Gibson Guitar Corporation

Gibson redirects here. For other uses, see Gibson(disambiguation).

Gibson Guitar Corporation is an American manufac-turer of guitars and other instruments, now based inNashville, Tennessee. It is a division of Gibson Brands.[3]

Orville Gibson founded the company in 1902 asThe Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co., Ltd.in Kalamazoo, Michigan to make mandolin-familyinstruments.[1] Gibson invented archtop guitars by con-structing the same type of carved, arched tops used on vi-olins. By the 1930s, the company was also making attopacoustic guitars, as well as one of the rst commerciallyavailable hollow-body electric guitars, used and popular-ized by Charlie Christian. It was bought by Chicago Mu-sical Instruments in 1944, which was then acquired bythe E.C.L. conglomerate that changed its name to NorlinInc. Many observers see this as the beginning of an eraof mismanagement.Gibson sells guitars under a variety of brand names[4]and builds one of the worlds most iconic guitars, theGibson Les Paul. Many Gibson instruments are highlycollectible. Gibson was at the forefront of innovationin acoustic guitars, especially in the big band era of the1930s; the Gibson Super 400 was widely imitated. In1952, Gibson introduced its rst solid-body electric gui-tar, the Les Paul which became its most popular guitar todate designed by Ted McCarty and Les Paul. Gibsonwas owned by the Norlin corporation from 1969 to 1986.In 1986 the company was acquired by its present own-ers. Gibson Guitar is a privately held corporation ownedby its chief executive ocer Henry Juszkiewicz and itspresident David H. Berryman.In addition to guitars, Gibson oers consumer audioequipment devices through its subsidiaries Onkyo Cor-poration, Cerwin Vega and Stanton,[5] as well as profes-sional audio equipment from KRK Systems also pianosfrom their wholly owned subsidiary Baldwin Piano andmusic software from Cakewalk.

1 History

1.1 Early history

Orville Gibson, founder

Mandolin(c. 1917)

Harp guitar(c. 1912).

Orville Gibson (born 1856) patented a single-piece man-dolin design in 1898 that was more durable than othermandolins and could be manufactured in volume.[6]Orville Gibson began to sell his instruments in 1894 outof a one-room workshop in Kalamazoo Michigan. In1902 Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co, Ltd. was in-corporated to market the instruments. Initially, the com-pany produced only Orville Gibsons original designs.[7]Orville died in 1918 of endocarditis (inammation of theinside lining of the heart chambers and valves).[6]

1

2 1 HISTORY

L-5 acoustic.

ES-150(based on L-50)

ES-175 D(based on L-4)

Super 400 CES

The following year the company hired designer LloydLoar to create newer instruments.[7] Loar designed theagship L-5 archtop guitar and the Gibson F5 mandolinthat was introduced in 1922, before leaving the companyin 1924.[8] In 1936 Gibson introduced their rst ElectricSpanish model, the ES-150 followed by other electric in-struments like steel guitars, banjos and mandolins.During World War II, instrument manufacturing at Gib-son slowed due to shortages of wood and metal, and Gib-

son began manufacturing wood and metal parts for themilitary. Between 1942-1945, Gibson employed womento manufacture guitars. Women produced nearly 25,000guitars duringWorldWar II yet Gibson denied ever build-ing instruments over this period, according to a 2013 his-tory of the company. Gibson folklore has also claimedits guitars were made by seasoned craftsmen who weretoo old for war.[9][10]

