Global Business Management Country Report

Professor Yingchan Edwin Tang

Dien Rachel Sandra Patrick Shawna Weiling Onpicha Tina

Outline

• China’s geography

• History of China, heritages, wars and impacts

- Warring States period

- Qin dynasty

- Han dynasty

- Yuan dynasty

- Ming dynasty

- Qing dynasty

China’s Geography

- Geography note

- Terrain

- Climate

- River

- Geographical regions

9.6 million km²

3rd

largest country

in total area

Stretches 5,026 km

No 1 : Yangtzu, 6.380kmNo 2 : Huangha (Yellow river ), 5.464km, the cradle of Chinese civilizationServe more than 1/3 of China population (> 400mil people)

How many of the major cities of China are on major rivers?Do you think Shanghai's geographical situation helps explain its prominence?

Energy project, food production, raw materials

Mineral and animal processing

Hi-tech industries producing goods for

export

Geographical regions

China and Go-West policy

History of China, heritages, wars and impacts

- Warring States period

- Qin dynasty

- Han dynasty

- Yuan dynasty

- Ming dynasty

- Qing dynasty

Neolithic

Xia dynasty

Shang dynasty

Zhou dynastyWarring States

221BC 206BC

Qin dynasty

Han dynasty

Tang dynasty

220AD

Qing dynasty

Ming dynasty

Yuan dynasty

History of China

History of China

ANCIENT

Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2100 BC

Xia dynasty c. 2100 – c. 1600 BC

Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC

Zhou dynasty c. 1045 – 256 BC

Western Zhou

Eastern Zhou

Spring and Autumn

Warring States

IMPERIAL

Qin dynasty 221–206 BC

Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD

Western Han

Xin dynasty

Eastern Han

Three Kingdoms 220–280

Wei, Shu and Wu

Jin dynasty 265–420

Western Jin

Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms

Southern and Northern Dynasties

420–589

Sui dynasty 581–618

Tang dynasty 618–907

(Second Zhou 690–705)

Five Dynasties and

Ten Kingdoms

907–960

Liao dynasty

907–1125

Song dynasty

960–1279

Northern Song W. Xia

Southern Song Jin

Yuan dynasty 1271–1368

Ming dynasty 1368–1644

Qing dynasty 1644–1911

MODERN

Warring States period (476–221 BC)

• A period in ancient China following theSpring and Autumnperiod and concludingby Qin

• Coincides with the second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty

• Seven Warring States• The name of this period

was derived from the “Record of the Warring States “

Spring and Autumn / Warring States period- The rise of “Hundred Schools of Thought”

• Constant conflict and need for innovative social and political models led to the development of many philosophies.

• Confucius founded the first private school –Confucianism (Ruism).

• Mohism- represented by Mozi

• Legalism - represented by Shang Yang & Han Fei

• Taoism - represented by Lao Tzu

Qin dynasty (221–206 BC)

• First imperial dynasty of China

• The first Emperor of Qin was known as

Qin Shi Huang

• Highly structured political power and

a stable economy

• Currency, weights and measures were

standardized, and a uniform system of

writing system was established

• The European name for China is thought

to be derived from Qin

Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu

QIN 221 to 206 BC

215 BC Xiongnu

General Meng Tian

Great Wall

To prevent people from invasion by other countries

To show Qin’s technology and power

Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor- The Terracotta Warriors and Horses

• At the center of a complex designed to mirror the urban plan of the capital – Xianyan(now Xian).

• Took 39 years to build by 800,000 workers.

• 56.25 square kilometers.

• The terracotta figures are life-sized painted with bright pigment.

• Real weapons made by bronze.

• unprecedented political, military and economic power and advanced the social, cultural and artistic level of the empire.

Han dynasty (202 BC–AD 220)

• Founded by Liu Bang

• A golden age in Chinese history

• Territory of China was extended to

areas far west

• Art, culture, and science all advanced

to unprecedented heights

Silk Road• 7,500 km, interconnected

Asia and Europe. Extended in Tang and Sung Dynasty.

• Explorations of Chinese imperial envoy- Zhang Qian.

