GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of … · ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING 1 ... service equipment, etc. Applying low GWP, non-toxic refrigerants

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS

of INTRODUCING R744

MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

1MAC-Summit-Shanghai-2008

MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

Armin Hafner & Petter NeksåSINTEF Energy Research

TrondheimNorway

Outline

� Introduction�Environmental Impact of MAC�Latest development achievements�Economic Issues of R744 MAC


�Economic Issues of R744 MAC�LCCP

� Input values� Results, case study: India and China

�Summary

Introduction� CO2 applied as refrigerant (R744) is classified as non-toxic

and non flammable� Revival of R744 Technology started in 1988 @ SINTEF /

NTNU� Many institutes and companies do have a successful

R744 development


� Funding provided by EU: � RACE (1995-97); � B-Cool (2005-2008)

� EU MAC directive (70/156/EEC) adopted in May 2006� LCCP*; an upgrade of the earlier applied TEWI** analysis� German car makers choose R744, see www.R744.com***

* LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance** TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact***Industry leading web site on CO2 technology

Environmental Impact of MAC

�Direct Emissions; Related to GWP:

� Leak tight assembly line equipment, MAC systems, service equipment, etc.

� Applying low GWP, non-toxic refrigerants



Environmental Impact of MAC

�Indirect Emissions; Related to Fuel Consumption:� Active control of evaporator temperature

� according to the required cooling demand of the passenger compartment.

� Improved front end designs


� Improved front end designs� decrease the inlet air temperature to the heat rejection device,

especially during idle condition.

� Automatic air recirculation control� reduction of fresh (hot) air flow rate into the passenger

compartment to a reasonable level

� Provide shade for the cars, when parking

Development achievements

�Compressor efficiency


Hrnjak 2006 (MAC-Summit)

1989-92 Kooperation SINTEF / Hydro

� Hauptziel: Energieeffizienz der ersten CO2 Kfz-Klimaanlage


Latest development achievements

�HFC-134a / R744;variable displacement compressor


Wolf (2007)


Development achievements

�System PerformanceWieschollek and Heckt (2007) investigated the fuel

consumption of a Toyota Yaris equipped with a 1.0 dm3

petrol engine, a conventional HFC MAC system and an R744 MAC system.


Applying the R744 MAC system reduced the additional fuel consumption due to AC by:25%, 0,56 dm3/100km in a NEDC at 35 °C ambient temperature (HFC134a 1.97 dm3/100km versus R744 1.41 dm3/100km).

Economic Issues of R744 MAC

� Acceptance criteria for low cost R744 MAC:� Simple control strategy

� Increased noise level during operation of MAC system accepted

� Limited number of flexible lines applied in the system, mainly ‘full flexible Al-lines’ and Al-flexible lines to reduce system cost.

� Features of High class R744 MACs:


� Features of High class R744 MACs:� Automatic control (evaporator pressure according to demand, high side

pressure at optimum level) � High energy efficiency due to externally controlled variable displacement

compressor� Improved air flow across exterior heat exchanger

� Cost efficient servicing� Next generation vehicles

Fuel over-consumption due to MAC

� Examples from Europe� Medium size car I: Fuel consumption

according to 99/100-7EG:5,8 l/100km� Medium size car II:OE -> Touran 1.9 TDI

Small cars:


� Visteon -> Yaris 3 cylinders 1.0 l, 51 kW

Medium size car, Europe I


Medium size car, Europe II


Medium size car, Europe II

co

ns

um

pti

on

[l/

10

0k

m]

NEDC Fuel over-consumption HFC-134a versus R744


Fu

el

ove

r-c

on

su

mp

tio

n [

l/1

00

km

]

Ambient Temperature [°C]

Europe: Small car I


http://www.vda-wintermeeting.de/fileadmin/downloads2007/12-FlorianWieschollek_Visteon.pdf


2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

An

nu

al

dri

vin

g &

h

ou

rs /

year

h/a km driven km driven AC on

LCCP (Life cycle climate performance)

� Annual driving

� Distance driven

� Distance driven AC on


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0-5

5-10

10-1

5

15-2

0

20-2

5

25-3

0

30-3

5

35-4

0

40-4

5

45-5

0

Ambient temperature [°C]

An

nu

al

dri

vin

g &

h

ou

rs /

year

New Delhi Ambient temperature [°C]


input values, direct emissions, Asia / Europe Asia Europe

GHG emission due to production of refrigerant (kg CO2 /kg HFC) 10 10 System charge (g) 650 650 Annual Leakage (g/year) 40 25 Life time Services 5 3 End of Life (EoL) recovery rate (%) 801;2 801 EoL treatment; special waste crematory process (kg CO2/kg HFC) 50 50 Loss of remaining charge at service [%]: 202 20