1953 Les Paul Goldtop

Les Paul Custom

Les Paul Standard

Les Paul Junior

1.1 Early history 3

L-5 CES

Byrdland

ES-350T

ES-335T

Explorer

Flying V

non-reverse (left) & reverse Firebird

Gibson SG

In 1944 Gibson was purchased by Chicago Musical In-struments. The ES-175 was introduced in 1949. Gib-son hired Ted McCarty in 1948, who became Presidentin 1950. He led an expansion of the guitar line withnew guitars such as the Les Paul guitar introduced in1952 and designed by Les Paul, a popular musician inthe 1950s and also a pioneer in music technology. TheLes Paul was oered in Custom, Standard, Special, andJunior models.[11] In the mid-50s, the Thinline series wasproduced, which included a line of thinner guitars like theByrdland. The rst Byrdlands were slim, custom built,L-5 models for guitarists Billy Byrd and Hank Garland.Later, a shorter neckwas added. Othermodels such as theES-350T and the ES-225T were introduced as less costlyalternatives.[12] In 1958, Gibson introduced the ES-335Tmodel. Similar in size to the hollow-body Thinlines, theES-335 family had a solid center, giving the string tone alonger sustain.In the 1950s, Gibson also produced the Tune-o-maticbridge system and its version of the humbucking pickup,the PAF (Patent Applied For), rst released in 1957and still sought after for its sound. In 1958, Gibson pro-duced two new designs: the eccentrically shaped Explorerand Flying V. These modernistic guitars did not sell ini-tially. It was only in the late 1960s and early 70s when thetwo guitars were reintroduced to the market that they sold

4 1 HISTORY

well. The Firebird, in the early 60s, was a reprise of themodernistic idea, though less extreme.

1.2 Modernization

In the late 50s, McCarty knew that Gibson was seen as atraditional company and began an eort to create moremodern guitars. In 1961 the body design of the Les Paulwas changed due to the demand for a double-cutawaybody design.[13] The new body design then became knownas the SG (for solid guitar). The Les Paul returned tothe Gibson catalog in 1968.On December 22, 1969, the Gibson parent companyChicagoMusical Instruments was taken over by the SouthAmerican brewing conglomerate ECL. Gibson remainedunder the control of CMI until 1974 when it became asubsidiary of Norlin Musical Instruments. Norlin Musi-cal Instruments was a member of Norlin Industries whichwas named for ECL president Norton Stevens and CMIpresident Arnold Berlin. This began an era character-ized by corporate mismanagement and decreasing prod-uct quality.

Gibson left Kalamazoo in 1984, then previous factorybecame Heritage Guitars

Gibson Showcase at Nashville

Gibson Factory at Memphis

Between 1974 and 1984 production ofGibson guitars wasshifted from Kalamazoo to Nashville, Tennessee. TheKalamazoo plant kept going for a few years as a custom-instrument shop, but was closed in 1984; several Gibsonemployees led by plant manager Jim Duerloo establishedHeritage Guitars in the old factory, building versions ofclassic Gibson designs.The company (Gibson) was within three months of go-

ing out of business before it was bought by Henry E.Juszkiewicz, David H. Berryman, andGary A. Zebrowskiin January 1986.[14] New production plants were openedin Memphis, Tennessee, as well as Bozeman, Montana.TheMemphis facility is used for semi-hollow and customshop instruments, while the Bozeman facility is dedicatedto acoustic instruments.[15]

In 1977 Gibson sued Hoshino/Elger for copying theGibson Les Paul.[16] In 2000, Gibson sued FernandesGuitars in a Tokyo court for allegedly copying Gibsondesigns. Gibson did not prevail.[17] Gibson also suedPRS Guitars in 2005, to stop them from making theirSinglecut model. The lawsuit against PRS was initiallysuccessful.[18] However, the United States Court of Ap-peals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the lower court de-cision and ordered the dismissal of Gibsons suit againstPRS.[19]

1.2.1 Gibson factories

Below are some of the facilities used to produce Gibsoninstruments, along with years of their operation:

1.3 Recent historyGibson purchased Garrison Guitars in 2007.[33] In mid2009Gibson reduced its work force to adjust for a declinein guitar industry sales in the United States.[34]

