Global Responses to the Rise of the WestAP World History

History of Imperialism

World in 1900

British Empire in 1900

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Dutch Empire

German Empire in 1914

India “The Jewel in the Crown”

1661 1st British trade center at Bombay

1690 British establish center at Calcutta

1707 Start of Mughal decline

1756-1763 Seven Years’ War

British East India Co. uses sepoys

1857 Sepoy Rebellion

1858 Beginning of the British Raj

Indian Resistance to British Rule

ReformsRam Mohan Roy

Cooperation Indian National Congress

(1885)

NationalismRadical movement centered

on Hinduism

Called for independence and revolts

Paved path for Gandhi, etc.Ram Mohan Roy

Impact of British rule in India

Positive:

Western education

Social reforms

Keep the caste system

Technology

Railroads

Telegraph lines

Brought into the global market economy

Negative:

Move towards cash crops lead to famines

Drain India of resources

Taxes used to pay for army and generous salaries for administrators

Increase in chronic poverty

British Railways in India

Left: the Darjeeling ExpressAbove: Queen Victoria station

Famine in India 1877

French Empire

Light Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire

French in Vietnam

1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with Vietnam follows

1802 French help Gia Long unite Vietnam

1820-1841 Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to persecute Christians

Persecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification for French conquest

By 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add Cambodia and Laos)

Vietnamese Resistance

Guerrilla warfare – “Save the King Movement”

Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)Fail to create mass

movementReplaced by

Communist Party of Vietnam (Viet Minh)Dominated by Ho Chi

Minh

Bastille Day in Vietnam

Imperialism in Africa

Left: Africa in 1878

Right: Africa in 1914

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

British Imperialism in South Africa

1652 1st Dutch settlement at Cape Town

1815 British annex Cape Town

1830 Boers begin Great Trek

1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State

1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal

1899-1902 Boer Wars

Images of Britain in Africa

British in Imperialism in Egypt

1798 Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon

1805 Muhammad Ali and his successors modernize Egypt

Borrow heavily from England and France

Build Suez Canal

1882 Nationalist uprisings threaten Egyptian government

Egypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain

Suez Canal

Egyptian Responses

Reforms

Muhammad Ali

Nationalism

Arabs see British control of Egypt as double colonization

Dinshawi incident (1906)

Islamic Fundamentalism

Mahdi

Legacy of the Mahdi

Mahdi army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Iraq

Ottoman Empire in the 19th c.

Called the “Sick Man of Europe”

Why? Just a few examples…

Power struggles between government, religious experts, Janissaries, and other elites

Ayan (landlords) skimmed tax revenue

Import of European manufactures caused a decline in the artisan class

Empire became economically dependent on Europe

External threats from Egypt, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Balkan nationalismGreece gained its independence in 1830

Ottoman Territorial Losses

Ottoman Reforms

Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries

Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826

Tanzimat Reforms

Modernize military and bureaucracy

University education focusing on math & science

Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)

Constitution of 1876

Few changes for lower class & women

Resistance to Reforms & Revolt

Religious conservatives

Ulama

Individual sultans

Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)

Overthrown in 1908

Ottoman Society for Union Progress

“Young Turks”—Nationalism

Establish a parliamentary system

Led Ottoman Empire into WWI

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

Founded by a Manchu warlord

Traditional Chinese dynasty

Qing Golden Age

Kangxi (1662-1722)

Yongzheng (1722-1735)

Qianlong (1735-1796)

Dynasty in declines after the death of Qianlong

White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)

China: Decline of a Civilization

Internal Breakdown

Opium War

Taiping Rebellion

Self-Strengthening Movement

Failure of Force

Sino-Japanese War

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese Revolution of 1912

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1939, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

Legacy of the Opium War

“Unequal Treaties”Opens 5 ports to

trade with Britain

British gain control of Hong Kong

British gain extraterritoriality

Does NOT address sale of opium

Chinese hero, Lin Zexu

Causes of the Taiping Rebellion

Anti-Manchu sentimentStrongest among southern

laborers who were mostly Han Chinese

Caused by a myriad of problemsNatural disasters, economic

collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War

Leadership of Hong XiuquanBrother of Jesus?

