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Reading passage 1
A. Would you travel 23 million miles to visit a rock? Probably
not, but you're not NASA. Rocks areexactly the kinds of things that
get the space agency going, and after today's extraordinary
flyby
of a very particular rock known as comet Hartley 2 the
scientists are awfully glad they
made the trip.
B. For all their visual flair, comets are extraordinarily
mundane things clusters of rock and iceleft over from the
primordial days of the solar system. There is a vast belt of the
ancient objects
beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto and every now and then
one of them gets knocked onto
an irregular trajectory, falling in toward the sun and soaring
back out again in orbits that can
play out over decades or centuries. When one of these rogues
whizzes by, it is visiting not just
from the farthest reaches of the solar system, but from the
furthest reaches of time a 4.5
billion-year-old scrap of the solar system's original raw
material. For that reason, scientists have
always been interested in getting as close to comets as they
possibly can.
C. Thursday's flyby, executed by NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft
an SUV-size vehicle launchedfrom Earth in January 2005 is not the
first time a probe has encountered a comet. In fact it's
the sixth. Other comets, including Borrelly, Tempel 1, Wild 2
and the true cometary superstar
Halley have all been approached by ships. But Deep Impact is
special, and not just because of
the extraordinarily crisp images it has returned.
D. The ship was not originally intended to visit Hartley 2 at
all. Instead, its prime target was Tempel1, which it reached in
July 2005 after its launch. Once there, it fired what amounted to a
cosmic
cannonball into the comet's core, then analyzed the plume of ice
and other debris that flew up
into space. When the last stream of data had been transmitted
home, the mission was done, but
the spacecraft was still fit. Mission directors thus decided to
point its prow another way and
send it off for an encounter with comet Boethin in 2008. Nice
plan, but by 2007, Boethin was
nowhere to be found scientists speculated that it disintegrated
so NASA aimed farther, for
Hartley 2 instead.
E. "We went to our backup," said project manager Tom Duxbury at
the time the decision wasmade, "which is every bit as interesting,
but about two years farther down the road." It was
worth the wait, though it took some pinpoint piloting to get
there. Hartley 2 is a peanut-shaped
rock only 1.4 miles (2.2 km) long about one-seventh the size of
the target Tempel 1
presented. What's more, it rarely holds still. A comet's
signature tail is the result of volatile
materials like water streaming away from the nucleus as it
approaches the heat and light of the
sun. Small comets may have small plumes caused by ice deposits
at various points on their
surface, and that can make things awfully unstable.
F. "These jets can act as thrusters and actually make small
changes to the comet's orbit around thesun," said principal
investigator Mike A'Hearn. That required a final 6.8-sec. burn of
the
spacecraft's engines on Tuesday to refine the trajectory and
change its speed by just 3 m.p.h. (5
km/h). Whether the scientists could pull things off just right
was never a sure thing. "I have
never seen a comet flit around the sky like this one," said a
relieved mission navigator, Shyam
Bhaskaran, after the burn was completed successfully.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/gallery-index.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/gallery-index.html
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G. Even then, the closest encounter between spacecraft and
comet, which occurred at about 10a.m. E.T. Thursday, was 435 miles
(700 km). On a cosmic scale, however, that's just a whisker,
and the pictures, captured by two long-range cameras, suggest
just such a proximity. On any
scale, the visit was fleeting, with the ship moving at 27,000
m.p.h. (43,000 km/h). In the brief
time the two bodies approached each other, however, the ship
fired roughly 118,000 pictures.
All of those images and other data will next be studied at the
leisurely pace possible when the
critical parts of a mission are done. Meantime, the comet will
resume its ancient journey, and
Deep Impact its still very young one. Both could survive in the
skies for as long as the solar
system itself exists.
Source: Time
Questions
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 to 14 which are
based on Reading Passage 1
Questions 1 to 7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A G.
From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable
heading for each paragraph.
Write the appropriate numbers I ix in boxes 1 7 on your answer
sheet.
