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SOC 204 Drugs & SocietyChapter 2 Drugs in Contemporary Society
How does drug use cost society?
Your thoughts:
Consequences for SocietyDeathsEmergency room visitsDrugs in the workplace and lost productivityBroken homes, illnesses, shorter lives, etc.Cost of maintaining habitCost of criminal behaviorCost of treating patientsFetal alcohol syndromeBlood borne illnesses
How was your weekend?
A. Awesome!
B. Okay
C. Too much homework
D. Don’t ask
Awesome!
Okay
Too much
homework
Don’t as
k
54%
0%4%
42%
http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/09/24/anheuser-busch-budweiser-advertising-puppy-dogs-drive-responsibly/16163299/
Getting Information on Drug UseSurveysHospital reportsPolice reports
Can show trends over time
What’s missing?
Extent of Drug Use
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2010) 22.6 million Americans used illicit drugs 7 million used psychotherapeutic drugs non-medically 1.5 million were current cocaine users 28.8 million drove a car under the influence of alcohol 695,000 Ecstasy users, and 353,000 meth users 16.3% of pregnant women smoked cigarettes 2.5 million received substance abuse treatment for alcohol 69.6 million Americans smoked cigarettes
Have you used marijuana in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
YesNo
58%
42%
Have you had 5 or more drinks in one sitting in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
YesNo
46%54%
Have you used non-prescribed narcotics in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS
A. Yes
B. No
YesNo
96%
4%
Drug Abuse Warning Network DAWN is a reporting system that
collects information on the number of times drugs are implicated in both non-lethal and lethal visits to emergency rooms
Illicit drugs were responsible for the most emergency room visits, followed by pharmaceutical drugs
Data reflect acute drug problems, not chronic drug use
DAWN gives information on:
A. The number of people jailed for drug offenses
B. The number of times drugs are implicated in emergency room visits
C. The number of people who admit drug use to their doctors
The number of p
eople jail..
The number of ti
mes dru
..
The number of p
eople w..
4% 4%
92%
Changing Attitudes
What made the government change from the laissez-faire attitude of the 1800s to one of control?ToxicityDependenceCrime
Society’s perception of drugs:
Influenced by social and psychological factors
Illegal drugs are condemned more than legal drugs
What do you think about government regulation of drug use?
A. The government should be more involved
B. The government should be less involved
C. Our government is doing a good job currently
The government s
hould ..
The government s
hould b...
Our gove
rnment i
s doing..
38%
27%
35%
ToxicityPhysical toxicity:
Danger to the body as a result of taking the drug
Behavioral toxicity: Drug interferes with one’s ability to function
Acute toxicity: Danger from a single experience with a drug
Chronic toxicity: Danger posed by repeated exposure to the drug
Driving while drunk is an example of:
A. Acute physical toxicity
B. Chronic physical toxicity
C. Acute behavioral toxicity
D. Chronic behavioral toxicity
Acute
physical to
xicity
Chronic
physical to
xicity
Acute
behavioral to
xicity
Chronic
behavioral to
xicity
12% 8%
73%
8%
Cirrhosis of the liver is an example of:
A. Acute physical toxicity
B. Chronic physical toxicity
C. Acute behavioral toxicity
D. Chronic behavioral toxicity
Acute
physical to
xicity
Chronic
physical to
xicity
Acute
behavioral to
xicity
Chronic
behavioral to
xicity
4% 8%4%
85%
Patterns of Use Experimental Use
Infrequent use motivated by curiosity Social-Recreational Use
Taking drugs to share pleasurable experiences among friends
Circumstantial-Situational Use Short-term use to contend with immediate distress or pressure
Patterns of Use Intensified Use
Taking drugs on a steady basis to relieve a problem
Chronic Use Indicates some extent of physical or psychological dependence
Compulsive Use Acquiring and consuming drugs is the main focus of life
Changing View on DependenceEarly medical model
true addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms
Positive reinforcement model drugs can reinforce behavior without physical
dependence
Psychological dependence is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind repeated drug use This refutes the sometimes common belief that
drugs that aren’t as strongly physically addicting are less dangerous
What do you think causes “addiction”?
A. Genetics
B. Biology
C. Environment (family/peer)
D. Weak personality
E. Properties of the drug itself
Genetics
Biology
Environment (
family/p
eer)
Weak
personality
Properti
es of t
he drug i
tself
16%12%
48%
4%
20%
Substance Use Disorder DSM-5 Substance use disorders span a wide variety of problems
arising from substance use, and cover 11 different criteria:
1. Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you meant to
2. Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to
3. Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance
4. Cravings and urges to use the substance (psychological dependence)
5. Not managing to do what you should at work, home or school, because of substance use
6. Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships
7. Giving up important social, occupational or recreational activities because of substance use
8. Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger
9. Continuing to use, even when the you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance
10. Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance)
11. Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance. (physical dependence)
Happy Tuesday!What’s your favorite food?
A. Burgers & Fries
B. Steak & Lobster
C. Mexican
D. Chinese
E. Italian
F. Thai
G. Chocolate
Burgers & Frie
s
Steak & Lo
bster
Mexic
an
ChineseIta
lian
Thai
Chocolate
9%
22%
13%
0%
4%
22%
30%
Impacts of Drug UseFamily stabilitySocial behaviorEducation and career aspirations
Personal and social maturation
CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION!
