GHG emission factors,

carbon content and heating

value of Indian coals

Introduction

➢The total production of energy from

commercial sources in India was

13767.83 peta joules during 2015-16.

➢ Energy production in PJ by commercial

sources shows that coal was the major

source of energy during 2015-16:

• Coal - 70.25%

• Crude Petroleum - 11.24%

• Natural Gas - 9.02%

• Electricity (Hydro, Nucl., Others) - 5.87%

• Lignite - 3.62%

Source: Energy Statistics 2017, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India

Occurrence of coal in India

%

%

%

%

%

%

m m m

m

m

m

mmmm

m

m

Luc know

Patna

Calcutta

Bhuba ne swar

Hydera ba d

Bhopa l

80° 84° 88°

24°

20°

16°

84°

16°

20°

24°

69

55

71

51

66

68

76

3541

64

5657

65

6775

27

37

58

77

50 45

48

73

42 38

74

32

46

47

70

72

54

52

3430

78

3653

6263

61

59

60

49

44 4339

40

33

3128

29

22

26

80°

22. S ingrimar i26. D arjee ling27. R ajm ahal28. B i rbhum29. T angs uli30. Kundait Kar iah

33,34. Gi rid ih

31. Sahar juri32. J a inti

36. Bar jora

38. Eas t Bokaro

40. R am garh

42. South Karanpura43. C hope44. Itk hor i45. Auranga46. H utar

48,49,50. Tatapan i-Ram k ola47. D altonganj

35. R aniganj

39. W est Bok aro

41. N orth Karanpura

37. J har ia

88°

51. S ingrau li52. Korar53. U m aria54. J ohi la55. S ihagpur56. Sonhat-J h il im il i57. B isram pur58. Lakhanpur59. Panc hbahin i60. D ham am unda61. Koreagarh62. C hir im i ri63. Sendurgarh64. H asdo-Arand65. Korba66. M and-R aigarh67. Ib R iv er68. T a lcher69. G odav ar i70. Yel lendu71. W ardha72. Bander73. U m rer74. Kam ptee75. Penc h-Kanhan76. Pathakhera77. T awa78. M ohpani

500 0 500 Kilom eterskm

Gondwana coalfields

Permian sediments (c. 290Ma)

mostly deposited in

Intracratonic Gondwana basins.

Indian Coal occurs in two stratigraphic horizons

%

%

%

%

%

%

%%

%

mm

m

m

m m m

m

m

Shillong

23

1

23

42425

56

87

9

10

22 2011

19 14 1215

1321

1816

17

1. Miao-bum 2. Namchik-Namphuk 3. Makum 4. Dilli-Jeypore 5. Tiju 6. Borjan 7. Tuen Sang 8. Jhanzi-Disai 9. Koilajan10. Diphu11. Bapung12. Pynursla

Tertiary Coalfields

13. Cherrapunji14. Laitryngew15. Mawsynram16. Mawlong Shella17. Langrin18. Balphakram-Pendenggru19. West Darangiri20. Rongrenggri21. Siju

22. Singrimari23. Abor Hills24. Daphla Hills25. Aka Hills

Gondwana Coalfields

92°

28°

96°

28°

24°

92° 88° 84°

24°

GangtokItanagar

Dispur

Kohima

Imphal

AizawlAgartala

Shillong

Calcutta

100 0 100 k m

Tertiary coalfields

Early Tertiary (c. 60Ma) near-

shore peri-cratonic basins

and shelves.