1 As example to show sensitivity of EoL recovery: Athens & Shanghai 50%; Trondheim & New Delhi 0%

2 As worst case scenario; Bombay: 0% EoL recovery and 100 % loss of remaining charge at service.

Loss of remaining charge at service [%]: 202 20


� Most important input value:

ENERGY CONSUMPTION of MAC

NEDC@10°C NEDC@25°C NEDC@35°C NEDC@45°C

no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

+ 0.29 dm3/100km

-> + 5 %

+ 0.18 dm3/100km

-> + 3 %


Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007)

no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89

R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67





no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

+ 1.23 dm3/100km

-> + 23 %

+ 0.91 dm3/100km

-> + 17 %



no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89

R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67





no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

+ 1.97 dm3/100km

-> + 36 %

+ 1.41 dm3/100km

-> + 26 %



no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89

R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67





no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

+ 2.51 dm3/100km

-> + 47 %

+ 2.29 dm3/100km

-> + 43 %



no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38

HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89

R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67


� Results, case study: India and China

8000

10000

2 eq

v.]

Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing

HFC-134a R7443039

3509

2654

2500

3000

3500

4000

Fue

l con

sum

ptio

n [d

m3 ]



0

2000

4000

6000

indirect direct indirect direct

LCC

P [k

g C

O2

2170

1040763

913669

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

HFC-134a R744F

uel c

onsu

mpt

ion

[dm


Results, case study: India and China

8000

10000

2 eq

v.]


HFC-134a R744

� HFC MAC system emits GHG:� 10 to 14 metric tonnes (India)� 5 metric tonnes (China)


0

2000

4000

6000

indirect direct indirect direct

LCC

P [k

g C

O2

based on � 15.000 km/a� 15 years of driving

� 40% reduction if R744 is applied


Results, case study: India and China

3039

3509

2654

2500

3000

3500

4000

Fue

l con

sum

ptio

n [d

m3 ]

Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing� HFC MAC requires fuel:

� 3039 - 3509 liters in (India)� 2170 - 2654 liters in (China)


2170

1040763

913669

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

HFC-134a R744F

uel c

onsu

mpt

ion

[dm

based on � 15.000 km/a� 15 years of driving

� 32 - 40% fuel savings if R744 is applied

Average fuel

5.4 l/100km

1 liter of petrol = 2,698 kg CO2

Annual driving: 12 500 km/a

Small EU car


Small Indian car

NEDCNEDC

Emission trading?



-> 675 l/a -> 1821 kgCO2/a

-> 146 gCO2/km (AC off)

-> 157 gCO2/km (R744 AC on)

-> 161 gCO2/km (HFC AC on)

Including HFC emissions:

-> 169 gCO2/km


-> 810 l/a -> 2185 kgCO2/a

-> 146 gCO2/km (AC off)

-> 178 gCO2/km (R744 AC on)

-> 188 gCO2/km (HFC AC on)

Including HFC emissions:

-> 198 gCO2/km

-20g/km4514 kgCO2

157 gCO2/km (R744 AC on) – 30g/km = 127 gCO2/km

1550 g HFC lost

during 15 years

795 g HFC lost

During 12 years

30g/km =4514 kgCO2

Summary

The estimated fuel saving potential and reduction of GHG emissions per 1.000.000 cars by introducing R744 MAC systems instead of continuing with HFC 134a MAC units in Asia are:

� in New Delhi:


� in New Delhi:� 57.000 m3 of petrol � 300.000 metric tonnes of GHG emissions (CO2 eq.)

� in the Shanghai area: � 18.000 m3 of petrol� 172.000 metric tonnes of GHG emissions

Summary

R744 is the global MAC refrigerant for the future with the highest confidence

regarding safety, fuel efficiency, flexibility regarding future developments


(heat pumping units) and

system improvement potential!

Thank you for

your attention &

Questions are welcome!

SINTEF Energy Research

谢谢


SINTEF Energy Research� ARMIN HAFNER [email protected]

� PETTER NEKSÅ [email protected]

Acknowledgement:

Thanks for the contribution from Obrist Engineering, Shecco,

www.R744.com, BEHR and Visteon Deutschland GmbH.




Documents

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of … · ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING 1 ... service equipment, etc. Applying low GWP, non-toxic refrigerants