh NGO works. Ans: The sulabh is social service organization that works on environmental sanitation, Innovations include a scavenging-free two-pit pour flush toilet safe and hygienic on-site human

waste disposal technology.The have launched a sulabh sanitation movement which is meant to restore the human rights and dignity to scavengers. Q. 4 What new programme has been taken by the government Ans. 1. In the field of providing total sanitation facility Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Implemented in 1999 under which 2.05 crore household toilets have been built till now. 2. Government has also started incentive- based programmes like Nirmal Gram Puruskar ( 2002) to promote rural sanitation. Q.5 Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss. Ans: No, this does not stand true. Well there is Shortage in supply Of water. Areas close to the Storage point gets more water supply the areas that are far are not well connected through pipe system. The Municipal supply meets The need of half the people. Poor people are hit the most because of the Water crisis. Private companies are exploiting water resources Of farmer's water resources available near the main town .