Upload
bruce-ward
View
220
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management in Nigeria Management in Nigeria
An AESEDA Penn State/Ibadan An AESEDA Penn State/Ibadan PartnershipPartnership
Fogarty/NIH R25 TW007730 Fogarty/NIH R25 TW007730 10/1/2006 – 9/30/200910/1/2006 – 9/30/2009
11Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
COLLLEGE OF EARTH AND MINERAL SCIENCES
THE ALLIANCE FOR EARTH SCIENCES, ENGINEERING,
AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Robert Crane, Ph.D.Director of AESEDA
22Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Niger Delta: Prospect and PerilNiger Delta: Prospect and Peril
PetroleumPetroleum ProspectsProspects in N-Deltain N-Delta
Poverty-amidst-PlentyPoverty-amidst-Plenty ParadoxParadox
The The opportunityopportunity
The The anxietyanxiety33Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Niger Delta: Niger Delta: epitome of debacleepitome of debacle
Source: National Geographic, February 2007 44Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
AESEDA: AESEDA: Partnership for Partnership for promoting promoting WealthWealth and and HealthHealth of of Niger DeltaNiger Delta
• SolutionSolution: Capacity : Capacity
BuildingBuilding
• KeyKey: : EducationEducation55Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
66Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
77Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Niger Delta AreaNiger Delta Area
88Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Niger DeltaNiger DeltaHome to more than 10 million Home to more than 10 million people from Delta, Rivers and people from Delta, Rivers and Baylesa States in Nigeria.Baylesa States in Nigeria.The main ethnic group: IjawsThe main ethnic group: IjawsOther ethnic groups: Isokos, Other ethnic groups: Isokos, Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ikot Abasi, Oron, Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ikot Abasi, Oron, Mbo, Ibibio, Anang, Efik and Mbo, Ibibio, Anang, Efik and Kwale peopleKwale peopleMajor human occupations:Major human occupations:
Primary occupations: farming and Primary occupations: farming and fishingfishingSecondary occupations: textile Secondary occupations: textile weaving, boat carving etc.weaving, boat carving etc.Tertiary occupation: trade and Tertiary occupation: trade and commerce, transportationcommerce, transportation
Oil exploration has become the Oil exploration has become the major production activity in the major production activity in the region:region:
2 million barrels of oil are 2 million barrels of oil are extracted everyday in the Niger extracted everyday in the Niger Delta areaDelta area
99Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Niger Delta AreaNiger Delta Area
Low relief and poor ground Low relief and poor ground drainage (responsible for the drainage (responsible for the paucity of settlements)paucity of settlements)Air, water and environmental Air, water and environmental pollutionpollutionWater-related diseases and Water-related diseases and waste disposal practices waste disposal practices constitute serious problems in constitute serious problems in the areathe areaDiseases affecting the Niger Diseases affecting the Niger Delta people include: worm Delta people include: worm infestation, gastroenteritis, infestation, gastroenteritis, hypertension, and sexually hypertension, and sexually transmitted diseases transmitted diseases especially among adolescentsespecially among adolescents
1010Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Workshop: Niger DeltaWorkshop: Niger Delta
Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Advisory Board of Global Health Advisory Board of Global Health and Georesources Managementand Georesources ManagementProvided an emic view of the Provided an emic view of the issues germane to the Niger issues germane to the Niger Delta peopleDelta people
Overview of the Niger Delta Overview of the Niger Delta Problem:Problem:
PollutionPollutionNegligenceNegligenceUnemploymentUnemploymentLoss of livelihood (e.g Ijaw Loss of livelihood (e.g Ijaw people of Niger Delta relied on people of Niger Delta relied on fishing as a source of livelihood. fishing as a source of livelihood. With the presence of oil With the presence of oil companies, many fishermen lost companies, many fishermen lost their source of livelihood)their source of livelihood)PovertyPovertyIncreased prevalence of Increased prevalence of diseases including HIV/AIDS and diseases including HIV/AIDS and skin diseasesskin diseases
1111Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Workshop: Niger DeltaWorkshop: Niger Delta
Public Health ChallengesPublic Health ChallengesPrevalence of most diseases is unknownPrevalence of most diseases is unknown
Georesources ChallengesGeoresources ChallengesLevel of metal in drinking waterLevel of metal in drinking waterLevel of metal in soil contentLevel of metal in soil contentAcid rain problemsAcid rain problemsHeavily polluted seaHeavily polluted sea
Other ChallengesOther ChallengesGovernanceGovernanceSocioeconomic issuesSocioeconomic issuesGender and povertyGender and poverty
Nigerian Universities as Solution centersNigerian Universities as Solution centersCapacity BuildingCapacity Building
1212Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management CoursesManagement Courses
