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Glossary of terms and abbreviations
AAIC: A/D: ADE:
AFC: AGC: AHC:
ALOHA:
AM: AMERC:
AORE: AORW: APC: Apogee:
ARQ:
ASCII: ASMl and 2: Azimuth:
Baud:
BCH: BDE:
BE:
BER:
BITE: BPSK:
Accounting authority for satellite traffic invoicing. Analogue-to-digital signal conversion. Above decks equipment. The electronic and mechanical equipment above decks on a ship. Automatic frequency control. Automatic gain control. Ampere hour capacity. The figure used to indicate the quantity of energy which may be delivered by a specific battery for a stated time period. A random access protocol for accessing a packet satellite network. Developed at the University of Hawaii and using the Hawaiian word for greeting. Amplitude modulation. The Association of Marine Electronic and Radio Colleges (based in Great Britain). Atlantic Ocean region east. Atlantic Ocean region west. Adaptive predictive coding. The furthest point which a satellite reaches in its orbit from the earth. Automatic request repeat. An error control protocol used in data communications. The RX is able to request the retransmission of packets received in error. American Standard Code for Information Exchange. At-sea-maintenance qualifications, level one and two. Surface angle extended between a line of longitude and a specific direction. Standard unit of signalling at a rate of one signal element/second. Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem code. Below decks equipment. The electronic/mechanical equipment of an SES inside the ship. Billing entity. An accounting authority for satellite traffic invoicing. Bit error rate. The number of bits transmitted that are received with errors, compared with the total number of bits transmitted. Built-in test equipment. Binary-phase-shift keying. Modulation method containing two states of phase shift.
288 Glossary of terms and abbreviations
C-band:
CCIR:
CCITT:
CDMA: CEPT: CES: C/N: C/No: Companding:
COMSAT: Convolution coding: COSPAS: COSP AS-SARSAT:
CSC: D/A: dB: DCE: Demand assignment:
Demodulator:
DeMUX:
Discriminator: DMG: DM: DoR: Downlink: DSC:
DTE: Duplexer:
Duplex operation:
EGC: EIRP:
ELT:
ELV: EME: ENT: EPIRB:
Name of frequency band used for satellite links with a fixed station. Approximately 6/4 GHz. Comite Consultatif International des Radiocommunications. Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique. Code-division multiple access. Conference of European administrations. Coast earth station. Carrier-to-noise ratio. Carrier-to-noise spectral density. The process of compression and expansion of the baseband signal in a communications link. Communications Satellite Corporation. A system of encoding data bits for FEC. Cosmicheskaya Sistyeme Poiska Avariynich Sudov. International satellite-based emergency alerting and locating system. Common signalling channel. Digital-to-Analogue signal conversion. Decibel. Data circuit terminating equipment. A system whereby communications channels are assigned on demand from a common pool. The receiver circuitry which reproduces the baseband signal from the received signal. The method of extracting, at the receiver, multiplexed signals from a common carrier frequency. An FM demodulator circuit. Distress message generator. Delta modulation. Data over radio. Link from satellite to ground. Digital selective calling. An NBDP transmission used for priority alerting within the GMDSS. Data terminal equipment. A circuit which enables both the TX and RX stages in a transceiver to operate simultaneously. Two way communication operation using two frequency channels permitting simultaneous transmit/receive. Enhanced group call. Group calling on Inmarsat-C. Effective isotropically radiated power. The measure of the effectiveness in radiating transmitted power in relation to a theoretical isotropic antenna. Emergency locator transmitter. Airborne distress beacon in theGMDSS. Expendable launch vehicle. Externally mounted equipment. Equivalent noise temperature. Emergency position indicating radio beacon. Maritime beacon used in the GMDSS.
Error rate:
ESA: FDM: FDMA:
FEC: FleetNET:
FM: Forward link: Frequency spectrum: From-mobile: GEO: GES: GF: GMDSS: GRT: G/T: Half duplex channel:
HEO: HPA: H3E:
HSD: ID: IFRB:
IME: IMF: IMN:
IMO: INM2: INM3: Inmarsat: Inmarsat-A: Inmarsat-B:
Inmarsat-C: Inmarsat-E:
Inmarsat-M: Intelsat: Intermodulation:
lOR: ISB: ISDN: ISL:
Glossary of terms and abbreviations 289
The ratio of the incorrectly received to the correctly received bits in a data system. European Space Agency. Frequency division multiplexing. Frequency-division multiple access. Method of user access to a frequency band by access to small frequency slots. Forward error correction. Inmarsat EGC-based system permitting shipowners to broadcast to some, or all, of their fleet. Frequency modulation. The fixed-to-mobile link. The finite resource used for the propagation of radiowaves. The inbound calling direction. Equatorial geostationary orbit. Ground earth station. Gold Franc. Global maritime distress and safety system. Gross registered tonnes. Gain-to-noise temperature ratio. A channel which is only capable of passing information in one direction at a time. High elliptical orbit. High power amplifier. Amplitude modulation mode containing full carrier power and one intelligent sideband. High-speed data. SES identification number. See IMN. International frequency registration board. Prevents chaos by allocating frequencies in accordance with radio regulations. Internally mounted equipment. International Monetary Fund. Inmarsat mobile number. MES identification number. Also known as the SES identification number ID. International Maritime Organization. Second generation of Inmarsat satellites. Third generation satellites. International Maritime Satellite Organization. Current main sat-com system for voice/data. New system using all-digital technology. To replace Inmarsat-A. Current small, cheaper sat-com system for data only. L-band Inmarsat emergency position indicating radio beacons. An all-digital cost effective sat-com system. International telecommunications satellite consortium. Interference caused by adjacent frequency division multiplexed carriers modulating with each other. Indian Ocean region. Independent sideband operation. Integrated services digital network. Interstation signalling link.
290 Glossary of terms and abbreviations
ISO: ITA: ITU: 13E:
Lambda (A): L-band:
LEO: LES: Link call: LNA: LUT:
Marisat:
MCC:
MCS:
MERSAR:
MES: MID: MTBF: MMSI: MMSS: Modem:
Modulator:
MRCC: MSI: MSS: MTBF:
MUF: Multiplexing:
NASA: NAVAREA: Navtex: NBDP:
NCC: NCS: NOAA: OCC: OTF:
International organization of standardization. International telegraph alphabet code. International Telecommunications Union. Amplitude modulation mode containing virtually zero carrier power and one intelligent sideband. The Greek character used to denote wavelength. Frequency band used for links between mobile and satellites. Approximately 1.5/1.6 GHz. Low earth orbit. Land earth station. Terminology used to describe a duplex radio-telephone call. Low noise amplifier. Local user terminal. An earth station in the Cospas-Sarsat system. The original maritime satellite communications system. Established in 1976 by a US consortium and taken over by Inmarsat in 1982. Mission control centre. Controls RCCs in Cospas-Sarsat system. Maritime communications sub-system on the Intelsat V generation of satellites. Merchant Ship Search and Rescue manual. Produced by the IMO. Mobile earth station. Maritime identification digits Mean time between failures. Maritime mobile service identity number. Maritime mobile satellite service. Analogue-to-digital, and vice versa, modulator for data transmission on analogue circuits. The circuit in a transmitter which mixes the baseband signal with the carrier frequency. Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre. Maritime safety information. Mobile satellite services. Mean time between failures. A measure of the reliability of electronic equipment. The maximum usable frequency. The term used for a method whereby a number of signals are modulated onto a common carrier. Occasionally abbreviated to MUX. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IMO global navigational area. NBDP broadcasting system for maritime safety information. Narrow band direct printing. Narrow band transmission of teletype text. Network control centre. Network coordination station. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Operations control centre. Inmarsat. The optimum traffic frequency.
