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7/31/2019 Goals Biodiversity
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BiodiversitySUPPORTING HEALTHY MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Biological diversity (biodiversity) refers to the number and variety of speciesand habitats within a given region. Species are the fundamental buildingblocks of all ecosystems, and the interactions between them determine thesystems structure, function, and stability.
The risk of species extinction generates great emotional and moral concern formany people who cherish biodiversity for its intrinsic existence value simplyknowing that different species and habitats exist, even without a direct use forthem. Others value its economic and ecological benefits to human wellbeing,as captured in other goals of the Ocean Health Index.
Biodiversity measures the conservation status of marine species and thecondition of key habitats that support high numbers of species. The goal
scores higher when the loss or risk of loss of diversity in native species,habitats, and landscapes is minimized.
Global Goal Score
u
Likely Future State
-3%
Goal By Country
What is This? *The estimate of a goals likely near-term future
status is a function of four dimensions: Status,
Trend, Pressure, and Resilience.
How Does Your
Country Compare?
-
GOALS COMPONENTS INDEX BY COUNTRY ABOUT OHI NEWS SEARCH
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This goal contains two sub-goals. Species evaluates the conservation status of marine species;
Habitats evaluates the condition of key habitats that support high numbers of species. The two
sub-goals are weighted equally when calculating the overall goal score.
Species
Why Are Species Important?
The Species sub-goal measures the average status of conservation of
marine species using data on their risk categories (i.e. how many are
categorized as endangered or threatened).
Mark Erdmann
Global Sub-Goal Score
q
Likely Future State
-6%
What is This? *The estimate of a goals likely near-term future
status is a function of four dimensions: Status,
Trend, Pressure, and Resilience.
What Does This Score Mean?
The reference point for this sub-goal is for all species within a country to be categorized at very
low levels of extinction risk, or least concern on the IUCNs (International Union for the
Conservation of Nature) Red List, and for none to be listed as vulnerable, threatened or
endangered.
It is important to recognize that this score represents a small sample of existing marinebiodiversity, since IUCN data currently only exists for about 10% of known marine species and
at least three times as many species are estimated to exist but have not yet been described.
The score is highest when all native species in a given country are free from risk (invasive
species are excluded), and it is 0 when up to 75% of native species are at high risk (this is a
level comparable to prehistoric mass extinctions).
The current score of 79 indicates that the
desired reference point has not been
achieved and that there is the potential risk of
losing a significant proportion of marinespecies diversity.
Current Score
q
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N/A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
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Download Infographic
How Is It Measured?EACH GOAL IS EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF FOUR DIMENSIONS.
Present Status is a goal's current
value (based on the most recent
available data) compared to a
reference point.
Present Status
Trend is the average percent
change in the present status for
the most recent 5 years of data.
Trend
Pressures are the sum of the
ecological and social pressures
that negatively affect scores for
a goal.
Pressures
Resilience is the sum of the
ecological factors and social
initiatives (policies, laws, etc)
that can positively affect scores
for a goal by reducing or
eliminating pressures.
Resilience
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Pressures are human-caused stressors that influence both ecological and social
systems, negatively affecting the ability of a goal to deliver its benefits to people.
Pressures
Chemical Pollution Nutrient Pollution Trash Pollution Habitat Destruction Hard
Bottom Subtidal
Habitat Destruction Soft
Bottom Subtidal
Habitat Destruction
Intertidal
Alien Species Genetic Escapes Commercial Fishing High
Bycatch
Artisanal Fishing High
Bycatch
Commercial Fishing Low
Bycatch
Artisanal Fishing Low
Bycatch
Sea Surface Temperature Ocean Acidification UV Radiation
Social Pressure
Status refers to the current value of a goal relative to its goal-specific reference
point. The reference point is the best condition for a goal that can reasonably be
achieved; it is a target to aim for when taking actions to improve ocean health.
Status
Species Range Maps Species Threat
Categories
Resilience refers to the social, institutional, and ecological factors that positively
affect the ability of a goal to deliver its benefits to people.