Five major themes were identified:Five major themes were identified:– Diseases and Health ConditionsDiseases and Health Conditions– Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues– Capacity BuildingCapacity Building– Research MethodologyResearch Methodology– Technology, Policy and PracticeTechnology, Policy and Practice
1313Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Diseases and Health ConditionDiseases and Health Condition
– MalariaMalaria– TuberculosisTuberculosis– HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS– Skin conditionsSkin conditions– Respiratory problemsRespiratory problems– CancerCancer– Reproductive IssuesReproductive Issues
1414Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues
– Exposure to pollutantsExposure to pollutants– Level of metal in soil, in waterLevel of metal in soil, in water– Water and SanitationWater and Sanitation– Climate change and adaptationsClimate change and adaptations– Environmental impact assessmentEnvironmental impact assessment– Environmental epidemiologyEnvironmental epidemiology– Environmental educationEnvironmental education– Environmental governance/communicationEnvironmental governance/communication– Land reclamationLand reclamation
1515Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Capacity BuildingCapacity Building
– EmpowermentEmpowerment– Participation/stakeholderParticipation/stakeholder– LeadershipLeadership– Needs assessmentNeeds assessment– Poverty alleviationPoverty alleviation– Adaptive technologyAdaptive technology– Behavioral changeBehavioral change– Youth resiliencyYouth resiliency– Gender issuesGender issues– Conflict resolution/managementConflict resolution/management– Indigenous knowledge Indigenous knowledge – Intersectoral collaborationIntersectoral collaboration
1616Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Research MethodologyResearch Methodology
– Complex systems approachComplex systems approach– Ecosystems approachEcosystems approach– Scenario thinkingScenario thinking– ModelingModeling– GISGIS– Laboratory WorkLaboratory Work– Evaluation/Monitoring/SurveillanceEvaluation/Monitoring/Surveillance– Field ResearchField Research– Quantitative and Qualitative approachQuantitative and Qualitative approach– Research EthicsResearch Ethics
1717Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Technology, Policy and PracticeTechnology, Policy and Practice
– Remediation: Bio and phyto-remediationRemediation: Bio and phyto-remediation– Land reclamationLand reclamation– Waste to wealthWaste to wealth– Green designGreen design– Water sanitationWater sanitation– Adaptive technologyAdaptive technology– Indigenous knowledgeIndigenous knowledge– Climate changeClimate change– Air quality managementAir quality management– Sustainable miningSustainable mining
1818Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management CoursesManagement Courses
Conceptual Framework:Conceptual Framework:Students trained with trans-disciplinary knowledgeStudents trained with trans-disciplinary knowledge
Students concerned about issues and solutionsStudents concerned about issues and solutions
Holistic approach to issues of importance to global Holistic approach to issues of importance to global health and georesources managementhealth and georesources management
1919Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Some Workshop participantsSome Workshop participants
Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Civil Engineer, Advisory Board MemberCivil Engineer, Advisory Board Member
University of IbadanUniversity of IbadanDr. Catherine Olufunke Falade: Chairperson of the Local Organizing Dr. Catherine Olufunke Falade: Chairperson of the Local Organizing Committee of the workshopCommittee of the workshopProvost of the College of Medicine: Professor Akinyinka OmigbodunProvost of the College of Medicine: Professor Akinyinka OmigbodunVice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan: Professor Oulfemi BamiroVice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan: Professor Oulfemi BamiroProfessor J.D. Adeniyi: Advisory Board memberProfessor J.D. Adeniyi: Advisory Board memberProfessor Sirdhar: Professor of Environmental HealthProfessor Sirdhar: Professor of Environmental HealthProfessor Gbadegesin: Professor of GeographyProfessor Gbadegesin: Professor of Geography
Penn State University: Penn State University: Director of AESEDA: Professor AdewummiDirector of AESEDA: Professor AdewummiDirector of Global Health and Georesources Management: Professor Director of Global Health and Georesources Management: Professor Collins AirhihenbuwaCollins AirhihenbuwaDr. Petra Tschakert: Assistant professor of GeographyDr. Petra Tschakert: Assistant professor of GeographyDr. Zhengmin Qian: Assistant professor of environment and Dr. Zhengmin Qian: Assistant professor of environment and occupation sciencesoccupation sciences
2020Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Lower Mississippi DeltaLower Mississippi Delta
2121Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
BackgroundBackground
The Lower Mississippi The Lower Mississippi Delta region of Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi and Mississippi includes 36 counties includes 36 counties closely connected to closely connected to the Mississippi river. the Mississippi river.