REMEMBER:
A correlate is:
A. A variable that causes something
B. A thing you keep horses in
C. A variable that is associated with something
A variable th
at ca
uses s
...
A thing you ke
ep horses i
n
A variable th
at is
asso
cia...
13%
88%
0%
Family
Association between drug use and the likelihood that a couple will separate or divorce
Women subjected to violence have higher rates of alcohol dependence and other drug abuse problems
Family interventions into adolescent alcohol use reduce the initiation and frequency of alcohol use
Marijuana use by young Black males is significantly reduced when both parents are present
Family Parental substance abuse is a
factor for 1/3 to 2/3 of all children involved with the child welfare system
Substance abuse is a factor in many cases of child abuse and domestic abuse
Alcohol use is associated with the perpetration of sexual aggression, especially toward boys **
Which of the following is not associated with drug use in the family
A. Increased violence
B. Higher divorce rates
C. Low IQ
Increase
d violence
Higher divorce
rates
Low IQ
0%
100%
0%
Social Behavior
Drug users display more independence, rebelliousness, acceptance of deviant behavior, and rejection of moral and social norms than nonusers
Children of parents who use drugs are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors
Stimulants such as methamphetamines and cocaine are associated with violence, while marijuana and heroin are more likely to produce a passive response
Social BehaviorAlcohol is the drug involved with the most violent
incidents
The level of aggression associated with alcohol is dose related
Binge drinking is associated with unsafe sex and violence, and with nonconsensual sex
Most cases of dating violence occurred in the South, and in many instances, involved alcohol **
Drug users show higher levels of acceptance of deviant behavior
A. True
B. False
True
False
16%
84%
Alcohol is associated with
100%
0%
0%
0%
0% A. Higher level of violent incidents
B. Dating violence
C. Unsafe sex
D. Nonconsensual sex
E. All of the above
EducationThere is a higher dropout rate from school for
those who used alcohol, illicit drugs, and cigarettes
There is a relationship between academic performance and drug use
Drug use is assumed to be a predictor of welfare dependency
Higher Education Act of 1965: College students who are convicted of a drug offense are denied federal financial aid
Do you feel that the regulations about financial aid and drug convictions are fair?
4%
29%
33%
33% A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. I’m undecided
EmploymentEmployed drug users have less stable job histories
than nonusers
Alcohol abusers earn significantly less money than moderate drinkers and abstainers
Drug use is associated with higher accident rates on the job and lower productivity
Drugs in the Workplace Substance abuse in the workplace results in:
Lessened productivity Increased accidents, absenteeism, and health care costs
Highest rates of drug use are food service workers and construction workers – identifying drug problems in top-level managers is more difficult
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) help workers deal with problems that affect job performance, including alcohol or drug problems
Effects of drug use by pregnant womenWomen whose babies
test positive for drugs such as cocaine are subject to losing custody of their children
Risks to the baby: Low birth weight Premature birth Miscarriage Birth defects Difficulty bonding Learning disabilities
Drug Testing In 2011, the federal government earmarked $283.1 million for
drug-related activities in schools
Random workplace drug testing has effectively identified frequent users of illicit drugs
In many jurisdictions, physicians are required to report women who use drugs during pregnancy or infants who test positive for drug use by their mothers
Types of Drug Testing Immunoassay is fast and less expensive than other methods
but may give false positive readings
Gas chromatography is more expensive and time-consuming than other methods
Thin-layer chromatography is simple and inexpensive, but requires expert interpretation
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is highly sensitive, but is time-consuming and expensive
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0301/p635.html
Problems with Drug Testing False positive
A person tests positive for a drug even though no drug is present in the person’s urine
False negative A person tests negative even though drugs are present in the
person’s urine
Legality of Drug Testing
Debated in two cases before the U.S. Supreme Court: Skinner v. Railway
Labor Executive Association
National Treasury Employees Union v. von Raab
In both cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the testing program was justified http://
www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/employee-rights-book/chapter5-3.html
How is drug use related to crime?
Intoxication causes behavior and personality change
Crimes may be committed while intoxicatedDrug use/possession is a crimeCrimes to fund cost of drug useSociety tries to protect itself through regulationCurrent laws may not be part of a logical plan,
ineffective or unrealistic
Crime: Drug Business Drug trade is a big business with no signs of slowing down
Tactics for stopping drug flow into the US – military force, reducing aid to drug-producing countries, and promoting crop substitution – are ineffective
Results in thousands needing medical care for drug overdoses, and has an economic impact on the criminal justice system and environment
Crime: Drug Business Colombia is the leading producer of cocaine
In Laos, Burma, and Thailand, opium production has largely been replaced by methamphetamines
In addition to domestic production, marijuana is grown in Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico – Colombia is the largest exporter
US National Drug Control Budget
Crime: Drug Enforcement• The narcotics trade is
tremendously profitable
• Even after billions of dollars were spent on curbing drug production, coca growth in Colombia rose 27%
• Preventing drugs from entering the United States or reducing the amount of drugs grown in the country is a matter of demand, not supply
How should we deal with drug problems?
22%
13%
4%
35%
13%
13% A. Legalize drugs
B. Stop drugs at borders
C. Reduce demand (treatment/education)
D. Prevent production in other countries
E. End the “War on Drugs”
F. I’m not sure
How should we deal with drug problems?