O-QPSK: PABX: Packet:
pc: PCM: PEP: Perigee: PFD: Phased array:
PLB: PM: Polarization: Polling: POR: Priority 3: Protocol: PSDN: PSPDN: PSTN: PSK:
PVT:
QPSK:
Radome: RCC: Return link: R3E:
RX: SafetyNET: SAR: SARSAT: SART:
Glossary of terms and abbreviations 291
Offset quaternary-phase-shift keying. Private automatic branch exchange. A self-contained component of a message which can be transferred as an entity in a data communications system. Contains the address, control and data signals. Personal computer. Pulse code modulation. Peak envelope power. The closest point to the earth of a satellite in earth orbit. Power flux density. An antenna assembly whose directivity is controlled by signal phasing and not by mechanical means. Personal locator beacon (land). Phase modulation. The orientation in space of the electric field of a radiowave. A service whereby selected MESs are interrogated. Pacific Ocean region. Inmarsat designation for distress calls via satellite. A discipline controlling the operation of a system. Public switched data network. Public switched packet data network. Public switched telephone network. Phase-shift keying. The generic term for a method of modulation used in digital communications systems. See also BPSK, QPSK, O-QPSK. Performance verification test. An automatic test performed by an MES to verify that it is functioning correctly. Quaternary-phase-shift keying. Modulation method permitting double the data rate possible with BPSK. The protective cover of an SES ADE system. Rescue Coordination Centre. The mobile-to-ground link. Amplitude modulation mode containing reduced carrier power and one intelligent sideband. Receiver. Inmarsat EGC-based system for MSI. Search and rescue. Search and rescue satellite-aided tracking. Search and rescue radar transponder. Radar beacon which indicates its position in response to surface or airborne radar signals.
SA W: Surface acoustic wave bandpass signal filter. SCC: Satellite Control Centre. SCPC: Single channel per carrier. SDR: Special drawing rate. Semi-duplex operation: Two-way communication using a single frequency channel but
SES: SFU: Sideband:
not permitting simultaneous transmit/receive. Ship earth station. Store and forward unit. The resultant upper and lower frequency bands produced either side of a carrier frequency as result of modulation.
292 Glossary of terms and abbreviations
Sidelobes:
Simplex Operation:
SaLAS: Spot Beam:
SSFC:
Step track:
SWR:
TDM: TDMA:
To-mobile: TOR: Traffic: Transponder:
TT&C:
TWTA:
TX: UTe: Uplink: UW: VDU: VOC: VSWR: WARC:
WMO: WX: X25 and X400:
Unwanted radiation pattern of an antenna. RF energy in the sidelobe is lost from the main lobe and is wasted. Two-way communications operation using a single frequency channel. Safety of Life at Sea Convention. Shaped satellite transmission beam designed to cover a specific area of the earth's surface. Sequential single-frequency code system. International selective calling system in accordance with Appendix 39 of the ITU radio regulations. To be replaced by the DSC in the GMDSS. The method used to move an MES antenna while searching for a satellite lock. Standing wave ratio. An indication of the quality of the antenna and feeder system. Time division multiplexing. Time-division multiple access. Multiple access technique using time slots. The outbound calling direction. Telex over radio. Information passed over a communications link. Satellite communications unit comprising, receive antenna, receiver, filters, amplifiers, output filters and transmit antenna. Tracking, telemetry and command system. Ground control system to monitor and control remotely a satellite. Travelling-wave tube amplifier. A microwave amplification device used in a satellite. Transmitter. Coordinated universal time. The link from ground to satellite. Unique word. Visual display unit. Voice operated carrier. Voltage standing wave ratio. World Administrative Radio Conference. Sub group of ITU to produce the regulations governing the use of radio frequencies. World Meteorological Organization. The abbreviation for weather messages. Standards for messaging and data systems specified by the CCITT.
Appendix 1 EXAMINATION SYLLABUS GUIDELINES FOR THE GMDSS Goe
A. Knowledge of the MMS and the MMSS
A.t. General principles and basic features of the MMS.
1. Types of communication in the MMS; • distress, urgency and safety; public correspondence; port operations; ship movement; intership and on-board communications.
2. Types of ship station in the MMS; • ship; coast; pilot; port; aircraft stations and maritime rescue coordination centre (MRCC).
3. Elementary knowedge of frequencies and bands; • concept of frequency; equivalence between frequency and wavelength; units of frequency; subdivisions of radio frequency spectrum.
4. Characteristics of frequencies; • propagation in free space; ground wave; ionospheric propagation; propagation of MF, HF, VHF and UHF.
5. Knowledge of the role of the various modes of communications; • DSC; R/T; NBDP; fax; data and telegraphy.
6~ Elementary knowledge of different types of modulation and classes of emission; • classes of emission; carrier and assigned frequencies; bandwidth of different emissions; official designation of emissions (H3E etc) and unofficial designations (TLX etc)
7. Frequencies allocated to the MMS. • usage offrequencies, MF,HF,VHF,UHF,SHF, in the MMS; concept of the radio channel, simplex, duplex etc; frequency plans and channelling systems for HF,VHF,HF,NBDP with reference to the relevant appendices of the Radio Regulations; GMDSS distress and safety frequencies; non-GMDSS distress and safety frequencies; calling frequencies.
A.2. General principles and basic features of the MMSS.
1. Maritime satellite communications. • Inmarsat space segment; modes of communication-telex, telephone, data, fax, store and forward operation; distress communications; Inmarsat-A services; Inmarsat-C services; EGC service.
2. Types of station in the MMSS. • CES; NCS; SES.
294 Appendix 1
B. Detailed practical knowledge and ability to use the basic equipment of a ship station
B.I. Use in practice the basic equipment of a ship station.
I. Watchkeeping receivers. • the controls and usage of the following watch receivers; 2182 kHz; VHF DSC; MF DSC; MF/HF DSC.