Geological Provinces

Gondwana coal

Occurrence

Eastern and central part of Peninsular India

Bituminous to sub-bituminous

Moderate to High in Ash and Low in Sulphur

Tertiary coal

Occurrence

Meta and Ortholignitous

High in Sulphur; Strongly caking to non-caking

Northeastern India

Lignite

Occurrence

Character

Western and southern India

High in moisture and volatile matter

Character

Rank

Character

Rank

Occurrence

Gondwana Coal

Coal bearing strata

KARHARBARI FORMATION (Early Permian)–

RESTRICTED TO FEW COALFIELDS OF EASTERN INDIA

BARAKAR FORMATION (Early Permian)–

MAJOR STOREHOUSE OF COAL IN ALL THE BASINS

RANIGANJ/KAMTHI FORMATION (Late Permian)–

ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITABLE IN RANIGANJ, JHARIA

EASTERN PART OF SINGRAULI BASIN AND GODAVARI

Tertiary Coal

Coal bearing strata

Oligocene sediments

• Tikak Parbat Formation in Upper Assam,

Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh

Eocene sediments

• Tura Sandstone, Lakadong Sandstone in Garo,

Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya

• Sylhet Limestone in Mikir hills of Assam

• Lower Subathu Group in Jammu

Tertiary coalfields of Northeastern Region

Coking

Prime – Low volatile bituminous coals , Coke type G7 or better,

Ro(mean) = 1.2. Upper Barakar seams in Jharia coalfield.

Medium - Low to high volatile bituminous coals, Coke type F-G6,

Ro(mean) = 1.1-1.4. Lower Barakar & Raniganj seams in Jharia,

Barakar seams in Raniganj, Bokaro, parts of Ramgarh,

Karanpura, Sohagpur and Pench- Kanhan coalfields

Semi – High volatile, Coke type D-F, Ro(mean) = 0.7.

Lower Raniganj seams in Raniganj, Barakar seams in parts of

Ramgarh and Sonhat coalfields

Non-coking

Superior – High volatile bituminous B-C coals.

Mainly in Raniganj seams of Raniganj coalfield

Inferior – High volatile sub-bituminous coals. All coalfields

High Sulphur

Types of Indian Coal

General Characters of Karharbari Coal

❖ Low moisture, low ash and low to

medium volatile

❖ Comparatively cleaner than

Barakar coals

❖ Generally non-coking except in

parts of Giridih and North

Karanpura

General Characters of Barakar Coal

❖Moisture < 2% to 6%

❖ Volatile - <18 to 35%

❖ Carbon - 85 to 90% (on dmmf basis)

❖ Ash - 15 to 30% (excluding dirt bands)

❖ Coking properties (eastern CFs of

Damodar Valley basins)

❖ Coke type - D to G6 or better

General Characters of Raniganj Coal

❖ High moisture

❖ High Volatile

❖ Coal seams thinner than those of

Barakar

❖ Best developed in Raniganj coalfield

• PROVED (>80%) THROUGH DETAILED EXPLORATION

(Based on degree of confidence)

• INDICATED (>50 to 80%)THROUGH REGIONAL EXPLORATION

• INFERRED (<50 %)

DEPTH : 0-300 m, 300-600 m and 600-1200 m

GRADE :

Medium Coking : SG-I, SG-II, W-I, W-II, W-III, W-IV

Semi Coking : Grade-I and grade-II

Non Coking : Superior (Gr.A – C) and Power grade (Gr.D-G)

CATEGORY :

Resources classified as

Depth-wise and Category-wise

Resource of Indian coal (As on 1.4.2017)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

51.66 51.58 56.82 57.45

488.29 504.82 508.95

551.73539.95 556.4 565.77

609.18

Bil

lio

n t

on

ne

s

Depth range

Total Resource 315.15 bt

Measured

Indicated

Inferred

Coking coal

Grade Ash Sp.Gr

Steel Grade -I < 15% 1.42

Steel Grade -II 15% - 18% 1.44

Washery Grade - I 18% - 21% 1.46

Washery Grade - II 21% - 24% 1.50

Washery Grade - III 24% - 28% 1.53

Washery Grade – IV 28% - 35% 1.58

Semi-coking & weakly coking coal

Grade Ash + Moisture Sp.Gr

Semi-Coking -I < 19% 1.44

Semi-Coking -II 19% - 24% 1.46

Prevalent Quality Classification System

Non-coking coal

Grade Useful Heat Value (k.cal/kg) Sp.Gr

A > 6200 1.42

B 5600 - 6200 1.45

C 4940 - 5600 1.50

D 4200 - 4940 1.55

E 3360 - 4200 1.60

F 2400 - 3360 1.68

G 1300 - 2400 1.76

Useful Heat Value = 8900 – 138 (Ash + Moisture)