1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph
E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph G
i. NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft.ii. The Rocks.iii. The comets
trajectory.iv. A comet's signature.v. A vast belt of the ancient
objects.vi. The planets.vii. The whisker.viii. Tempel 1.ix. The
thrusters.
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Questions 8 10
Choose the correct letters, A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 8 10 on your answer sheet.
8 These jets can act as thrusters and actually make small
changes to the comet's orbitA. Around the stars.B. Around the
sun.C. Around the earth.D. In the space.9 An SUV-size vehicle
launched from Earth inA. February 2005.B. January 2006.C. January
2005.D. February 2006.10 Mission directors thus decided to point
its prowA. Another way.B. Another chance.C. No way.D. Another
track.
Questions 11 14
Complete each of the following statements (questions 11 14) with
the best endingsA Gfrom the box
below
Write the appropriate lettersA G in boxes 11 14 on your answer
sheet.
11 Whether the scientists could pull things off just right was12
Thursday's flyby, executed by NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft is
not13 The closest encounter between spacecraft and comet14 Rocks
are exactly the kinds of things that
A Occurred at about 10 a.m. E.T. Thursday.B Get the planets
going.C Get the space agency going.D The first time a probe has
encountered a comet.E Is not going to win the journey for them.F
Never a sure thing.G Was on Tuesday.
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Reading passage 2
A. Americans are really stressed out not least of all American
kids, according to a new surveyfrom the American Psychological
Association. The report found that children who are
overweight or obese feel particularly stressed, more so than
their normal-weighted peers. And
such stress may have a lasting impact on other lifestyle
behaviours that negatively affect
overweight kids' health.
B. The new report, "Stress in America 2010," found that the
majority of Americans continue to livewith moderate to high levels
of stress, and while they know this isn't healthy, they say they
face
obstacles that prevent them from managing or reducing their
stress. They also acknowledge
that they have trouble adopting other healthy behaviours like
eating right, exercising and
getting enough sleep.
C. The effects of all of that appear to be trickling down to
their families, particularly in householdswith overweight or obese
parents. Obese parents were more likely than normal-weight
parents
to have overweight kids, and parents with overweight kids were
less likely to report often or
always eating healthy foods, compared with parents of thin
children. What's more, thin parents
said they engaged in physical activity with their families more
often than fat parents.
D. Along with the tendency toward unhealthy lifestyle
behaviours, fat parents and fat childrenshared higher levels of
stress. For instance, while 31% of overweight children reported
worrying
about their lives, only 14% of their healthy weighted
counterparts did the same. When
researchers asked about specific symptoms of stress and
depression, the rates of positive
responses in overweight children went up and stayed higher than
in normal-weight kids:
overweight children were more likely than children of healthy
weight to have trouble sleeping at
night (48% vs. 33%), feel angry or get into fights (22% vs.
13%), experience headaches (43% vs.
28%) or feel listless and like they didn't want to do anything
(34% vs. 21%). Further, children
who believed they were overweight were more likely to report a
parent who was "always" or
often stressed out in the past month (39% vs. 30%).
E. Although the majority of parents didn't their kids were
affected by their stress, 91% of allchildren surveyed said they
could tell when a parent was upset about something, and could
perceive their emotional distress when they argued, complained
or acted worried. Nearly half of
"twin" children aged 8 to 12 and one-third of teens aged 13 to
17 reported feeling sad in
response to a parent's distress, while large proportions also
felt worried or frustrated. And while
86% of twins said they felt comfortable talking to their parents
about stressful situations, only
50% had done so in the previous month.
F. Additional survey data suggested that while overweight kids
feel more stress, stress can alsolead to additional weight gain.
Most of the children interviewed said they used sedentary
activities to manage their stress: 36% of twins and 66% of teens
listened to music, 56% of twins
and 41% of teens played video games, and 34% of twins and 30% of
teens watched TV. Further,
48% of overweight teens and twins reported disordered eating
(either too much or too little)
when stressed out, compared with only 16% of children at a
healthy weight.