2. VHF radio installation: • channels; controls; usage; DSC.
3. MF/HF radio installation: • frequencies; typical controls and usage e.g. connecting power; selecting RX/TX frequency, class of emission and lTV channel number; tuning the TX; using volume control, squelch, clarifier, RX fine tuning, AGe, 2182 kHz instant selector, alarm generator; controlling RF gain; testing the alarm generator.
4. Antennae: • isolators; VHF whip; MF/HF whip; MF/HF wire antennas; construction of an MF emergency antenna.
5. Batteries: • different kinds and characteristics; charging; battery maintenance.
6. Survival craft radio equipment. • portable two-way VHF R/T; SART; EPIRB.
B.2. Digital Selective Calling.
1. Call format specifier: • calls--distress; all ships; group; individual; geographic area; automatic/semiautomatic.
2. Call address selection with the MMSI number system: • nationality identifier; group calling numbers; coast station numbers; MMSI number with three trailing zeros.
3. Call categorization: • distress; urgency; safety; ship business; routine.
4. Call telecommand and traffic information: • distress alerts; other calls; working frequency information.
B.3. General principles of NBDP and TOR systems. Use maritime NBDP and TOR equipment in practice.
I. NBDP systems: • automatic; semi-automatic; manual, ARQ mode; FEC mode; ISS/IRS arrangement; master/slave; radio telex number; answerback; numbering of the SSFC calling system.
2. TOR equipment: • controls and indicators; keyboard operation.
B.4. Usage of the Inmarsat system. Use Inmarsat equipment or simulator in practice.
1. Inmarsat-A SES: • satellite acquisition; telex and telephone services; data and fax communications.
2. Inmarsat EGe RX:
Appendix 1 295
• pre-programming an SES for EGC message reception; selecting operating mode for EGC reception.
3. Inmarsat-C SES: • components of an Inmarsat-C SES; entering/updating position; usage of an Inmarsat-C SES; sending and receiving test messages.
B.S. Fault locating.
1. Proficiency in elementary fault locating by means of built-in measuring instruments or software in accordance with equipment manuals. Elementary fault repair such as replacement of fuses, indicator lamps etc.
c. Operational procedures and detailed practical operation of OMDSS systems and subsystems
C.I. The GMDSS.
1. Sea areas and GMDSS master plan. 2. Watchkeeping on distress frequencies. 3. Functional requirements of ship stations. 4. Carriage requirements of ship stations. 5. Sources of energy of ship stations. 6. Means of ensuring the functionality of ship station equipment. 7. Licences; radio safety certificates; inspections and surveys.
C.2. Inmarsat usage in the GMDSS.
1. Inmarsat-A SES: • distress communications and services; use of the distress facility; satellite acquisition; telex and telephony distress calls; procedures for distress calls; RCCs associated with CESs.
2. Inmarsat-C SES: • distress communications and services; sending a distress alert; sending a distress priority message; 2-digit code sequence.
3. Inmarsat EGC: • purpose of the EGC service; all-ships messages and Inmarsat system messages; classes of Inmarsat-C SES and their EGC reception.
C.3. NA VTEX.
1. The NA VTEX system: • purpose; frequencies; reception range; message format.
2. The NA VTEX receiver: • selection of transmitters; message type; message which cannot be rejected; use of subsidiary controls; changing paper.
C.4. EPIRBs.
1. Satellite EPIRBs: • basic characteristics of operation of 406 MHz EPIRB; 121.5 MHz EPIRB including homing function; basic characteristics of operation on 1.6 GHz, information
296 Appendix 1
content of a distress alert; manual usage; float-free function; routine maintenance including-testing; checking battery expiry date; cleaning float-free release mechanism.
2. VHF-DSC-EPIRB: • as above.
C.5. SART.
1. SART: • technical characteristics; operation; range of a SART TX; routine maintenance including checking battery expiry date.
C.6. Distress, urgency and safety communications procedures in the GMDSS.
1. Distress communications. DSC distress alert: • definition of a distress alert; transmission of a distress alert; shore-to-ship distress alert relay; distress alert by station not itself in distress.
Reception and acknowledgement of a DSC distress alert: • acknowledgement procedure by telephony and DBDP; receipt and acknowledgement by coast and ship stations.
Handling of distress alerts: • preparations for handling of distress traffic; distress traffic terminology; testing DSC distress and safety calls; on-scene communications; SAR operation.
2. Urgency and safety communications: • meaning of urgency and safety; procedures for DSC urgency and safety calls; urgency communications; medical transports; safety communications.
3. Communications by radio-telephony with stations of the old distress and safety system: • radio-telephone alarm signal; distress signal, call and message; acknowledgement of distress message; distress traffic terminology; transmission of a distress message by a station not itself in distress; medical advice.
4. Reception of MSI: • reception by NA VTEX, Inmarsat EGC, HF NBDP; navigational warning system of the old distress and safety system; navigational warnings transmitted by radiotelephony.
5. Protection of distress frequencies: • guard bands; tests of distress frequencies; transmissions during distress traffic; avoiding harmful interference; prevention of unauthorized transmissions.
C.7. SAR.
1. The role of RCCs. 2. Merchant Ship Search and Rescue manual: MERSAR. 3. Maritime rescue organizations. 4. Ship routeing systems.
Appendix 1 297
D. Miscellaneous skills and operational procedures for general communications.
D.I. Ability to use English language, both written and spoken, for the satisfactory exchange of communications relevant to the safety of life at sea.
1. Use of the International Code of Signals and the IMO Standard Maritime Navigational VocabularylSeaspeak.
2. Recognizes standard abbreviations and commonly used service codes. 3. Use of the international phonetic alphabet.
D.2. Obligatory procedures and practices.
1. Effective use of obligatory documents and publications. 2. Radio record keeping. 3. Knowledge of the regulations and agreements governing the MMS and the MMSS.
D.3. Practical and theoretical knowledge of general communication procedures.
1. Selection of appropriate communication methods in different situations. 2. Traffic lists. 3. Radio telephone call:
• methods of calling a coast station; ordering a manually switched link call; ending the call; special facilities of calls; method of calling a coast station using DSC; selecting an automatic radio-telephone call.
4. Radio telegram. The parts of a radio telegram: • preamble; service instructions and indications; address; text; signature.
Addresses: • full; registered; telephonic; telex. Counting of words. Transmission by radio-telephony/radio-telex.
5. Traffic charges: • international charging system; Inmarsat communication charging system; AAIC; landline, coast charge and ship charge; currencies used in international charging.
6. Practical traffic routes. 7. World geography, especially the principal shipping routes and related communi
cation traffic routes.
Appendix 2 THE DECIBEL (dB)
Extremely large ranges of signal parameters are used in electronic communications work. For instance, power may be quoted in values as small as microwatts or as large as megawatts. Ranges as large as this also apply to voltage, current, frequency and, to a lesser extent, temperature.
A bel (whole unit) is a ratio of two different levels. The example is an amplifier whose signal power-out level over the power-in signal level gives the gain figure as a ratio. This figure is often quoted in dB.