Resilience
CBD Water CBD Habitat Marine Protected Areas
EEZ
Cites Signatories CBD Mariculture
CBD Tourism CBD Alien Species Quality Of Governance Artisanal Fishing
Management
Effectivenesss
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Habitats
IUCN. www.iucnredlist.org
Myers at al. 2007. Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean.
Why Are Habitats Important?
The Habitats sub-goal measures the conservation status of six
habitats - mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, salt marshes, sea
ice, and subtidal soft-bottom habitats - that are particularly important
in supporting large numbers of marine species. This is assessed as the
current habitat extent or condition compared to its health in the 1980s.
All habitats contribute equally, regardless of their extent, because the
presence of a diverse set of habitats, as well as the level of
conservation of each, is considered valuable to achieve this goal.
Peter Stevick
Global Sub-Goal Score
zLikely Future State
+0%
What is This? *The estimate of a goals likely near-term future
status is a function of four dimensions: Status,
Trend, Pressure, and Resilience.
What Does This Score Mean?
The reference point for the status of a countrys diversity-supporting habitats is that their areasor conditions equal or exceed what they were in the early 1980s. Countries are not penalized
for the absence of habitats that do not naturally occur there. The current score of 88 indicates that the six
habitats assessed- mangroves, coral reefs,
seagrass beds, salt marshes, sea ice, and
subtidal soft-bottom habitats- are still
relatively healthy and intact on a global basis.
However, the condition of the assessed
Current Score
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n v r m . n nu
decline in the future would undermine the
score for overall Biodiversity and impact
many other aspects of ocean health.
This sub-goal score contrasts with numerous
scientific studies and media reports. The
most important reason is the reference point
used in the Ocean Health Index. There is no
question that the extent of mangrove forests,
salt marshes and seagrass beds have
declined considerably compared to historic
levels; that sea ice is steadily declining(especially in the Arctic) and that a number of
pressures now seriously challenge coral
reefs. Since it is not possible to return the
ocean to pre-human or pre-industrial age
conditions, the reference point for extent or
condition of most of these habitats has been
set at ~1980, a target that is achievable.
Changes that have occurred since then are
significant, but not as dramatic as when
compared to conditions hundreds of years
ago.
z
N/A 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
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Download Infographic
How Is It Measured?EACH GOAL IS EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF FOUR DIMENSIONS.
Present Status is a goal's current
value (based on the most recent
available data) compared to a
reference point.
Present Status
Trend is the average percent
change in the present status for
the most recent 5 years of data.
Trend
Pressures are the sum of the
ecological and social pressures
that negatively affect scores for
a goal.
Pressures
Resilience is the sum of the
ecological factors and social
initiatives (policies, laws, etc)
that can positively affect scores
for a goal by reducing or
eliminating pressures.
Resilience
Pressures are human-caused stressors that influence both ecological and social
systems, negatively affecting the ability of a goal to deliver its benefits to people.
Pressures
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Chemical Pollution Nutrient Pollution Habitat Destruction
Intertidal
Social Pressure Alien Species
Sea Surface Temperature Ocean Acidification Habitat Destruction Hard
Bottom Subtidal
UV Radiation Habitat Destruction Soft
Bottom Subtidal
Commercial Fishing High
Bycatch
Commercial Fishing Low
Bycatch
Artisanal Fishing Low
Bycatch
Status refers to the current value of a goal relative to its goal-specific reference
point. The reference point is the best condition for a goal that can reasonably be
achieved; it is a target to aim for when taking actions to improve ocean health.
Status
Mangroves Seagrass Condition Seagrass Extent Salt Marsh Extent Coral Reefs Condition
Sea Ice Extent Soft Bottom Condition
Resilience refers to the social, institutional, and ecological factors that positively
affect the ability of a goal to deliver its benefits to people.
Resilience
CBD Habitat Marine Protected Areas
EEZ
CBD Mariculture CBD Tourism CBD Alien Species
Ecological Integrity Quality Of Governance CBD Water Cites Signatories Fisheries Management
Effectiveness
Artisanal Fishing
Management
Effectiveness Access
References
Reefs at Risk Revisited, World Resources Institute.
Veron, J. E. N., et al. 2009. Delineating the Coral Triangle
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