In 2011, Gibson acquired the Stanton Group, includingCerwin Vega, KRK Systems and Stanton DJ. Gibson thenformed a new division, Gibson Pro Audio, which willdeliver professional grade audio items, including head-phones, loudspeakers and DJ equipment.[35]

Gibson announced a partnership with the Japanese-basedOnkyo Corporation in 2012. Onkyo, known for audioequipment and home theater systems, became part of theGibson Pro Audio division.[36]

1.3.1 FWS raids & Lacey Act violation

Gibsons factories were raided in 2009 and 2011 byagents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS). In November 2009 authorities found illegally im-ported ebony wood from Madagascar.[37][38] A secondraid was conducted in August 2011,[37] during which theFWS seized wood imports from India that had been mis-labeled on the US Customs declaration.[39][40] GibsonGuitar Corp. led a motion in January 2011 to recoverseized materials and overturn the charges, which was de-nied by the court.[41][42]

The United States Department of Justice found emailsfrom 2008 and 2009 in which Gibson employees dis-cussing the gray market nature of the ebony wood avail-able from a German wood dealerwho obtained it froma supplier in Madagascaras well as plans to obtain the

5wood. It led a civil proceeding in June 2011,[40][43][44]the rst such case under the amended Lacey Act, whichrequires importing companies to purchase legally har-vested wood and follow the environmental laws of theproducing countries regardless of corruption or lack ofenforcement.[44] Gibson argued in a statement the follow-ing day that authorities were bullying Gibson without l-ing charges and denied any wrongdoing.[39][45] Arguingagainst the federal regulations and claiming that the movethreatened jobs, Republicans and tea party membersspoke out against the raids and supported Juszkiewicz.[46]

The case was settled on August 6, 2012, with Gibson ad-mitting to violating the Lacey Act and agreeing to paya ne of $300,000 in addition to a $50,000 commu-nity payment. Gibson also forfeited the wood seized inthe raids, which was valued at roughly the same amountas the settlement.[47][48] However, in a subsequent state-ment Gibson maintained its innocence with Juszkiewiczclaiming that Gibson was inappropriately targeted andthat the government raids were so outrageous and over-reaching as to deserve further Congressional investiga-tion. Juszkiewicz continued to state, We felt compelledto settle as the costs of proving our case at trial wouldhave cost millions of dollars and taken a very long timeto resolve.[49]

The case raised concerns for musicians who lack doc-umentation of vintage instruments made of traditional,non-sustainable materials.[50][51] However, ocials fromthe Justice Department and the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService have stated that musicians who unknowingly pos-sess instruments made from illegal wood would not betreated as criminals.[52]

2 InstrumentsFurther information: Gibson Guitar Corporation productlist

Gibson also owns and makes instruments un-der brands such as Epiphone,[53]Kramer,[54]Maestro,[55]Steinberger,[56] and Tobias,[57] alongwith the ownership of historical brands such asKalamazoo,[58][59] Dobro,[4] Slingerland,[60] ValleyArts,[60] and Baldwin[4] (including: Chickering,[60]Hamilton,[60] Wurlitzer[4][60]).In addition to guitars, Gibson oers consumer audioequipment devices through its subsidiaries Onkyo Cor-poration, Cerwin Vega and Stanton,[5] as well as pro-fessional audio equipment from KRK Systems andTEAC Corporation/TASCAM and music software fromCakewalk.[60]

Gibson makes authorized copies of its most successfulguitar designs. They are less expensive than those bear-ing the Gibson name. A former competitor, Epiphonewas purchased by Gibson and now makes competitively

priced Gibson models, such as the Les Paul and SG, soldunder the Epiphone brand,[61] while continuing to makeEpiphone-specic models like the Sheraton and Casino.In Japan, Orville by Gibson once made Gibson designssold in that country.[62] Gibson has sought legal actionagainst those that make and sell guitars Gibson believesare too similar to their own.In 1977, Gibson introduced the serial numbering systemin use until 2006.[63] An eight-digit number on the backshows the date when the instrument was produced, whereit was produced, and its order of production that day (e.g.,rst instrument stamped that day, second, etc.).[64] As of2006, the company used seven serial number systems,[63]making it dicult to identify guitars by their serial num-ber alone.[63][64] and as of 1999 the company has usedsix distinct serial numbering systems.[64] An exception isthe year 1994, Gibsons centennial year; many 1994 serialnumbers start with 94, followed by a six-digit produc-tion number. The Gibson website provides a book to helpwith serial number deciphering.[64]