Statue of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing (picture above).

Aftermath of the Taiping RebellionSelf-Strengthening

MovementModernize the army Improve infrastructureRelied on foreign

investment

Resisted by Neo-Confucian scholars and Dowager Empress Cixi (1861-1908)

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Dowager Empress Cixi, “the

Dragon Lady”

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Western Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

Death of Dowager CixiSun Yat-sen’s 3 Principles

of the PeopleNationalism, Democracy,

and People’s Welfare

Qing falls in 1912End of the imperial system

Replaced by the Republic of ChinaSun Yat-sen named 1st

president

Sun Yat-sen

Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate

By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil

Declining agricultural productivity

Harsh taxes on peasants

Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation

Samurai and daimyo are in debt to merchants

Some Positives

Highest literacy rate outside of the West

Challenge of the West

Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)Unequal Treaties

Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty

Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay

Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.

Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry

Internal Conflict

Shogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”

Demands for reform include lowering rice prices & expulsion of foreign “barbarians”

Revolution? Two minor wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of

the shogun

January 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and the shogunate was destroyed

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Abolish feudal order

Daimyo removed from power

Samurai class is abolished

Constitutional government

Constitution of 1889 establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature

Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and appoint the cabinet

Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

New Meiji Government

Left: Structure of Meiji Government; Below: Mutsuhito, the Meiji

Emperor

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Japanese industrialization

Modernize the military, transportation, communication, education, etc.

Creation of zaibatsu

Combination of state initiative and private investment

Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families

Many companies started by men of samurai origins

Japan’s Economic Growth

Social Developments

No reforms to ease burdens on rural population

Massive population growth

Strained resources and kept labor costs low

Role of women

Maintain inferiority of women in the home

High-school education for women (1899)

Silk industry relied upon women working in factories

Japanese Imperialism

Sino-Japanese War Japan gains influence

over Korea & Manchuria

Russo-Japanese War Japan’s navy leads to

victory over Russia

Japan annexes Korea in 1910

Latin American Independence

FactorsCreole leadership

Simon Bolivar

The Enlightenment

Napoleon’s conquest of SpainMask of Ferdinand

Native unrestFather Miguel de

Hidalgo

Distance

Problems After Independence

Political rivalriesCentralists vs. federalists

Liberals vs. conservatives

CaudillosAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Victorious at the Alamo!

Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)

Role of the Catholic church

Creoles vs. natives

Western interference Santa Anna

Economic Problems

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Economic Imperialism?

Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin America

Economy continued to depend upon exports

Britain dominated until 1860

Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory

U.S. Intervention in Latin AmericaMexican-American War

(1846-1848)Treaty of Guadalupe-

Hidalgo

Spanish-American WarU.S. gains Puerto Rico,

the Philippines, Guam“Independence” for Cuba

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Panama CanalCompleted August 1914

U.S. Imperialism

U.S. Imperialism

“Big Stick” foreign policy

Mexico (1821-1876)

1821-1850’s marked by political instabilityDefeat in Mexican-

American war began a nationalist movement

Benito Juarez (1858-1872)La Reforma

Attempted massive land reform

Reforms challenged the Catholic church

Benito Juarez

Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)

Industrialized MexicoBuilt railroads

Improved banking system

Focused on oil & mining

Depended on foreign investment

Increasingly autocraticOppressed political

oppositionArrested Francisco

Madero in 1910Porfirio Diaz

Argentina

After independence dominated by caudillos

Politically stabilized after 1862

Economic growth based on exports

Primary export is beef

Industrialization dependent on foreign capital

Large numbers of immigrants from Europe

3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.

Golondrinas

Latin American Society

Few changes for women in Latin America

Remained under the control of their fathers and husbands

Machismo

Lower class had more economic freedoms

Gained more access to education

Racial castes were formally abolished

Racial and ethnic tensions continued

Few major/ethnic reforms