The bel unit was named in honour of Alexander Graham Bell, famous for his research work leading to the invention of the telephone. However, for most electronic work the bel as a unit is much too large and, consequently, a one tenth unit, the decibel is used.
The decibel is not a linear unit of measurement. This is primarily because it would be virtually impossible to find a linear unit which was readily available to show very large changes of signal parameters.
It should be noted that the decibel is based on ratio measurement and can have no absolute value unless it is referenced to a specific level. As an example the figure 20 dB above 1 m W possesses an absolute value since a reference level is quoted. From the table, at the end of this appendix, it can be seen that 20 dB possesses a power ratio of 100. With respect to 0 dB there will be a positive increase of 100 and a negative decrease of the same figure (0.01).
A figure often quoted to indicate power levels is 3 dB. This corresponds to a doubling of the gain power ratio from 1.0 to 2.00 or a halving of the loss power ratio from 1.0 to 0.50. Thus, the - 3 dB points of a bandwidth graph are often called the 'half power points'. The gain power ratio is doubled for each 3 dB rise and halved for each - 3 dB change.
Decibel figures are calculated using logarithmic tables or electronic calculators. It is not always convenient to do this, and if an approximate ratio is required reference can be made to a table of decibels.
Once the various signal parameters .have been converted to the common ratiodecibels-the total figure for gain or loss in a system may be found by simply adding and/or subtracting the dB ratios.
Common reference levels used In communications systems
The dBm: The reference level used is the milliwatt (m W). The m signifies that the dB figure is quoted to a reference level of 1 mW. Therefore dB values will represent an absolute power level.
The dBW: Reference level: the Watt. The W signifies that the dB figure is quoted as a power ratio to a reference level of 1 W.
The dB~ V: Reference level: the ~ Volt. The ~ V signifies that the dB figure is quoted as a voltage ratio to a reference level of 1 ~V.
Appendix 2 299
The dBi: Reference level: the mAmp. The i signifies that the dB figure is quoted as a current ratio to a reference level of 1 mAo
The dBHz: Reference level: the Hertz. The Hz signifies that the dB figure is quoted as a frequency ratio to a reference level of 1 Hz.
The dBK: Reference level: the Kelvin. The K signifies that the dB figure is quoted as a temperature ratio to a reference level of 1 K.
Decibel ratio
Gain (+) Loss (-)
dB Power ratio Voltage ratio Power ratio Voltage ratio
0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 1.26 1.12 0.80 0.89
2 1.59 1.26 0.63 0.79
3 2.00 1.41 0.50 0.71
4 2.51 1.59 0.40 0.63
5 3.16 1.78 0.32 0.56
6 3.98 2.00 0.25 0.50
7 5.00 2.24 0.20 0.45
8 6.31 2.51 0.16 0.40
9 7.96 2.82 0.12 3.36
10 10.00 3.16 0.10 0.32
15 31.60 5.62 0.03 0.18
20 100.00 10.00 0.01 0.10
50 105 316.20 10- 5 3.16 x 10- 3
80 108 104 10- 8 1.00 X 10-4
100 1010 105 10- 10 1.00 x 10- 5
Appendix 3 PRODUCERS OF SHIP TERMINALS
ADD NERA A.S., (Norway) Mr Ottar B Bjastad, Tel: (47) 2 844-700 Fax: (47) 2 982-267 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable, Inmarsat-C
ANRITSU, (Japan) Mr K Shimizu, Radio Products Divn, Tel: (81) 33446-1111 Fax: (81) 33440-2430 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-C
CLERITEK, (USA) Mr Bob Jones, VP Sales & Marketing, Tel: (1) 408433-0335 Fax: (1) 408 433-0991 Inmarsat-C
DMT, (Germany) Mr Alois Salfner, Tel: (49) 4088 252-845 Fax: (49) 4088254-105 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-C
DORNIER, (Germany) Mr Friedrich Schmidt, Tel: (49) 7545 84253 Fax: (49) 7545 84411 Inmarsat-A Maritime
FURUNO, (Japan) Mr Hiroaki Komatsu, Gen Mgr Inti Marketing Divn, Tel: (81) 798 652-111 Fax: (81) 798 654-200 Inmarsat-C
HAGENUK, (Germany) Mr Nils Schwarz, Tel: (431) 8818-4242 Fax: (431) 8818-4368 Inmarsat-C
JAPAN RADIO COMPANY, (Japan) Mr Akeyoshi Sumita, Exec MD, Tel: (81) 33584-8756 Fax: (81) 3 3584-8891 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable, Inmarsat-C
KELVIN HUGHES, (UK) Mdohn Almond, Tel: (44) 81 500-1021 Fax: (44) 81 500-0837 Inmarsat-C
KODEN ELECTRONICS CO LTD, (Japan) Mr Hidekazu Shinkawa Tel: (81) 33440-3864 Fax: (81) 3 3473-3837 Inmarsat-C
MAGNA VOX, (USA) Dr Peter Williams, Satcom Product Mgr, Tel: (1) 310618-1200 Fax: (1) 310 618-7001 Inmarsat-A Maritime Mr Mario Cid Fernandez, Tel: (1) 516667-7710 Fax: (1) 516 667-2235 Inmarsat-A Land Transportable
MAN, (Germany) Mr Armin Keller, Tel: (49) 8131907-354 Fax: (49) 8131907-372 Inmarsat-C
Appendix 3 301
MARCONI MARINE, (UK) Mr Roger Branscomb, Tel: (44) 245 353-221 Fax: (44) 245 358-776 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable
MOBILE TELESYSTEMS INC, (USA) Mr Shafiq A Chaudhuri, Tel: (1) 301 590-8500 Fax: (1) 301 590-8558 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable
MUSSON, (Ukraine) Mr I. Kalyuzhniy, Tel: (7) 069 233-490 Fax: (7) 069 238-081 Inmarsat-A Maritime
PIDLIPS RADIO, (Denmark) Mr Jens Bjamoe Thostrup, Tel: (45) 3288-3793 Fax: (45) 3288-3930 Inmarsat-C
RADAR DEVICES INC, (USA) Mr Lawrence F Anderson, Tel: (1) 415483-1953 Fax: (1) 415351-7413 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable
SAlT MARINE, (Belgium) Mr A Godts, Tel: (32) 3320-1711 Fax: (32) 3321-5034 Inmarsat-C
SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA, (USA) Mr Macy Summers, Tel: (1) 510 483-1953 Fax: (1) 510483-1953 Fax: (1) 510 351-7413 Inmarsat-C
SIDJIAZHUANG, (Peoples Republic of China) Mr Luo Zheng Bin, Tel: (86) 311 33330 Cable: 3001 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable
SNEC, (France) Mr R Dickens, Tel: (33) 3180-7122 Fax: (33)318Q.-{)549 Inmarsat-C
SP RADIO, (Denmark) Mr K E Dantoft, Tel: (45) 9818-0999 Fax: (45) 9818-6717 Inmarsat-C
SPERRY, (USA) Mr George X Tsirimokos, Tel: (1) 804-974-2566 Fax: (I) 804 974-2259 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-C
STC INTERNATIONAL MARINE, (UK) Mr Rodger Perks, Tel: (44) 81640-34001 Fax: (44) 81 685-0321 Inmarsat-A Maritime, Inmarsat-A Land Transportable, Inmarsat-C
THRANE & THRANE, (Denmark) Mr Per Thrane, Tel: (45) 3156-4111 Fax: (45) 3156-2140 Inmarsat-C
TOSIDBA, (Japan) Mr Mahiro Tada, Tel: (81) 3 3457-3120 Fax: (81) 3 3456-1699 Inmarsat-A Maritime Mr Shuiji Funo, Toshiba Corp Inmarsat-C
TRIMBLE NAVIGATION, (USA) Mr Don Green, Tel: (1) 408 481-6834 Fax: (1) 408 737-6057 Inmarsat-C
Appendix 4 SATELLITE TELEPHONE COUNTRY CODES
Afghanistan ............................................. 93 Costa Rica ............................................. 506 Albania .................................................. 355 Cuba ........................................................ 53 Algeria ................................................... 213 Curacao ............................................... 5999 Andorra ............................................. 33628 Cyprus ................................................... 357 Angola ................................................... 244 Czechoslovakia ........................................ 42 Anguilla .......................................... 1809497 Denmark ................................................. 45 Antigua ................................................ 1809 Djibouti ................................................. 253 Argentina ................................................ 54 Dominica ...................................... 18090449 Aruba .................................................... 297 Dominican Rep .................................... 1809 Ascension Is ........................................... 247 Ecuador ................................................. 593 Australia ................................................ 61 EgyptAR ................................................. 20 Austria .................................................... 43 El Salvador ............................................ 503 Azores ................................................... 351 Equatorial Guinea .................................. 240 Bahamas .............................................. 1809 Ethiopia ................................................. 251 Bahrain .................................................. 973 Falkland Is ............................................. 500 Bangladesh ............................................ 880 Faeroe Is ................................................ 298 Barbados ............................................. 1809 Fiji ......................................................... 679 Belgium .................................................. 32 Finland .................................................. 358 Belize ..................................................... 501 France ..................................................... 33 Benin ..................................................... 229 French Guiana ....................................... 594 Bermuda ............................................. 18092 French Polynesia .................................... 689 Bolivia ................................................... 591 Gabon .................................................... 241 Bonaire ................................................ 5997 Gambia .................................................. 220 Botswana ............................................... 267 Germany (was DDR) ............................... 37 Bourkina Fasso ..................................... 226 Germany (was FDR) ................................ 49 Brazil ...................................................... 55 Ghana .................................................... 