G. With nearly 1 in 5 children in America being overweight,
according to the Centres for DiseaseControl and Prevention,
managing stress as part of a total weight-control plan can only
help.
http://timewellness.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/stressreport.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.htmlhttp://timewellness.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/stressreport.pdf
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Source: Time
Questions
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15 27 which are
based on Reading Passage 2
Questions 15 19
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 2?In boxes 15 -19 in your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
15.America is a very peaceful country.16.Children in America are
leading a safest life and with no stress at all.17.The majority of
parents didn't know their kids were affected by their stress.18.Fat
parents and fat children shared higher levels of stress.19.Obese
parents were more likely than normal-weight parents to have
kids.
Question 20 23
Look at the following topics (questions 20 23) and the list of
statements below.
Match each topic to the correct statement.
Write the correct letterA G in boxes 1 4 on your answer
sheet.
20.Stress in America 201021.Obese parents22.The Centres for
Disease Control and Prevention23.Twins
Questions 24 27
Complete the following statements with the correct alternative
from the box.
Write the correct letterA Fin boxes 24 27 on your answer
sheet.
A Likely to have overweight kids.B Managing stress as part of a
total weight-control plan can only
help.
C Does not support the modern American lifestyle.D Feel sad in
response to a parent's distress.E Have felt distressed at their
parents.F The majority of Americans continue to live with moderate
to
high levels of stress.
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24.Most of the children interviewed used25.Americans have
trouble adopting other healthy behaviours like26.Thin parents
engaged in physical activity with27.Stress can also lead to
Reading Passage 3
A. A team of public health researchers from Yale University's
Rudd Centre for Food Policy &Obesity spent more than a year
compiling data on 12 of the nation's big fast-food restaurants,
and what they found surprised even them: despite industry
efforts to reduce marketing aimed
at children, fast-food advertising geared toward
2-to-18-year-olds increased. The research
focused on menu composition, external advertising, in-store
marketing and consumer behaviour
for McDonald's, Wendy's, Subway, KFC, Taco Bell, Dairy Queen,
Sonic, Domino's, Pizza Hut,
Burger King, Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts..
B. The marketing seems to be working: a whopping 40% of parents
reported that their child askedto go to McDonald's at least once a
week, and 15% of preschoolers' parents said they fieldedsuch a
request every day. Most of the parents gave in: 84% reported
bringing their 2-to-11-year-
olds to a fast food restaurant within the previous week.
C. Eating fast food has pretty much become routine for many
families, the researchers found. One-third of children and teens
reported consuming fast food at least once a week, and 16% to
17%
of adolescents' caloric intake came from fast food restaurants.
On an average visit to a fast-food
restaurant, teens ordered 800 to 1,100 calories in a single meal
(30% of which came from
saturated fat or sugar) that's half of their recommended daily
caloric intake.
D. "[Going to a fast food restaurant] is no longer a special
event, it's ingrained in our culture andthat's why it's of
concern," said Kelly Brownell, co-founder and director of the Rudd
Centre.
Researchers' investigations also revealed that of 3,039 possible
meal combinations intended for
children (such as McDonald's Happy Meal), only 12 met
nutritional criteria the researchers setfor preschoolers and 15 met
the criteria for older children. Of the 12 that were deemed
healthy
for kids, all were from Subway or Burger King, and all were
variations that included one of two
main components: the Subway's Veggie DeLite sandwich or Burger
King's mac and cheese
E. Brownell says the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is now
looking into designating children as a"protected" group in order to
shield them from advertising of unhealthy foods. While
fast-food
purveyors may have reduced advertising during traditional kids
shows, researchers found that
youngsters were still being exposed to similar ads geared at
adults and teens during TV shows
A Their families more often than fat parents.B Sedentary
activities to manage their stress.C Eating right, exercising and
getting enough sleep.D Only getting enough sleep.E Additional
weight gain.F Additional weight loss.