In 2006 Gibson introduced a nine-digit serial number sys-tem replacing the eight-digit system used since 1977, butthe sixth digit now represents a batch number.[63]

In 2003,[65] Gibson debuted its Ethernet-based[66] audioprotocol, MaGIC, which it developed in partnership with3COM, Advanced Micro Devices, and Xilinx.[65] Re-placing traditional analog hook-ups with a digital con-nection that would, "...satisfy the unique requirements oflive audio performances, may have been the goal of thisproject.[66]

This system may require a special pickup,[65] but cablingis provided by standard Cat-5 ethernet cord.[65][66]

The Gibson self-tuning guitar, also known as a robotmodel, an option on some newer Les Paul, SG, Fly-ing V and Explorer instruments, will tune itself in littlemore than two seconds using robotics technology devel-oped by Tronical GmbH.[67] Under the tradename Min-ETune, this device became standard on several models in2014.[68]

3 See also David Harvey (luthier) Jim Triggs (luthier) List of Gibson players

4 Footnotes[1] Gibson History. Gibson Corporate Press Kit. Gibson

Guitar Corp. Retrieved 20 May 2012.

[2] Gisbon Brands at Gibson Press website, retrieved 10 Dec2014

6 4 FOOTNOTES

[3] Drop the guitar Gibson rebrands on BizJournals.com

[4] Ayala Ben-Yehuda (9 April 2007). Gibson Guitar em-braces China, Latin markets. Reuters.

[5] Gibson Pro Audio line, 10 Dec 2014

[6] Orville H. Gibson, 18561918. Simino.net. Re-trieved 2011-01-28.

[7] Gibson Dusk Tiger. Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. Re-trieved 2011-01-28.

[8] Wheeler, Tom. American Guitars. HarperCollins.1992.pp 1001 ISBN 978-0-06-273154-8

[9] Lister, Kat (2014-04-23). The forgotten women of Kala-mazoo. Feminist Times. Retrieved 2014-09-15.

[10] Thomas, John (2012). Kalamazoo gals: a story ofextraordinary women and Gibsons banner guitars ofWWll. Franklin, TN: American History Press. ISBN9780983082781.

[11] Hembree 2007, p. 7485

[12] Duchossoir 1998, p. 5562

[13] Hembree 2007, p. 110

[14] Hembree 2007, p. 306

[15] Gleick 1987

[16] Fjestad, Zachary (June 16, 2010). Ibanez Lawsuit EraLes Paul Custom Copy. Premier Guitar.

[17] Northwestern Journal of Technology and IntellectualProperty | Vol 4 | Iss 2 (PDF). Law.northwestern.edu.2010-08-19. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

[18] Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, L.P.,325 F. Supp. 2d 841 (M.D. Tenn., 2004)

[19] Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, LP,423 F.3d 539 (6th Cir. 2005).

[20] Wheeler 1992, p. 95

[21] Carter 1994, p. 12

[22] Spann 2011, p. 1

[23] Spann 2011, p. 12

[24] Spann 2011, p. 2

[25] Wheeler 1992, pp. 101, 151

[26] Wheeler 1992, p. 144

[27] Bonds 2004, p. 318

[28] Thomas 2012, p. 3

[29] Bonds 2004, p. 396

[30] Bonds 2004, p. 406

[31] http://images.gibson.com.s3.amazonaws.com/Lifestyle/PDFs/Memphis-Tour-Brochure-Outside.pdf (AccessedMar 24, 2014.)