233 Brunei .................................................... 673 Gibraltar ................................................ 350 Bulgaria ................................................. 359 Greece ..................................................... 30 Burma ..................................................... 95 Greenland .............................................. 299 Burundi ................................................. 257 Grenada .......................................... 1809440 Cameroon .............................................. 237 Guadeloupe ........................................... 590 Canada ...................................................... 1 Guam ..................................................... 671 Canary Is ................................................. 34 Guatemala ............................................. 502 Cape Verde Is ......................................... 238 Guinea ................................................... 224 Cayman Is ........................................ 180994 Guinea Bissau ........................................ 245 Central African Republic ....................... 236 Guyana .................................................. 592 Chad ..................................................... 235 Haiti ...................................................... 509 Chile ....................................................... 56 Honduras ............................................... 504 China ....................................................... 86 Hong Kong ............................................ 852 Christmas Is ......................................... 6724 Hungary .................................................. 36 Cocos Keeling Is .................................. 6722 Iceland ................................................... 354 Colombia ............................................... 57 India ........................................................ 91 Congo PR .............................................. 242 Indonesia ................................................. 62 Cook Is .................................................. 682 Inmarsat AOR-E ................................... 871
Appendix 4 303
Inmarsat POR ........................................ 872 Pakistan ................................................... 92 Inmarsat lOR ......................................... 873 Panama .................................................. 507 Inmarsat AOR-W .................................. 874 Papua New Guinea ................................. 675 Iran ......................................................... 98 Paraguay ................................................ 595 Iraq ........................................................ 964 Peru ......................................................... 51 Ireland ................................................... 353 Philippines ............................................... 63 Israel ...................................................... 972 Poland ..................................................... 48 Italy ......................................................... 39 Portugal ................................................. 351 Ivory Coast ............................................ 225 Puerto Rico.......................................... 1809 Jamaica ................................................ 1809 Qatar ..................................................... 974 Japan ....................................................... 81 Reunion ................................................. 262 Jordan ................................................... 962 Romania .................................................. 40 Kenya .................................................... 254 Rwanda ................................................. 250 Kiribati .................................................. 686 St Helena ............................................... 290 Korea PDR ............................................ 850 St Kitts-Nevis ....................................... 1809 Korea Rep ............................................... 82 St Lucia ................................................ 1809 Kuwait ................................................... 965 St Pierre/Miquelon ................................. 508 Lebanon ................................................ 961 St Vincent/Grenadines .......................... 1809 Lesotho .................................................. 266 Samoa (US) ............................................ 684 Liberia ................................................... 231 Samoa (Western) .................................... 685 Libya ..................................................... 218 San Marino ........................................ 39549 Liechtenstein ........................................ 4175 Sao Tome/Principe ................................. 239 Luxembourg .......................................... 352 Saudi Arabia .......................................... 966 Macao .................................................... 853 Senegal .................................................. 221 Madagascar ........................................... 261 Seychelles ............................................... 248 Madeira .............................................. 35191 Sierra Leone ........................................... 232 Malawi ................................................... 265 Singapore ................................................ 65 Malaysia .................................................. 60 Solomon Is ............................................. 677 Maldive Is .............................................. 960 Somalia DR ........................................... 252 Mali ....................................................... 223 South Africa ............................................ 27 Malta ..................................................... 356 Spain ....................................................... 34 Marshall Is ............................................. 692 Sri Lanka ................................................. 94 Martinique ............................................. 596 Surinam ................................................. 597 Mauritania ............................................. 222 Swaziland .............................................. 268 Mauritius ............................................... 230 Sweden .................................................... 46 Mexico ..................................................... 52 Switzerland .............................................. 41 Micronesia ............................................. 691 Syria ...................................................... 963 Monaco ................................................ 3393 Taiwan ................................................... 886 Montserrat ........................................... 1809 Tanzania ................................................ 255 Morocco ................................................ 212 Thailand .................................................. 66 Mozambique .......................................... 258 Togo ...................................................... 228 Myanmar ................................................. 95 Tonga .................................................... 676 Namibia ................................................. 264 Trinidad & Tobago ............................... 1809 Nauru Is ................................................. 674 Tunisia ................................................... 216 Nepal ..................................................... 977 Turkey ..................................................... 90 Netherlands ............................................. 31 Turks & Caicos Is ................................. 1809 Netherlands Antilles ............................... 599 Uganda .................................................. 256 New Caledonia ....................................... 687 UAE ...................................................... 971 New Zealand ............................................ 64 UK .......................................................... 44 Nicaragua .............................................. 505 Uruguay ................................................. 598 Niger ...................................................... 227 USA .......................................................... 1 Nigeria ................................................... 234 USSR ........................................................ 7 Niue Is ................................................... 683 Vanuatu ................................................. 678 Norfolk Is ............................................. 672 Vatican City .................................... 3966982 Norway ................................................... 47 Venezuela ................................................ 58 Oman ..................................................... 968 Vietnam ................................................... 84
304 Appendix 4
Virgin Is. (British) ............................. 180949 Yugoslavia ............................................... 38 Virgin Is. (US)...................................... 1809 Zaire ...................................................... 243 Yemen AR ............................................. 967 Zambia .................................................. 260 Yemen PDR ........................................... 969 Zimbabwe .............................................. 263
Appendix 5 SATELLITE TELEPHONE SERVICES
Some or all of the following services may be offered by coast earth stations operating in the Inmarsat-A network.