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likeAmerican Idolor televised sports events a phenomenon the
researchers call "second
hand exposure."And although restaurants like McDonald's and
Burger King pledged to reduce
marketing to kids that related primarily to television
advertising. But these companies maintain
active presences online: McDonald's has 13 different websites
targeted at various age groups;
one site, Ronald.com, is specifically designed for preschoolers.
Together, McDonald's family of
websites got 365,000 unique visitors aged 12 or younger per
month and 249,000 teen visitors,
the new report found. Nine of the 12 restaurant chains studies
also had at least 1,000,000 "fans"
on Facebook; Starbucks lead with 13 million fans. What's more,
banner ads for fast food on
websites for Nickelodeon and Disney attracted "tens of millions"
of unique visitors per month,
according to Marlene Schwartz, deputy director of Rudd.
F. In addition to digital marketing, fast-food restaurants
relied heavily on in-store marketing to kids tactics like putting
toys in Happy Meals (a move that San Francisco recently moved to
ban).
"Companies are saying, 'We don't advertise to children,' but all
they are really talking about is
what they have in TV commercials. So to say that, 'We take this
product, we put it in a colourful
box and we add a toy to it, but, no, we're not marketing it to
children' it's a little bit
disingenuous," she said.The end goal of fast-food marketing is
to improve brand affinity starting
at an early age, the researchers found. In fact, much of the
chains' advertising was targeted at
parents the thinking is that the more exposure Mom and Dad have,
the more routine fastfood dining would seem. It helps also that the
current generation of new parents is the first to
have grown up with exposure to fast-food advertising themselves.
These parents already have a
built-in childhood connection to companies like McDonald's.
G. And that's bad news for everyone: constant exposure to
fast-food marketing helps normalizethe kind of eating behaviour
associated with such restaurants. It makes outsized portions
look
normal and encourages snacking: Taco Bell even has an ad
campaign based around the concept
of a fourth daily meal. How can this trend be reversed? Brownell
believes it requires a shift in
public attitude, combined with legislative action to end
advertising targeted to kids. "Children
are simply too big a target for them," he said. "We need to
redefine what child-targeting
marketing is and companies need to stop marketing to
preschoolers entirely. [Change] will
either [come from] public outcry or legislation."
Source: Time
Questions
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 2840which are
based on Reading Passage 3.
Questions 28 32
The passage has seven paragraphs labelledAG.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-32 on your answer
sheet.
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
28. Fast-food advertising geared toward 2-to-18-year-olds
increased.29. The end goal of fast-food marketing is to improve
brand affinity starting at an early age.
http://healthland.time.com/2010/10/28/judge-to-mcdonalds-pay-17500-for-making-your-employee-fat/http://www.tacobell.com/fourthmeal/http://www.tacobell.com/fourthmeal/http://healthland.time.com/2010/10/28/judge-to-mcdonalds-pay-17500-for-making-your-employee-fat/
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30. The current generation of new parents is the first to have
grown up with exposure to fast-foodadvertising.
31. Constant exposure to fast-food marketing makes outsized
portions look normal and encouragessnacking.
32. Fast-food restaurants relied heavily on in-store marketing
to kids.
Questions 33 36
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading
Passage 3.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.
33. Taco Bell even has an ad campaign based around the concept
of a .34. The restaurants like McDonald's and Burger King pledged
to reduce .35. Nine of the 12 restaurant chains studies also had at
least 1,000,000 .36. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is now
looking into designating children as a .
Questions 3740
Complete the summary of the paragraphs A
C below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSfor each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
A team of public health researchers from Yale University's Rudd
Centre for Food Policy & Obesity spent
more than a year compiling 37.. A whopping 40% of parents
reported that their child asked
to go to 38. Eating fast food has pretty much become routine
39.. On an
average visit to a fast-food restaurant, teens ordered 800 to
1,100 calories 40.