2222Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
BackgroundBackground
The region is predominantly rural and the The region is predominantly rural and the rural population is;rural population is;– 55% in Arkansas55% in Arkansas– 24% in Louisiana24% in Louisiana– 69% in Mississippi 69% in Mississippi
(Casey, 2004)(Casey, 2004)
2323Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
BackgroundBackground
The Delta region is often considered a The Delta region is often considered a region of contrasts between great potential region of contrasts between great potential and pervasive problems. and pervasive problems.
There are numerous assets to draw from There are numerous assets to draw from in the region, including fertile land, water in the region, including fertile land, water and a warm climate for agricultural and a warm climate for agricultural production. production.
2424Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
BackgroundBackground
But despite its great potential, the Lower But despite its great potential, the Lower Mississippi Delta is also characterized as a Mississippi Delta is also characterized as a region with;region with;– High levels of underdevelopmentHigh levels of underdevelopment– High rates of poverty and unemploymentHigh rates of poverty and unemployment– Substantial deficits in educationSubstantial deficits in education– Poor nutrition and inadequate access to health care Poor nutrition and inadequate access to health care
(Green et al, 2006, Hall et al., (Green et al, 2006, Hall et al., 2004). 2004).
2525Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
PopulationPopulation
It is estimated that 8.9 It is estimated that 8.9 million people reside in million people reside in the Lower Mississippi the Lower Mississippi Delta region (HAC, 2005).Delta region (HAC, 2005).
But, over a ten year span, But, over a ten year span, (1990-2000), the LMD (1990-2000), the LMD region has experienced a region has experienced a slow growth in population slow growth in population compared to the rest of compared to the rest of the nation. the nation.
Population based on 1970-2000 U.S. Census Data.
2626Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
PopulationPopulation
Racially, the region is as diverse as its natural Racially, the region is as diverse as its natural resources.resources.
White Americans make-up two-thirds of the region’s White Americans make-up two-thirds of the region’s populationpopulationAfrican Americans comprise 31 percent, a rate twice the African Americans comprise 31 percent, a rate twice the national level which is12 percent national level which is12 percent Latino’s comprise 2 percent of the LMD’s population (a rate Latino’s comprise 2 percent of the LMD’s population (a rate smaller than it is nationwide)smaller than it is nationwide)American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, Asians and Pacific Islanders combined comprise the Asians and Pacific Islanders combined comprise the remaining 1.9 percent of the region’s total population remaining 1.9 percent of the region’s total population (HAC, 2005)(HAC, 2005)
2727Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
PopulationPopulation
2828Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Educational characteristicsEducational characteristics
Approximately, one-quarter of the LMD residents Approximately, one-quarter of the LMD residents age 25 and over do not have high school age 25 and over do not have high school education compared to 20 percent of for the education compared to 20 percent of for the nation (HAC, 2005). nation (HAC, 2005).
Among African Americans, 36 percent never Among African Americans, 36 percent never completed high school and only 11 percent have completed high school and only 11 percent have a college degree or higher (HAC, 2005)a college degree or higher (HAC, 2005)
2929Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Economic CharacteristicsEconomic Characteristics
Despite the vast array of natural resources, the Despite the vast array of natural resources, the Lower Mississippi Delta region remains a Lower Mississippi Delta region remains a depressed area economically (NPS, 2001). depressed area economically (NPS, 2001).
Delta region has been referred to as a Third Delta region has been referred to as a Third World country in the heart of America (Parham, World country in the heart of America (Parham, et al. 2007).et al. 2007).