Code Service Remarks
00 Automatic Use this code to make automatic telephone, facsimile and voice band data calls using International Direct Dial (IDD) codes.
11 International operator Use this code to obtain information from the international operator of the country within which the coast earth station is situated.
12 International information Use this code to obtain information about subscribers located in countries other than that in which the coast earth station is situated.
13 National operator Use this code to obtain assistance to connect to subscribers within the country in which the coast earth station is situated. In some countries which do not have an international operator, use this code instead of code 11.
14 National information Use this code to obtain information about subscribers located in the country in which the coast earth station is located.
17 Telephone call booking This code may be used via some coast earth stations to book telephone calls, although normally this code is used via the telex service.
20 Access to a maritime This code is used when using a voice band data PAD modem to access a Maritime Packet
assembly/disassembly (PAD) facility in a packet switched public data network. The PAD is accessed via telephone circuits and the prefix 20 should be followed by two additional digits indicating the required data rate.
23 Abbreviated dialling This code is used by some coast earth stations to (short code selection) allow Inmarsat-A equipped subscribers to utilize
abbreviated dialling codes for their reglilarly dialled numbers.
306 Appendix 5
Code Service
31 Maritime enquiries
32 Medical advice
33 Technical assistance
34 Person-to-person call
35 Collect call
36 Credit card call
37 Time and charges
38 Medical assistance
39 Maritime assistance
Remarks
This code may be used for special enquiries such as ship location, authorization etc, etc.
Use this code to obtain medical advice. Some coast earth stations have direct connections with local hospitals when this code is used.
Use this code if you are having technical problems with your Inmarsat-A terminal. Technical staff at coast earth stations will normally be able to assist you.
Use this code to contact the operator for a person-to-person call.
Use this code to contact the operator for a collect call (charges payable by the recipient of the call).
Use this code to charge a telephone call to a credit or charge card.
This code should be dialled at the start of a call before the code 00 for an automatic call. This service will enable the time and charges for the call being set up to be advised to the Inmarsat-A terminal operator. This will be either by a call back from the coast earth station operator on the telephone or, more normally, a short telex message containing the duration and call charges relating to the call.
This code should be used if the condition of an ill or injured person on board the vessel requires urgent evacuation ashore or the services of a doctor aboard the vessel. This code will ensure that the call is routed to the appropriate agency/authority ashore to deal with the situation.
This code should be used to obtain maritime assistance if the vessel requires assistance, tow, oil pollution etc, etc.
Index
ABB NERA AS Saturn 3 SES equipment, 154
Above decks equipment, (AD E), 144
auto rewind, 153 Absorption loss, 81 Accounting authority, (AA), 130 Adaptive predictive coding,
(APC),99 Alerting;
ship-to-shore, 6, 19, 266, 275 shore-to-ship, 6, 31
Alkaline cells, 52 ALOHA, 94
capture, 94 slotted, 94 slot reservation, 95
Ampere hour capacity, (AHC), 53
Amplitude modulation, 241 operator mode selection, 248
Amplitude shift keying, (ASK), 99
Answerback, 254 Antenna, 226
active, 234 alignment, 165 automatic rewind, 153 automatic search and control,
154 azimuth limit, 153 beamwidth, 230, 237 Cassegrain, 127 collinear, 235 directivity, 230 effective isotropic radiated
power, (EIRP), 230 efficiency, 231 feed lines, 228 gain, 230 ground-plane, 230 half wavelength, 228 maintenance, 58 Marconi, 232 microwave, 237 loaded, 233 location, 191 long-wire, 239
parabolic, 237 physical and electrical lengths,
228 radiation, 208 radiation patterns, 229 shadow sector, 147 step track, 152 systems, 226 voltage standing wave ratio,
(VSWR),58 whip, 235 Yagi-Uda,236
Angle of elevation, 69 Apogee motor, 69 Ariane rocket, 66, 122 Attenuation, 77 Attitude and orbit control
system; (AOCS), 123 Automatic frequency
compensation, (AFC), 87, 127
Automatic gain control, (AGe), 223
Automatic repeat on request, (ARQ), 109, 252
master and slave, 252 Azimuth
angle explanation, 148 chart, 166 map, 149
Bandwidth, 241 Batteries, 50
alkaline, 52 ampere hour capacity, 50 charging, 54 lead acid, 53 Leclanche, 52 lithium, 52 log keeping, 56 maintenance, 50 mercury, 52 nickel cadmium, 52, 57 primary cell, 51 secondary cell, 53 shelflife, 52 specific gravity, 53
Beamwidth, 230, 237
Below decks equipment, (BDE), 154, 158
operator control panel, 157 transceiver display, 160
Billing entity, (BE), 128 Bit error rate, (BER), 100 Block codes, 107 Boltzmann's constant, 81 Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem
code, (BCH), 108 Bulletin board, 130
Cape Canaveral, 122 Carrier
and bit timing, (CBT), 91 power, 76, 243 to noise ratio, 81
Cassegrain antenna, 127 CCITT;
ITA No.2 code, 250 Channel, 136
numbering, 136 octal, 136 transponder, 84
Charging, 128, 130 Accounting Authority, (AA),
130 Billing Entity, (BE), 1130 Gold Franc (see Gold Franc,
(GF» International Monetary Fund,
(IMF),130 Special Drawing Rate, (SDR),
128 Circular equatorial orbit, 66 Coast earth station, (CES);
operational, liS services, 131
Coast station identiies, 10 Code-division multiple access,
(CDMA),86 Codes;
block, 107 Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem,
see Bose-Chadhuri-Hocquenghem code, (BCH),
108 convolutional, 108
308 Index
cyclic, 107 Coding, 105 Common request channel,
