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GLOBAL CO-OPERATION FOR AIR POLLUTION SCIENCE AND
POLICYRichard Mills
Director General, International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations
And
Kevin HicksStockholm Environment Institute
Paper presented at BAQ 2004, Agra, India
8 December 2004
IUAPPA
• Founded in 1964• To promote progress in the prevention and
control of air pollution• Member organisations in some 40 countries• Key current issues:
- Long-range transport of air pollution- Interaction of climate change and pollution- Transport and air quality in major cities
• Triennial World Clean Air Congress etc
OVERVIEW• A few words of history• What has changed in the last decade;
- Evolving pattern of emissions and impacts- Institutional developments- New and Emerging Issues
• Possible ways forward:- Regional networks- Hemispheric Co-operation- From regional to global
• Work of the Forum
Sulphur Emissions in Europe since 1980
Meanwhile Emissions in Other Regions are increasing, rapidly in some cases
REGIONAL AND HEMISPHERIC TRANSPORT IN THE USA
African Dust
Alaskan & Canadian Forest Fires
Smoke & Pollution
Asian Dust & Pollution
NEW AND EMERGING ISSUES• Increased concern in developed and developing
countries: Rising emissions in developing world increase concern there, while falling emissions in areas of developed world increase the relative importance of pollution from outside
• Increasing evidence of hemispheric transport – satellite and remote observation
• Key pollutants: Particles and Ozone – regional and hemispheric scales
• Reactive nitrogen – and disturbance of the global nitrogen cycle
• Interaction of climate change and pollution
INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES
• Treaty-based systems – sometimes free standing, sometimes environmental chapters of wider agreements – CLRTAP, Malé, US/Canada, Mercosur
• Non-Treaty based inter-governmental systems – EANET, APINA
• Scientific based initiatives e.g. IANABIS, ABCAll three models can have valuable and mutually supportive roles. But formal treaty or protocol base likely to be necessary as reciprocal actions and differentiated obligations begin to emerge.
MAJOR INITIATIVES IN ASIA
Coverage now extensive and complex
• Malé Declaration, ASEAN Haze Agreement, [UNECE]
• EANET• Indoex, ABC, CAI-Asia
Malé Declaration on the Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and its Likely Transboundary Effects in South Asia
8 SACEP countries have agreed to cooperate
Network developed (annual meetings of FPs and NIAs)
Scientific assessment has started (monitoring network set up in 2003/2004)
EANET
Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in EAST ASIA
EANET aims to:
•Create common understanding about acid deposition in E Asia
•Provide inputs to decision making in the region
•Promote mutual cooperation on issues related to acid deposition
Monitoring network is current focus
UN Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE)
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
49 parties to the Convention
8 Protocols signed with commitments to reduce emissions of S, N, VOCs, HMs, POPs
Convention structure promotes efficient flow of science to policy and vice-versa: emissions officially reported using EMEP/CORINAIR manual, EMEP transfer model officially recognised, IIASA-Rains model used to develop strategies
MODELS FOR GLOBAL CO-OPERATION
• Co-operative Framework for Regional Networks• Hemispheric Co-ordination – Ozone• From regional to global regulation – POPs
Relevant interventions will depend on pollutant transport characteristics and will be diverse and over-lapping. To address the inevitably complex systems that result a more coherent global framework will become increasingly important.
TASKS FOR AN INTER-REGIONAL FORUM
• Explore common problems and share experience• Develop more consistent and compatible
systems and approaches;• Provide a co-operative framework within which
air pollution policies and measures at the hemispheric and global scales can be explored and integrated;
• Contribute to more balanced debate of the issues surrounding the relationship between air pollution and climate change;
• Help raise the public profile and understanding of regional and hemispheric air pollution issues.