[32] http://www.gibson.com/Files/downloads/bluebook/GibsonSERIALNUMBERS.pdf (Accessed Jan 2, 2015.)

[33] Garrison Guitars sold to Gibson thetelegram.com, July4th, 2007

[34] Email, published by Walker Duncan (2009-03-23).Sources: Gibson adds to layo tally | Make and Buy |NashvillePost.com: Nashville Business News + NashvillePolitical News. NashvillePost.com. Retrieved 2011-01-28.

[35] Gibson Guitar increases high-tech lineup with purchase.Tennessean.com. 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2011-12-06.

[36] Gibson Expands Pro Audio Division. Gibson.com.2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-02-09.

[37] Wadhwani, A.; Paine, A. (25 August 2011). Gibson Gui-tar raided but lips zipped. The Tennessean. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 26 Au-gust 2011.

[38] Lind, J.R. (29 December 2010). Federal agent: Gib-son wood investigation likely to result in indictments.NashvillePost.com. Archived from the original on 10 July2011.

[39] Gibson Guitar Corp. responds to federal raid. GibsonGuitar Corp. 25 August 2011. Archived from the originalon 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

[40] Trotter, J. (25 August 2011). Endangered lemurs couldbe connected to Gibson raid. WMCTV.com. Archivedfrom the original on 26August 2011. Retrieved 26August2011.

[41] Update: CEOs Outrage Gets Media Buzzing. GibsonGuitar Corp. 26 August 2011. Archived from the originalon 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

[42] Gibson Guitars fails to squash illegal wood investiga-tion. Sound & Fair. 19 January 2011. Archived fromthe original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 Septem-ber 2011.

[43] Gibson/Lacey Act Update. Home Furnishings Busi-ness. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July2011.

[44] Endangered species tracking: What did Gibson Guitarknow?". mongabay.com. 7 July 2011. Archived from theoriginal on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[45] Stern, Andrew (25 August 2011). Gibson Guitar to ghtU.S. probe of its wood imports. Reuters. Archived fromthe original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September2011.

[46] Schelzig, E. (August 7, 2012). Gibson Guitar Corpora-tion admits to importing endangered wood. The Chris-tian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 24November 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.

[47] Black, R. (6 August 2012). Gibson settles discord ontimber. BBC News. Archived from the original on 7August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.

7[48] Clarke, C.; Grant, A. (4 May 2011). Are your woodproducts really certied?". wri.org. Archived from theoriginal on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[49] Gibson Comments on Department of Justice Settle-ment. Gibson Guitar Corporation. August 6, 2012.Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Re-trieved November 24, 2014.

[50] Felten, E. (26August 2011). Guitar frets: Environmentalenforcement leaves musicians in fear. The Wall StreetJournal. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011.Retrieved 1 September 2011.

[51] Simmons, L. (31 August 2011). Raid highlights mu-sic manufacturers environmental risks. bizmology.com.Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Re-trieved 1 September 2011.

[52] Eilperin, J. (13 November 2011). Gibson Guitar ig-nites debate over environmental protections. WashingtonPost. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011.Retrieved 16 November 2011.

[53] epiphone.com. Epiphone. Retrieved 2012-05-09.

[54] kramerguitars.com Kramer Ocial Site

[55] Maestro by Gibson Gibson Ocial Site

[56] steinberger.com Steinberger Ocial Site

[57] Tobias Gibson Ocial Site

[58] Ken Achard (1996). The History and Development of theAmerican Guitar. Bold Strummer. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-933224-18-6. Also during the mid to late thirties, Gibsonproduced a range of cello and at top instruments underthe Kalamazoo name and at inexpensive prices.

[59] Gibson Kalamazoo. January 2, 2009.

[60] Gibson Brands Announces Intention to Acquire Cake-walk Inc.. Gibson Guitar Corporation. 23 September2013. Retrieved 10 May 2015.