• Commercial relationships with the sophisticated urban civilizations.

• Trade raw materials, foodstuffs, luxury goods –tea, porcelain, silk.

• 166AD, Roman empire send the first envoy team to China.

• Cultural exchange – religion, philosophy, technology.

THE MONGOL EMPIRE & THE YUAN DYNASTY

THE MONGOL EMPIRE

• Mongols were nomadic peoples of Northern China

• In 1206, a powerful leader (khan) united them- his name wasTemjujin

• He became the “universal ruler,” or Genghis Khan

THE MONGOL CONQUEST

Genghis Khan organized a Mongol army that brutally terrorized, massacred entire villages, and conquered the areas of most of Asia and western Europe

In 1211 he turned his attention towards China- by his death in 1227, Genghis Khan controlled all of northern China

THE YUAN DYNASTY

In 1279, Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khanconquered the rest of China and declared himself Emperor of China-Beginning the Yuan Dynasty

This Mongol Ascendancy is the first time China has been ruled by foreigners

LIFE IN YUAN CHINA

Mongol leaders had different customs from the Chinese natives

The Chinese resented being ruled by foreigners; they saw the as rude and uncivilized

Heavy taxes were placed on the Chinese to pay for public work projects; such as expansion of the Great Canal, roads, and palaces

Mongols prohibited Confucian scholars from gaining too much power in the government

Mongol soldiers were sent throughout the empire to keep the peace and watch the Chinese

They also opened China’s ports to foreign trade; with some traders receiving special privileges Market place where foreign

goods were sold

LIFE IN YUAN CHINA

MARCO POLO

Much of what is known about the Yuan comes from the Italian merchant’s experiences as he traded around the world between 1271-1295

He wrote about his travels in China- his descriptions sparked European interest in China

THE END OF THE YUAN DYNASTY

The Mongols were not satisfied with only conquering the Chinese lands- they wanted Japan as well

In 1274 and again in 1281, they sailed out to attack Japan-but both times were disastrous

These failed attempts weakened the Mongol military & over extended public works crippled the economy

These weakness lead to a Chinese rebellion to overthrow the Mongols

Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran

It is a failure for Mongol to trade and keep diplomatic relations

It is the beginning of Mongolian's "western conquering"

1219 to 1221-

Mongol Empire

The Khwarezmid Empire was utterly destroyed.

Almost 30 cities were added to the Mongol Empire

THE MING DYNASTY: 1368-1644

Founded by Hong-Wu, a former beggar and Buddhist monk, who led the Red Turbans to victory driving the Mongols

Restored native Chinese rule

Restored Confucianism and the government examination system as central to his administration

EMPEROR YONGLO (ZHU DI)

EMPEROR YONGLO 1403-1424

Hired Admiral Zheng He to lead a series of seven voyages: travelled to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa

Greatly expanded Chinese influence –treasure fleet was intended to represent the magnificence of China

After Yonglo, China no longer sponsored foreign expeditions

EMPEROR YONGLOAND BEIJING

Moved the capital to Beijing in the North –better able to secure China’s borders and watch for an invasion from the Mongols and Manchus

Built Beijing’s Forbidden City to house his palace and government buildings – closed to all commoners and foreigners

Continued to support the extension of the Great wall as a barrier against the nomadic tribes in the North

BEIJING’S FORBIDDEN CITY

GREAT WALL

Mongols continued to represent a serious threat to China’s stability

Ming emperor greatly expanded a wall begun in the third century B.C. – the Great Wall of China to its final form being extended more than 600 miles

Large workforce and army required

Great Wall: successful at preventing major Mongol invasions in the 1500s

MING RELATIONS WITH FOREIGNERS

Only the government allowed to conduct foreign trade (merchants smuggled goods out of country though)

Europeans used their New World silver to buy silk, ceramics, and other exotic goods

Jesuit missionaries arrived to spread Christianity

Confucian beliefs: agriculture is key to orderly society –government does not focus on manufacturing

Merchants were at the bottom of society – seen as supporting foreigners and robbery

China becomes isolationist – the Dutch are the only Europeans allowed into Chinese ports – Dutch closely follow Chinese rules

CHINA UNDER THE MING

The Ming eliminated foreign influences from Chinese society

As a result, China’s government and relationship with other countries changed drastically

MING CHINA’S DECLINE

Imperial extravagance & neglect

Famine strikes in the 1630s --- peasants revolt

Later emperors stopped consulting government officials

Navy became ineffective --- leading to piracy

Beijing falls in 1644 to Manchus

Last Ming emperor commits ritual suicide

Treasure voyages鄭和下西洋 Zheng He Xia Xiyang

• The seven Ming-era maritime voyages of the treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433.