(CRC),136 Common signalling channel,
(CSC),136 Communications
satellite, 63 terrestrial, 207
Compandor,97 circuit, 97 syllabic, 97
COMSAT,119 Convolutional code, 108 COSPAS-SARSAT,19
alerting messages, 24 beacon characteristics, 28 concept, 21 emergency locator transmitter,
(ELT),20 global coverage mode, 26 local user terminal, (LUT), 19 LUT visibility area, 25 local mode repeater data
system, 23 mission control centre, (MCC),
26 personal locator beacon,
(PLB),20 Critical frequency, 221 Cyclic code, 107
Data over radio, (DOR), 255 Data circuit terminal equipment,
(DCE),179 Data terminal equipment, (DTE),
179 Decibel, App.2. Decoding, 108 Delta-II rocket, 66 Delta modulation, (DM), 99 Differential phase shift keying,
(DPSK),102 Differential pulse code
modulation, (DPCM), 99 Diffraction, 217 Digital;
transmission, 98 voice channel coding, 97
Digital selective calling, (DSC), 10
classes of emission, II distress alert data, 13 frequencies, II specifications, II sequence of distress call, 12 use for communications, 276
Directivity, 230 Distress;
DSC alert on MF/HF, VHF and SES, 266, 275, 19
Inmarsat A, Band C, 14, 18
ship-to-shore alerting, 6, 19, 266,275
shore-to-ship alerting, 6, 31 Distress message controller,
(DMC),7 Doppler frequency shift, 68 Double sideband, (DSB), 243 Downlink, 73, 81 Duplex operation, 242
Effective isotropic radiated power, (EIRP), 230
Electromagnetic energy, 208 Electrostatic energy, 208 Electro-technical officer, 49 Elevation;
angle explanation, 148 chart, 166 map, 150
Elliptical inclined orbit, 65 Emergency beacons, 27 Emergency locator transmitter,
(ELT),20 Emergency position indicating
radio beacon, (EPIRB), 6 Encoder, 98 Enhanced group calling, (EGC),
31 service codes, 37 voice group call, 34
Equipment maintenance, 49 operation, 159, 189,258,272 self testing, 50
Error correction, 108 automatic request repeat,
(ARQ),109 forward error correction,
(FEC),108 interleaving, III pseudo-noise, 11 0
European Space Agency, (ESA), 122
Externally mounted equipment, (EME),196
Field strength, 210 FleetNET™, 34 Forward error correction, (FEC),
108,249 SEL-FEC, 252
Frequency bands, 201, 215 channels, 136 channel numbering, 136 divider, 257 division multiplexing, 132 synthesis, 257
Frequency modulation, 245 deviation, 247 index, 247 swing, 247
system deviation, 247
G/T ratio, 76 Geostationary orbit, (GEO), 66 Global coverage mode, 26 GMDSS,3
concept, 5 personnel qualifications, 60 principal communicatiuons
functions, 6 radionet,3 reserve batteries, 50 satellite communications, 63 sea areas, 6 ship carriage requirements 7,8 space segment, 13 system, 4 terrestrial communications,
207 Gold Francs, (GF), 130 Ground segment, 124
Handshaking, 140 Homing, 29
International Maritime Satellite Organisation, (INMARSAT), 113
above decks equipment, (ADE),145
billing and settlement process, 128
coast earth stations, (CES) operational, 115 services, 131
enhanced group call, (EGC), 31
codes, 37 equipment type-approval and
commissioning, 144 FleetNET™, see FleetNET'm
company call, 36 frequency bands, 201 ground segment, 124 high speed data, (HSD), 132
Inmarsat-A, 134 antenna specification and sighting, 146 call initializing and clearing procedures, 138 classes of SES, 134 channels, 136 distress, 14 mobile antenna alignment, 165 SES equipment, 142, 154 system description, 134 transportable equipment, 165
Inmarsat-B, 169 access request frame, 17 call set-up procedures, 173
channels, 172 classes of SES, 176 data frames, 176 distress, 18 duplex telephone call set-up sequence, 174 duplex telex call set-up sequence, 175 link budget, 81 network configuration, 169 ship earth station, 172 system access control and signalling, 172 system description, 170
Inmarsat-C, 178 access control and signalling, 179 bulletin board, 184 call set-up procedures, 184 channels, 180 classes ofMES, 190 communications system, 178 data reporting and polling, 186 distress, 18 from-mobile call procedure, 185 logging in/out, 181, 184 message transfer, 186 mobile earth station, 184 performance verification test, (PVT), 183 system description, 179 to-mobile call procedure, 188 VOU display, 192
Inmarsat-E, 14 beacon characteristics, 30 coverage chart, 15
Inmarsat-M, 195 access control and signalling, 197 call set-up procedures, 198 channels, 198 distress, 195 externally mounted equipment, (EME), 196 land mobile MES, 197 maritime MES, 196 network configuration, 195 network coordination registration, 198 spot beam signalling, 198 system description, 196
Inmarsat-2 (INM2), satellites, 122 inside INM2, 120
Inmarsat-3 (INM3), satellites, 203
Inmarsat and the GMOSS, 14 mobile number, (IMN), 144 Network coordination station,
(NCS),128
Network control centre, (NCC),124
ocean regions, 118 priority 3 distress, 138 project 21, 204 SafetyNET™, see SafetyNE~M circular area map, 34
Satellite control centre, (SCC), 124
satellite global coverage, 118 satellie status, 119 satellite tracking, telemetry
and command, (TT&C), 124 Ship earth station, 142, 172,
189, 196 replacing, 201 selecting, 199 space segment, 116 Technical Requirements for Inmarsat SESs, 134 which Inmarsat system? 199
Interchannel gap, 138 Interleaving, 111 International Frequency
Registration Board, (IFRB), 214
International Maritime Organisation, (IMO); communication functions, 6 equipment maintenance requirements, 49
International Monetary Fund, (IMF),130
International Radio Consultative Committee, (CCIR),214
International Telecommunications Union, (ITU),214
Intelsat-V satellites, 122 Ionoshere, 218 Ionospheric;
bands, 220 layers, 220 refraction, 219 wave propagation, 218
Isotropic radiator, 75
Japan Radio Company equipment
JHS 31 VHF, 272 JSS 7101720 MF/HF, 258 JUE-45A SES, 158
Kelvin, 76 Kourou Space Centre, 122
Land earth station, (LES), 126 Lead acid battery, 53 Leclanche cells, 52 Link budgets, 77
Index 309
Inmarsat-B budget, 77 Link parameters, 81 Lithium cells, 52 Local mode repeater data system,