(At 60% R.H & 400C Temperature)

Quality Classification (Contd…)(Department of Coal, Ministry of Energy, 1979)

Old UHV based grading New GCV based grading GCV Range (KCal/kg)

A

G1 ➢ 7000

G2 6701 - 7000

G3 6401 - 6700

BG4 6101 – 6400

G5 5801 – 6100

G6 5501 - 5800

C G7 5201 - 5500

BG8 4901 – 5200

G9 4601 – 4900

EG10 4301 – 4600

G11 4001 – 4300

FG12 3701 – 4000

G13 3401 – 3700

GG14 3101 - 3400

G15 2801 – 3100

Additional GradesG16 2501 – 2800

G17 2201 - 2500

New GCV based classification system of non-coking coal(Gazette Notification, Ministry of Coal, 30th December 2011)

Summarized Table of Coal ResourcesAs on 1st April 2017

Depth

Range

Coking Non-Coking High

Sulphur

Grand

Total

(m) Prime Medium Semi-

Coking

Superior

(G1-G6)

Inferior

(G7-G17)

Ungraded

0-300 0.00 11.59 0.47 21.69 137.98 9.03 1.39 182.15

0-600 4.04 4.06 0.00 0.20 5.90 0.00 0.00 14.20

300-600 0.00 6.42 0.76 12.75 58.68 15.88 0.20 94.69

600-1200 1.27 5.44 0.49 2.86 9.15 4.90 0.00 24.11

0-1200 5.31 27.51 1.72 37.50 211.71 29.81 1.59 315.15

(in billion tonnes)

Lignite Resources

%

%

%

m

m

m

m m

m

m

m

m

mm

m

m

Srinagar

Jaipur

Gandhinagar

72° 76° 80°

36°

36°

32°

32°

28°

28°

24°

24°

80° 76°

1

5254

3

8 5

53

9

7

51

17

19

6

30

48

11

45

27

49

15

46

28

16

10

1213

14

2324

2629

22

21 20

31 32

333534

36

4041

38

39 37

4443

5047

2

4

1.N ic hahom Baram ula 2.N agbal

3,4 .F irozpur Shaliganga 5.Khar i 6.G angas hahr

7.Sarup Des ar 8.M udh

9.9Kolayat10.G ura

11.C haner i

12.Bi thnok

13.M andal C harnan14.R aneri

15.H ira K i D hani

16.La lam desar17.Bar S inghsar

18.Palana

19.Kas nau

20.Kuc hera21.N im br i

22.M arwar Chapri23.Butati

24.M er ta R oad25.H ansiyas

26.G angarda27.Lam ba Jatan

28.M okala29.Indawar

30.N agarda31.N im la

32.Bharka33.Botiya

34.H am ir ji ki D hani35.k apurd i

36.J a lipa37.Lakhpat

38.D hedadi39.Pranpur

40.Kaiyari

41.Panandhro

42.Ak hrim ota

43.F u lradam

44.U m ars ar

45.M udia

46.M ata No M adh47.J u lara i

48.W aghapadar49.Lefr i

50.H am la51.N anaratad ia

52.Lakhanka Kharsa lia53.Bhur i

54.Shah Vastan

Lignite Occurrences

42

Coalfields

79. Kalakot-M etka

79

500 0 500 km

m m

m

m

mmm

m

m

m

55

56

57

6665

59

646362

6160

696768

58

76° 80°

8°

12°

16°

8°

12°

16°

76° 80°

55. Ratnagiri56. Nileswaram57. Madayi58. Warkala59. Mannargudi60. Jayamkonda Cholapuram61. Lalpettai62. Srimushnam63. Neyveli South64. Bhubangiri65. Neyveli East66. Bahur67, 68, 69. Eluru-Rajamundri

Lignite

Occurrences

HYDERABAD

PANAJI

BANGALORE

CHENNAI

PONDICHERY

TIRUVANTAPURAMWorkable deposits

45

50

55

60

65

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

51.66 51.58

56.82 57.45

60.89 61.66

Total Resources - 44.70 bt

(in b

illio

n to

nn

es)