It is estimated that residents of the Delta It is estimated that residents of the Delta experience extreme rates of poverty that are experience extreme rates of poverty that are much higher than the national level. much higher than the national level.
3030Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Economic CharacteristicsEconomic Characteristics
Over eighteen percent of LMD’s Over eighteen percent of LMD’s populations are living in povertypopulations are living in poverty
Over one-third of the region’s Over one-third of the region’s African American residents live African American residents live in poverty in poverty
Female-headed households Female-headed households with children experience with children experience extreme levels of poverty as 47 extreme levels of poverty as 47 percent of these households percent of these households have incomes below the have incomes below the poverty level poverty level
(HAC, 2005)(HAC, 2005)
3131Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Critical issues in HealthCritical issues in Health
The Lower Mississippi Delta region ranks high The Lower Mississippi Delta region ranks high nationally among the poorest in the nation with nationally among the poorest in the nation with respect to rates of chronic disease morbidity and respect to rates of chronic disease morbidity and mortality (Yardick et al., 2001). mortality (Yardick et al., 2001).
In a study conducted by Smith et al. (1999), the In a study conducted by Smith et al. (1999), the authors found that the prevalence rates of authors found that the prevalence rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and high obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol were higher in the states of the Delta cholesterol were higher in the states of the Delta region than in other states. region than in other states.
3232Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Critical Issues in healthCritical Issues in health
Recently, the findings from the 2005 BRFSS data Recently, the findings from the 2005 BRFSS data suggests that there is an increase in self-reported suggests that there is an increase in self-reported prevalence of chronic disease in these three states when prevalence of chronic disease in these three states when
compared to the U.S.compared to the U.S.
Prevalence (%) United States %
Arkansas %(CI)
Louisiana% (CI)
Mississippi% (CI)
Hypertension 25.5% 29.0% (27.6-30.4)
29.4% (27.5-31.3)
33.3% (31.-34.9)
Overweight & Obesity
61.4% 64.7% (63.1-66.3)
64.7% (62.5-66.9)
67.3% (65.5-69.1)
Diabetes 7.3% 8.1% (7.3-8.9)
9.2% (8.1-10.3)
9.8% (8.9-10.7)
3333Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Natural ResourcesNatural ResourcesLMD region provides LMD region provides habitat and ecological habitat and ecological support for a wide variety support for a wide variety of flora, fauna, and of flora, fauna, and aquatic species integral aquatic species integral to the health of the North to the health of the North American continent. American continent.
Significant bird and water Significant bird and water fowl migration corridor fowl migration corridor
3434Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Mineral Exploration and ExtractionMineral Exploration and Extraction
In the Lower Mississippi region, In the Lower Mississippi region, petroleum is the dominant petroleum is the dominant mineral produced in this region mineral produced in this region (NPS, 2001).(NPS, 2001).
Productions of petroleum and Productions of petroleum and petrochemicals have added to a petrochemicals have added to a continuing pollution problem in continuing pollution problem in the Delta the Delta
Oil slick in the lower Mississippi Delta of southeast Louisiana.
(Suncoast weather quarterly, 2004)
3535Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
FisheriesFisheriesThe Mississippi river supports one of the most diverse fisheries in the world The Mississippi river supports one of the most diverse fisheries in the world as at least 183 species of freshwater fish live in the Delta (NPS, 2001). as at least 183 species of freshwater fish live in the Delta (NPS, 2001).
But, approximately, 6% of the native fish species in the Delta are found on But, approximately, 6% of the native fish species in the Delta are found on the endangered, threatened, or special concern of the US Fish and Wildlife the endangered, threatened, or special concern of the US Fish and Wildlife service (NPS, 2001)service (NPS, 2001)
3636Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
Water QualityWater Quality
Water from the Lower Water from the Lower Mississippi River Mississippi River plays a significant role plays a significant role in; in;
ConsumptionConsumptionIndustrialIndustrialAgricultural Agricultural production. production.