23 Local User Terminal, (LUT), 19
Maintenance requirements, 49 Marecs satellites, 122 Marine rescue coordination
centre, (MRCC), 29 Maritime assistance, 18 Maritime communications
subsystem, (MCS), 122 Maritime communications
systems, 207 Maritime mobile frequency
bands, 215 Maritime mobile service identity
number, (MMSI), 10 Maritime identification digits,
(MID),10 MID identities, 10
Maritime safety information, (MSI),35
service structure, 35 Maximum usable frequency,
(MUF),221 Mean time between failures,
(MTBF),49 Medical
advice, 17 assistance, 17
Mercury cells, 52 MF/HF transceiver, 258
circuitry, 268 controller panel, 260 description, 264 OSC operation, 263 operation, 258 self testing, 269 setting-up, 260 specifications, 267
Mission control centre, (MCC), 26
alert messages, 24 alert data processing, 24
Mobile antenna alignment, 165 Mobile earth station, (MES),
172, 189, 196 Mobile frequency bands, 202 Modem, 96 Modulation, 241
amplitude, 241 amplitude shift keying, 99 data, 99 delta, 99 depth,243 double sideband, 243 frequency, 245 . phase shift keying, 100 pulse code, 98
310 Index
single sideband, 243 Modulation and demodulation
for satellite services, 96 Multiple access, 83
ALOHA,94 CDMA,86 FDM/FM/FDMA, 84 FDMA,84 Packet, 91 Random, 93 SCPC/FM/FDMA, 87 SCPC/PSKlFDMA, 87 TDM/FDMA, 87 TDM/TDMA, 88 TDMA,89
Multiplexing, 83, 132
Narrow band direct printing, (NBDP),249
NAVAREA,35 area 1,40 world map, 39
NAVTEX,35 coding standard, 43 message format, 38 receiver operation, 42 receiver system, 45 signal characteristics, 38 signalling codes, 36 service outline, 35 status message, 46 transmission schedule, 41
Network coordination station, (NCS),125
Network control centre, (NCC), 125
Nickel cadmium battery, 57 Noise;
power, 81 pseudo, 110 system, 76 temperature, 82
Ocean regions, 118 Optimum traffic frequency,
(OTF),221 Orbital parameters, 65 Orbits;
angle of elevation, 69 elliptical inclined, 65 circular equatorial, 66 geostationary, (GEO), 66 low earth, (LEO), 66 polar, 65
Packet access, 91 Peak envelope power, (PEP), 243 Performance verification test,
(PVT), 183 Personal locator beacon, (PLB),
20 Personnel qualifications, 60
at-sea maintenance certificate class 1, (ASMl), see Qualifications
at-sea maintenance certificate class 2, (ASM2), see Qualifications
General GMDSS Operators Certificate, see Qualifications
Restricted GMDSS Operators Certificate, see Qualifications
Phase-locked loop, (PLL), 102, 257
Phase-shift keying, (PSK), 100 BPSK,101 DPSK,102 O-QPSK,104 QPSK,103
Polar orbit, 65 Power;
considerations, 75 flux density, (PFD), 75 supplies, 50
Primary cells, 51 Priority 3 distress, 138 Project 21, 204 Pseudo-noise, 10
Quadrature phase shift keying, (QPSK),103
Qualifications at-sea maintenance certificate
class 1, (ASMl), 60 at-sea maintenance certificate
class 2, (ASM2), 60 General GMDSS Operators
Certificate, (GOC), 60, APP.1
Restricted GMDSS Operators Certificate, (ROC), 60
Radiocommunications systems, 240
Radio frequency spectrum, 207, 212
management, 212 Radio wave propagation, 216
angle ofinclidence, 219 critical frequency, 221 diffraction, 217 ionospheric wave, 218 maximum usable frequency,
221 optimum traffic frequency, 221 signal fading, 223 space wave, 216 sky wave, 216 surface wave, 216 tropospheric wave, 222
Radio wave; attenuation, 75
polarization, 229 radiation, 208
Random access, 93 Receiver sensitivity, 210 Refraction, 219 Rescue coordination centre,
(RCC),16 first RCC action, 31
Rewind,153
SafetyNETTM,33 circular area, 34
Satellite; azimuth angie explanation, 148 attitude orbit and control
system, (AOCS), 123 communications, 63 control centre, 125 COSPAS-SARSAT, 19 elevation angle explanation,
148 footprint, 71 Inmarsat-2, (INM2), 122 Inmarsat-3, (INM3), 204 link parameters, 73 Intelsat-V, 122 location and tracking, 147 NADEZHDA, 22 NOAA,23 Marecs A and B, 122 maritime communications
subsystem, (MCS), 122 mobile frequency bands, 202 orbital parameters, 65 spot beams, 72 status, 119 telemetry, tracking and
command, (IT &C), 73 transmission range variation,
71 transmission path loss, 71
Sea areas, 6 Search and rescue, (SAR), 29
beacon characteristics, 28 Search and rescue transponder,
(SART),29 characteristics, 33 radar display, 32
Secondary cells, 53 Selective FEC, 252 Self testing, 50, 269, 283
error display, 285 Sequential single-frequency code,
(SSFC),1O Ship carriage requirements, 7 Ship earth station, (SES), 154,
158 Ship station identities, 13 Shore-to-ship alerting, 31 Signals
voice, 96 data, 97
Signal fading, 223 frequency selective, 224 general, 223
Signal propagation, 207 Simplex operation, 242 Single channel per carrier,
(SCPC),84 Single sideband, (SSB), 243 Sky wave, 216 Slot reservation ALOHA, 95 SOLAS
carriage requirements, 8 74 convention, 3
Space segment, 116 Space wave, 216 Spacecraft availability, 119 Special drawing rate, (SDR), 130 Specific gravity, 53 Speech compandors, 97 Store-and-forward, 178 Spot beams, 72 Surface wave, 216 Syllabic compandor, 97 Synthesiser, 257 System noise, 76
Table of Frequency Allocations, 213
Telemetry, tracking and command, (TT&C), 73, 125
Telex over radio, (TOR), 249 ARQ,252 FEC, 249 operating procedures, 254 SEL-FEC, 252 seven unit code, 250
Terrestrial communications, 207 Time division multiplexing,
(TDM),87 TDMO,136 TDMI,136 time slots, 90
Time-division mUltiple access, (TDMA),84
Traffic accounting and billing, 128
Transceiver systems, 255 MF/HF,258 VHF,272
Transponder channel, 84 Transportable Inmarsat-A
Index 311
equipment, 165 Tropospheric wave, 216
Uplink, 73, 81
VHF channel assignment, 213 VHF transceiver, 272
circui try, 281 description, 276 DSC, 275 operation, 272 self testing, 283 specifications, 278
Viterbi convolutional encoding, 108
Voice communication, 240 Voltage standing wave ratio,
(VSWR),58
Wavelength,226 World Administrative Radio
Conference, (WARC), 214 World-wide navigational warning
service, (WWNWS), 35