Trend of Coal and Lignite Production(in million tonnes)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

51.66 51.58 56.82 57.45 60.89 61.66

488.29504.82 508.95

551.73

578.35

601.13

539.95556.4

565.77

609.18

639.24

662.79

42.33 46.45 44.27 48.27 43.84 45.23

mil

lio

n t

on

ne

s

Financial YearCoking Non-coking Total coal Lignite

Methodology Adopted for NCV, CEF

Collection of coal/lignite characteristic data from CFRI

archive covering the major sources of coal and from M/s

NLC India Limited

Identification of outliers

Categorisation of the data into three broad groups -

Coking (400) Non coking(3300) and lignite (4400)

Estimation of the NCV/CEF for each grade of different

categories of coking and non coking coals. Use of grade

wise production data for estimation of NCV and CEF of

coking & non coking coals

Compare the estimated figures with the Previous values

NCV and CEF of Coking Coal

Grade Mean NCV Mean CEF Production (MT)

Year

1994 2000 2006

Steel Gr. I 28.83 25.39 0.388 0.195 0.127

Steel Gr. II 28.13 25.40 1.267 0.675 0.559

Washery Gr. I 27.09 25.45 2.296 1.035 0.291

Washery Gr. II 26.08 25.49 4.487 3.374 3.171

Washery Gr. III 24.73 25.53 10.491 6.889 6.737

Washery Gr. IV 22.95 25.56 22.770 18.507 20.999

Semi-Cok. Gr.I 26.39 25.71 0.271 0.215 0.182

Estimated NCV (TJ/kt) 24.18 24.00 23.80

CEF (tc/TJ) 25.53 25.54 25.55

IPCC Default Values NCV = 19.98; CEF= 25.8

NCV and CEF of Non-Coking Coal

Grade Mean NCV Mean CEF Production (MT)

Year

1994 2000 2006

A 25.63 25.70 2.974 3.548 4.958

B 23.92 25.81 21.417 20.694 20.815

C 22.37 25.78 46.742 51.728 53.059

D 20.34 26.06 33.853 37.067 42.439

E 18.26 26.28 41.603 62.708 98.079

F 15.87 26.51 63.771 101.824 165.673

G 13.70 26.82 0.358 0.458 7.733

Estimated NCV (TJ/kt) 19.63 19.08 18.45

CEF (tc/TJ) 26.13 26.20 26.27

IPCC Default Values NCV = 19.98; CEF= 25.8

NCV and CEF of Lignite

Moisture

45%

Moisture

50%

Moisture

55%

NCV (TJ/kt) 10.90 9.69 8.50

CEF (tC/TJ) 28.29 28.95 29.80

Fugitive Emission from Coal Mining and

Handling Activities

Methane Emission in Underground Mining of Coal

Methane Emission in Surface Mining of Coal

Methane Emission in Handling Activities

Methane Emission Factors

Operation Methane Emission factor (m3/tonne)

Surface

Mining

Underground Mining

Degree–I Degree–II Degree–III

Mining 1.18 2.91 13.08 23.68

Post

Mining

(Handling)

0.15 0.98 2.15 3.12

➢ During data analysis for CEF and NCV estimation, integrity

of the data was assured through cross checking of

experimental GCV's with the values obtained from the

elementary data using the formula proposed by B .K.

Mazumdar.

➢ Uncertainty Assessment: While estimating the NCV and CEF

of the Indian coals the grade wise production data of

coking and non-coking coals were utilised. Since there is

wide variation in the NCV figures between the grades of

each coal type any uncertainty in the production figures will

affect the accuracy of the estimated parameter. The CEF

value is not affected in a significant way by the production

data.

Quality Control and Quality Assessment

➢ Institutions in India have developed their own nationalemission factors.

➢A number of constraints usually experienced need to be

addressed strategically by the participating Institutions,

Industries and the MoEFCC, GoI.

➢ The following additional measures for success in our endeavour :

✓ Pro-active support of and co-ordination among policy makers, regulators,

Institutions andother government agencies, etc.

Conclusions