• Established imperial control over the maritime trade

• Forced foreign countries into compliance within the tributary system

• Responded to another power across Asia, namely the Timurid state of Tamerlane, an enemy of Ming China

• Impact

1. Diplomacy -pacified under the threat of an overwhelming military force

2. Commerce-resulted in a flourishing Ming economy

3. Navigation-acquired and collected a large amount of navigational data

Treasure voyages鄭和下西洋 Zheng He Xia Xiyang

THE QING DYNASTY (MANCHU)

Seized Korea and Mongolia in the 1620s and 1630s

Ruled China from 1644 until it was replaced by the Chinese Republic in 1911

Basis for Manchu power: 1. Military strength and 2. The corrupt, ineffective Ming government (many Ming generals and bureaucrats deserted to the Manchu)

Unified Manchu Tribes

Issued law code

LONG REIGN OF KANXI(1661-1722)

QING & CULTURAL BLENDING: KANGXI ADOPTS CHINESE CULTURE

Strong and effective leadership kept tensions low Qing

Rulers looked after peoples welfare and promoted agriculture

Emperors studied and understood Confucianism

Patronized Confucian schools and academies—opened a national library and created encyclopedia of Chinese history and thought

THE REIGN OF QIANLONG (1736-1794)

QIANLONG’S SUCCESSFUL RULELearned emperor who supported economic strength---participation in global trade brings wealth and eventual change to China

Economy—strong enough to cancel tax collection 4 times!

Agricultural production increased—new fertilizers, irrigation techniques, New World crops (e.g. sweet potatoes)----increased population

Qing Dynasty’s decline comes in the late 19 th century--partly caused by pressure from Great Britain to open China’s ports

THE DECLINE OF QING DYNASTY: 1750

Numerous military campaigns

Corruption and extravagance

Growing population 450 million

Incompetent government

Crime and banditry

Rising population

Opium War鴉片戰爭

• Background1. The West countries-Industrial Revolution2. China-Heavenly Nation (closed-door policy)3. Reverse the trade deficit- The U.K. input Opium to China

• March 1839 –August 1842( Frist Opium War)

• British victory, Treaty of Nanking

• Impact1. Forced China to open the door2. Promoted the development of the Chinese business3. Brought modern civilization and technology4. Ceded Hong Kong Island

Opium War鴉片戰爭

The Summer Palace頤和園(1) World Heritage Site

-Beijing

-A masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design.

(2) Description

-As summer resort for Empress Dowager Cixi.

(3) Influence

-In 1860 the British and French burned the palace down

at the end of the Second Opium War.

-In 1900 the eight allied powers burned and mostly

destroyed the garden.

→Many of the Palace's artefacts were divided.

The Great Wall of China 長城(1) World Heritage Site

- Northern China

- The world's largest military structure.

(2) Description

-Consists of numerous walls and fortifications

-Originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 B.C.)

-Constructed mainly during the mighty Ming dynasty (1368-1644 A.C.)

(3) Functions

-Prevented incursions from barbarian nomads into the Chinese Empire

-The control of border.

-The control of immigration and emigration

-The powerful symbol of the country’s enduring strength.

The Forbidden City 紫禁城(1)World Heritage Site

-Beijing

-The largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

✽ 980 surviving buildings

✽With 9,999 rooms

✽ A rectangle, with 961 metres (3,153 ft) from north to south and 753 metres (2,470 ft) from east to west.

(2) Description

- The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty

(3) Nowadays-The Palace Museum

-whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts.

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