[61] Epiphone Les Paul Standard. Epiphone.com.

[62] Epiphone: A History Epiphone and Gibson. Epi-phone.com.

[63] Gibson Serial Numbers: What a serial number can andcan't tell you about your Gibson Gibson Ocial Site,7.17.2007

[64] Blue Book of Electric Guitars. Sixth Edition: Gibson Se-rialization. Edited by S.P. Fjestad Gibson Ocial Site

[65] The MaGIC of Gibsons Digital Guitars Maximum PCmagazine, April 2003

[66] This Is MaGIC Gibson Ocial Site

[67] Yuri Kageyama (The Associated Press) (December 3,2007). Worlds rst robot guitar takes care of the tun-ing. Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-12-04.

[68] http://www2.gibson.com/Products/min-etune.aspx

5 References Achard, Ken (1989). The History and Development

of the American Guitar. Westport, CT: Bold Strum-mer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-933-22418-6.

Bacon, Tony (2002). 50 Years of the Gibson LesPaul. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-879-30711-0.

Bacon, Tony (2009). The Les Paul Guitar Book:A Complete History of Gibson Les Paul Guitars.San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-879-30951-0.

Bacon, Tony (2011). Flying V, Explorer, Firebird:An Odd-shaped History of Gibsons Weird ElectricGuitars. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN978-1-617-13008-3.

Bacon, Tony (2012). The History of the AmericanGuitar: From 1833 to the Present Day. San Fran-cisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-617-13033-5.

Bacon, Tony (2014). Sunburst: How the Gibson LesPaul Standard Became a Legendary Guitar. Mont-clair: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-617-13466-1.

Bonds, Ray (2004). The Illustrated Directory ofGutiars. New York: Barnes and Noble. ISBN 978-0-760-76317-9.

Carter, Walter (1994). Gibson Guitars: 100 Years ofan American Icon. Los Angeles: General PublishingGroup. ISBN 978-1-881-64939-7.

Carter, Walter (2007). Gibson Electric Guitar Book Seventy Years of Classic Guitars. Backbeat Books:New York. ISBN 978-0-879-30895-7.

Day, Paul; Carter, Walter; Hunter, Dave; Verheyen,Carl (2011). TheUltimate GibsonGuitar Book. NewYork: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-435-13756-1.

Duchossoir, A. R. (1998). Gibson Electrics: TheClassic Years. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN978-0-793-59210-4.

Duchossoir, A. R. (2008). Guitar Identication: AReference for Dating Guitars made by Fender, Gib-son, Gretsch, and Martin (4th ed.). Milwaukee, WI:Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-423-42611-0.

Duchossoir, A. R. (2009). Gibson Electric Steel Gui-tars: 1935-1967. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard.ISBN 978-1-423-45702-2.

8 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

Erlewine, Dan; Whitford, Eldon; Vinopal, David(2009). Gibsons Fabulous Flat-top Guitars: An Il-lustrated History & Guide. San Francisco: BackbeatBooks. ISBN 978-0-879-30962-6.

Fjestad, Zachary R.; Meiners, Larry (2007). Gib-son Flying V. Minneapolis, MN: Blue Book Publi-cations. ISBN 978-1-886-76872-7.

Fox, Paul (2011). The Other Brands of Gib-son. Anaheim Hills, CA: Centerstream Publica-tions. ISBN 978-1-574-24271-3.

Gleick, James (1987). Chaos: Making a New Sci-ence. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-81178-6.

Gruhn, George; Carter, Walter (1993). AcousticGuitars and Other Fretted Instruments: A Photo-graphic History. San Francisco: GPI Books. ISBN978-0-879-30240-5.

Gruhn, George; Carter, Walter (2010a). ElectricGuitars and Basses: A Photographic History. NewYork: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-879-30974-9.