Environmental Environmental Protection Agency Protection Agency has identified the has identified the LMD region as an LMD region as an area of significant area of significant concern regarding concern regarding surface and ground surface and ground water qualitywater quality
3737Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
ConclusionConclusion
The Lower Mississippi Delta is a paradoxical The Lower Mississippi Delta is a paradoxical region whereby dynamic natural resources exist region whereby dynamic natural resources exist next to pervasive underdevelopment, depressed next to pervasive underdevelopment, depressed economies and substantial deficits in education, economies and substantial deficits in education, poverty and unemployment. poverty and unemployment.
Efforts should be made to address the unmet Efforts should be made to address the unmet needs of the LMD region. needs of the LMD region.
3838Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
ReferencesReferencesCasey, P, Horton, J, Bogle, M., Fomby, B., & Forsyt, W. (2004) Self-reported health of residents of the Casey, P, Horton, J, Bogle, M., Fomby, B., & Forsyt, W. (2004) Self-reported health of residents of the Mississippi Delta.Mississippi Delta. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and the Undeserved, 15 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and the Undeserved, 15 (4), 645-662. (4), 645-662. Green, J. J. & Nylander, A. B. (2006) A community based framework for understanding problems and Green, J. J. & Nylander, A. B. (2006) A community based framework for understanding problems and exploring alternatives: connecting underemployment, poverty and access to health care in the Mississippi exploring alternatives: connecting underemployment, poverty and access to health care in the Mississippi Delta. Rural Poverty Research Center Working Paper Series, Retrieved from Delta. Rural Poverty Research Center Working Paper Series, Retrieved from http://www.rprconline.org/WorkingPapers/WP06-02.pdfhttp://www.rprconline.org/WorkingPapers/WP06-02.pdfHall, H.I., Jamison, P. M., Coughlin, S. S. & Uhler, R. (2004) Breast and cervical cancer screening among Hall, H.I., Jamison, P. M., Coughlin, S. S. & Uhler, R. (2004) Breast and cervical cancer screening among Mississippi Delta Women.Mississippi Delta Women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 15 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 15 , 375-389, 375-389Housing Assistance Council, 2005. “Housing in the Lower Mississippi Delta.” Retrieved from Housing Assistance Council, 2005. “Housing in the Lower Mississippi Delta.” Retrieved from http://www.ruralhome.org/manager/uploads/missdelta.pdf.http://www.ruralhome.org/manager/uploads/missdelta.pdf.National Parks Services (2001) Draft heritage study and environment assessment-Lower Mississippi Delta National Parks Services (2001) Draft heritage study and environment assessment-Lower Mississippi Delta Region. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/history/delta/dhsea.htmRegion. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/history/delta/dhsea.htmParham, G. P. & Scarinci, I.C. (2007) Strategies for achieving healthy energy balance among African Parham, G. P. & Scarinci, I.C. (2007) Strategies for achieving healthy energy balance among African Americans in the Mississippi Delta. Americans in the Mississippi Delta. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and PolicyPreventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy , , 4 (4), 1-10.4 (4), 1-10.Yardrick, K., Horton, J., Stuff, J., McGee, B., Bogle, M., Davis, L. et al. (2001) Perceptions of community Yardrick, K., Horton, J., Stuff, J., McGee, B., Bogle, M., Davis, L. et al. (2001) Perceptions of community nutrition and health needs in the Lower Mississippi Delta: A key informant approach. nutrition and health needs in the Lower Mississippi Delta: A key informant approach. Journal for Nutrition and Journal for Nutrition and Education, 33,Education, 33, 266-277 266-277Smith, J., Lensing, S., Horton, J. A., Lovejoy, J., Zaghloul, S., Forrester, I., McGee, B. B., & Bogle, M. L. Smith, J., Lensing, S., Horton, J. A., Lovejoy, J., Zaghloul, S., Forrester, I., McGee, B. B., & Bogle, M. L. (1999) Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta. (1999) Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta. American American Journal of Public Health, 89(9),Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1418-1421 1418-1421Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance (2005) Chronic Disease Indicators. Retrieved from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance (2005) Chronic Disease Indicators. Retrieved from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspxhttp://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspxLower Mississippi River Conversation Committee (1996) Watershed Indicators. Retrieved from Lower Mississippi River Conversation Committee (1996) Watershed Indicators. Retrieved from http://www.lmrcc.org/Overall%20Watershed.htmhttp://www.lmrcc.org/Overall%20Watershed.htm
3939Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership
4040Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership