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Presented By:

E. Mail:

sharmamaddy32@Gmail.com24-07-2012

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Organism whose genetic material has been altered

using genetic engineering techniques.

Techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA

technology

DNA molecules from different sources, which are

combined into one molecule to create a new set

of genes

DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it

modified or novel genes. 24-07-2012

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History of GMO

first recombinant bacteria In 1973; an existingbacterium E. coli expressing an exogenic Salmonella gene.The first transgenic animals was mice created in 1974 byRudolf Jaenisch.

In 1978 the company announced creation of an E.coli strain producing the human protein insulin.One of these animals is ANDi, the first transgenic monkey,born in 2000.

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Picture of An Early Transgenic Mouse. The transgenicmouse on the right contains a foreign gene for humangrowth hormone thus it grows larger

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Transgene ConstructionThe transgene is made up of 3Parts,Promoter.Transgene geneTermination sequence.

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.

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Creating Transgenic Animals by EmbryonicStem Cell Manipulation

This method is used mostly when trying to target atransgene to a specific site in the genome.ES cells are stem cells that are derived from the innercell mass of a blastocyst prepared by in vitro fertilization

or collected from female mice.The in vivo fertilized embryos can be collected bygiving a mouse a steroid preventing implantation, orthey can be collected a few days after the embryos have

fertilized

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four approaches to using ES cells to createtransgenic animals

The transgene can be microinjected intothe ES cells,can be introduced by a virus,

chemical,using homologous recombination .

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Creation of a Transgenic Animal Using aRetrovirus.

In this case, an 8-cell embryo (purple) is infected withavir us containing a transgene (right), then the embryo isinserted into a foster mother as usual (center).The offspring of a mouse with a foreign gene is shown

(lower).Of the three mice the foster mother gives birth to onlyone that is transgenic

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Screening for Transgenic Positives

They are screened by (PCR) Southern blot analysis.& DNA microarrays

Need for screeningDepending on the site of integration of the transgene,

some transgenes may not be expressed if integratedinto a transcriptionally inactive location.It is common practice to do further animal breeding toobtain maximal expression.

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Transgenic animals can be divided into fivemajor categories:

Disease modelsTranspharmersXenoplantersFood sourcesScientific models.

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. disease models : Animal modified to exhibit thesymptoms and progression of a particular disease, sothat treatments for that disease can be tested on them. eg.AIDS Mouse

Tr anspharmers : are animals modified to express aparticular protein or suite of proteins in their milk toavoid animal sacrifice when obtaining the drug. eg,.goats and cows ,

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Transgenic Biological Models

Transgenic animals made with the aim of increasingknowledge of genetics and expression, or some naturalprocess.ANDi

One of these animals is ANDi, the first transgenicmonkey, born in 2000, introduced in publications in2001 ANDi stands for inserted DNA

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Smart Mouse: Another biological model was made in1999 by Princeton University. The smart mouse or

Doogie, was engineered to over express NR2Breceptors in synaptic pathways. This makes the micelearn faster throughout their lives.Youth Mouse: Another model is youth mouse,

created in 1997 at the Department of Biochemistry,Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

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Influenza Resistant Mouse : The mouseoverproduces Mx protein, known to act as an antiviralagent

MosquitoesIn 2010, scientists created "malaria-resistantmosquitoes WHO estimated that Malaria killed

1million people in 2008. Genetically modified malemosquitoes containing a lethal gene have beendeveloped in order to combat the spread of Dengue everwere reduced by 80% in a 2010 trial of these GMmosquitoes in the Cayman Islands. Between 50 - 100million people are affected by Dengue fever every yearand 40,000 people die from it.

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Genetically Modified Mammals

Genetically modified miceGenetically modified ratsGenetically modified goatsGenetically modified pigsGenetically modified cattleGenetically modified dogs

Genetically modified primates

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Genetically Modified Food

Foods that contain an added gene sequence

Foods that have a deleted gene sequence

Animal products from animals fed GM feedProducts produced by GM organisms

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GM plants have been engineered to possess severaldesirable traits, such asResistance to pests, Herbicides,or harsh environmental conditions,Improved product shelf life,Increased nutritional value.

Since the first commercial cultivation of GM plants in1996,they have been modified to be tolerant to theherbicides glufosinate and glyphosate to be resistant to

virus damage as in Ringspot virus-resistant GM papaya,grown in Hawaii, and to produce the Bt toxin , an

insecticide that is documented as non-toxic to mammals .

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis

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Why are foods genetically modified?

Genetic engineering offers a rapid andprecise method of altering organismsas compared to traditional methodsthat are slow and inaccurate.

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Common GM Foods

VegetablesTomatoes

PotatoesRiceCheese

Meat

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Possible Benefits

of GM FoodsEasing of worldhunger

Development of crops thatcan be grown in marginalsoil

Reduced strain onnonrenewableresources

Development of drought

resistant cropsDevelopment of salt-tolerant cropsDevelopment of crops thatmake more efficient use of nitrogen and other

nutrients

Reduced use of pesticides and

herbicidesDevelopment of pestresistant crops

Reduced herbicide

use is better for theenvironment andreduces costs for farmers

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Country 2010- plantedarea (million

hectares) [

2009 -Agriculture

area (millionhectares)

Percentage ofagriculture areawith GM crops

Biotechcrops

USA 66.8 403 16.56% Soybean, Maize,Cotton, Canola,Squash, Payaya,

Alfalfa, Sugarbeet

Brazil 25.4 265 9.60% Soybean, Maize,Cotton

Argentina 22.9 141 16.30% Soybean, Maize,Cotton

India 9.4 180 5.22% Cotton

Canada 8.8 68 13.02% Maize, Soybean,Canola, Sugarbeet

Rest of theworld 14.7 3,883 0.38%

----

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism

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Possible Risks

for GM FoodsCertain geneproducts may be

allergens, thuscausing harm tohuman healthThere may be

unintended harm towildlife andbeneficial insects

Photo courtesy of T. W. Davies, Cal. Acad. of Sciences.

Herbicide-tolerant

crops may cross-

pollinate weeds,

resulting in

"superweeds

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Microbes -synthesized transgenicproducts

InsulinHepatitis hep B vaccineTissue plasminogen activator Human growth hormoneIce-minus bacteriaInterferon

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Genetically modified virus

GM virus that has gone through geneticmodification for various biomedicalpurposes.General usageLithium-ion batteriesGene therapyCancer treatmentRabbit farming

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED SPERM

discovered in 2004, so it is a very newtechnology & is less common than theother methods.

successful transgenic pigs and miceproduced by sperm-mediated genetransfer.

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Uses

Biological and Medical ResearchProduction of Pharmaceutical DrugsExperimental Medicine (e.g. Gene Therapy)And Agriculture (e.g. Golden Rice).

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disadvantages.

Nature is an extremely complex inter-related chainconsisting of many species linked in the food chain.Some scientists believe that introducing geneticallymodified genes may have an irreversible effect withconsequences yet unknown.

2. Genetic engineering borderlines on many moralissues, particularly involving religion, whichquestions whether man has the right to manipulatethe laws and course of nature.

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The Future1. Food with enhanced vitamin content.2. Food with different balance of fats to help prevent

heart disease3. Immunization by eating a banana.4. Plants capable of growing in soils containing high

amounts of salt.5. Plants capable of resisting short periods of freezing.6. Plants resistant to bacterial and fungal (mold)

infections.7. Pharmaceuticals8. Etc.

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TRANSGENIC ETHICS

We have no right to meddle in the genomes of living beings, and for curiosity or noveltys sakecreate monsters.There is a high death rate when creatingtransgenic animals. Is it worth all that death just

to have Animals that express the transgene are either live a short life of suffering because of whatever gene they are given, or they unknowinglybecome a danger to creatures around them, and

if they escape, to the environment as well.How can an animal so different from humans asa mouse is be an accurate model for a diseaseor condition in humans?

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