Gruhn, George; Carter, Walter (2010b). GruhnsGuide to Vintage Guitars: An Identication Guide forAmerican Fretted Instruments. New York: BackbeatBooks. ISBN 978-0-879-30422-5.

Hembree, George (2007). Gibson Guitars: Ted Mc-Cartys Golden Era 1948-1966. Austin, TX: GHBooks. ISBN 978-1-423-41813-9.

Ingram, Adrian (1997). The Gibson L5: Its Historyand its Players. Anaheim, CA: Centerstream Pub.ISBN 978-1-574-24047-4.

Ingram, Adrian (2007). The Gibson 175: Its Historyand its Players. Anaheim, CA: Centerstream Pub.ISBN 978-1-574-24223-2.

Marx, Wallace (2009). Gibson Ampliers 1933-2008. Minneapolis, MN: Blue Book Publications.ISBN 978-1-886-76890-1.

Spann, Joe (2011). Spanns Guide to Gibson: 1902-1941. Anaheim Hills, CA: Centerstream Pub.ISBN 978-1-574-24267-6.

Thomas, John (2012). Kalamazoo Gals: A Story ofExtraordinary Women & Gibsons Banner Guitarsof WWII. Franklin, TN: American History Press.ISBN 978-0-983-08278-1.

Wheeler, Tom (1992). American Guitars: An Illus-trated History (rev. and updated ed.). New York:HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-062-73154-8.

6 Further reading Fox, Paul (2011). The Other Brands of Gibson.Centerstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57424-271-3.

7 External links Ocial website, Gibson Guitar Corp.

98 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses8.1 Text

Gibson Guitar Corporation Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation?oldid=672667254 Contributors: Davi-dLevinson, Rbrwr, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Flamurai, Ronz, CatherineMunro, Angela, Andrewa, Saint-Paddy, Charles Matthews,Malcohol, Andrewman327, Jgm, ZeWrestler, Wetman, Robbot, RedWolf, Baldhur, Academic Challenger, Fudoreaper, Ds13, Everyking,Niteowlneils, Bovlb, Golbez, Alexf, Quadell, Antandrus, Kaldari, Bumm13, Jh51681, Klemen Kocjancic, Kevin Rector, DmitryKo, R,Brother Dysk~enwiki, Cereal KiIIer, Rich Farmbrough, Hydrox, Andros 1337, Dennis Brown, Bobo192, Nigelj, ArkansasTraveler, Beaver-fever, David Gale, Pearle, Alansohn, Arthena, Andrewpmk, Kocio, Phyllis1753, Hohum, QuixoticKate, Ukepedia, Paddy whack, Yurivict,Zntrip, Megan1967, Nuno Tavares, Kelly Martin, Pinball22, Varco, Thruston, GregorB, Plrk, Zpb52, Fleetham, Deltabeignet, Kbdank71,Shandolad, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Dr.Gonzo, 40 Watt, PinchasC, Vegaswikian, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Soundguy99, 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10 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Contributors: This le was derived from: Gibson Byrdland 1.jpg: Original artist: Gibson_Byrdland_1.jpg: Jon

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File:Gibson_L-5_sunburst_guitar,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gibson_L-5_sunburst_guitar%2C_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: This le was derived from:Gibson L-5 sunburst guitar & unknown acoustic guitar, Museum of Making Music.jpg: Original artist: Gibson_L-5_sunburst_guitar_&_unknown_acoustic_guitar,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg: doryfour

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Rorys_vox_&_guitars.jpg Original artist: Rorys_vox_&_guitars.jpg: Andrew King File:Gibson_Mandolin,_Museum_of_Making_Music.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Gibson_

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File:Iommi_sg_guitar.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Iommi_sg_guitar.jpg License: CC BY-SA2.0 Contributors: Tony Iommi SG. Original artist: wetwebwork from London, UK.

8.3 Content license 11

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History Early historyModernizationGibson factories

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