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Global Infrastructure ProjectsAsian Pacific Development Corporation is a multinational business development and investmentbanking company. APDC, with its global network, has completed over fifteen billion dollars inglobal infrastructure projects in 28 nations during the past three decades. These projects weremostly public/private partnerships that utilized debt, equity, and cooperative funding from OPIC,InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), EXIM Bank, Andean Development Corp., AsianDevelopment Bank, domestic and international hedge funds, the international banks of Panamaand the private sector. These projects utilized U.S. FTA treaties, Free Trade Zones, in-countryjoint venture partners, and off-shore economic incentives.

Asian Pacific Development Corporation is a FloridaCorporation.

Randy Avon - CEOCEO and Managing Director. Former member of the Florida Legislature, formerly President and CEO of four WorldTrade Centers and Corporate and Financial Consultants. CFC completed over $8 Billion of infrastructure projectswith E.F.Hutton and Prudential Bache prior to forming APDC. He is a former Florida Legislator, State President ofthe Florida the "James McKeithan"Award for International achievements in the private sector. He Chaired the OASmeeting in the United States in 2005 and has been a U.S. delegate to the past four Summits of the America's.

* William M. Marlin - CFOFormer Vice Chairman of Bache Halsey Securities and chosen by the Board of Prudential Bache to become theirinitial Vice Chairman. Former advisor to various Governors and President Ford. Former President of Mathews &Wright Investment Banking firm and founder of William M. Marlin, Inc., a prominent international financial advisoryfirm.

Eric Smith, Esq. - Senior VPExecutive Director for The Center for Law and Public Policy and FCSL Assistant Dean for External Affairs. Mr. Smithis a former legislator and Jacksonville City Council president.

Amb. David Samudio, Jr. - International VPAmbassador Samudio is a prominent architect, urban planner, journalist, Diplomat, educator, and active member

of the liberal Party of Panama. He is Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Mortgage National Bank of Panama,a Former Minister of Housing, and a member of the Presidential Commission for the Studies of the Panama Canal.The Ambassador has served his nation as the Ambassador to Germany, Ambassador Extraordinary andPlenipotentiary of Panama to the United Nations. While at the UN, He was Chairman of the Latin American Groupand Vice Chairman. (ECOSOC).


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Senator Ron Silver, Esq. - Senior Vice PresidentSenator Silver served as a distinguished member of the Florida Legislature for over two decades. He has served asMajority Leader of the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate. He was honored as the mosteffective member in each body. He is an attorney at law, former prosecuting attorney, and Municipal Judge. Hewas appointed by President Clinton as the Chairman of the F.E.M.A. Advisory Committee and also to the AdvisoryBoard of the Trade Commission. He is also a former Chairman of the Southern Legislative Conference. When heretired after 24 years of public service, he was the Dean of the Florida Legislature.

* Amb. Max Kampelman, Esq. - Special Advisor to the CEOA prominent international attorney, Ambassador Max Kampelman is one of the outstanding Diplomats andpreeminent negotiators of our times. He served as head of the U.S. delegation to the Geneva negotiations onNuclear and Space Arms Reduction. He also served as the head of the U.S. delegation at the Madrid East- WestConference on Human Rights. He is a former Chairman of the board of Governors of the United Nations Association.Ambassador Kampelman has served with distinction under the last five Presidents for a period spanning fourdecades. International Heads of State and Governing bodies around the Globe have heralded his accomplishments.Former President Clinton recently honored him with the highest award given to a non- military U.S. citizen.

Robert O. Cash, Esq. - General CounselSpecialist in international law, treaties, and international banking. Mr. Cash has two Master degrees in finance andtaxation and oversees global trade contracts.

Christian Hooft, Esq. - International Counsel & Board MemberA prominent international attorney, Christian Hooft has acted as an advisor to top Diplomats, and other prominentofficials in his homeland of Argentina. Mr. Hooft oversees all OPIC, EXIM bank, USAID, CABEI, and other financialtransactions.

Percy Helmer - International Counsel & Board MemberMr. Helmer, has over 35 years experience in international business in several countries. His experience in Chinadates back to 1980, where he had several successful joint ventures with Government controlled companies. Hisreal estate background with the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) and import/export background bringing Asianproducts to the US gives us a broad base in project development.

* Senator George Firestone - Board MemberSenator Firestone served as a distinguished member of the Florida House and Senate and as Florida Secretary ofState. Under his leadership, Florida opened Free Trade Zones and entered into trade agreements with manynations in Latin America.

Jerry Chang - Board MemberA former member of The Hawaii House of Representatives. He has represented the people of his district on theIsland of Hawaii since 1989.In his tenure, he has served with distinction as a Committee Chairman of Water, Landand Ocean resources (Current), Higher Education Committee, and the Tourism and Cultural Committee. He servesor have served on the Board on the Big Island Business Council, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Hawaii, the


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Hawaii County Economic Opportunity Council, and a host of other Boards, Commissions and Organizations. He is aDecorated Member of the Armed Forces where he served in the U.S. Army 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne).

Richard Irwin - Board Member

Mr. Irwin served our country with pride for 28 years as a senior official in the CIA. He was assigned to the WhiteHouse by CIA Director George Tenet to take a major role in the creation of Homeland Security. He will overseegovernment relations in Latin America and work with Heads of State to address security matters in their countries

Insider InformationInsider information as to how to best utilize the U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Association,U.S. Commercial Services, District Export Councils, Export.gov, and other DOC divisions. Some of their trademissions are excellent.

Debt & Other FundingDebt and other funding-- in most cases under prime-- for housing, energy projects, water systems, power plants,roads, hospitals, port development and inner harbor development, other infrastructure, and if necessary, thebuilding of manufacturing plants.

Direct Accesss to Government AgenciesDirect access to Government agencies in the host countries and assistance in receiving financial, tax, tariff, andother incentives that may be available.

Introductions to Pre-Qualified Joint Venture PartnersIntroductions to pre-qualified joint venture partners in target countries who have networks in place in the same orsimilar business with distribution networks and/or for the establishment of public/private partnership as might berequired or desired.

U.S. Embassy's Best PracticesWhen it is best to utilize--- and when it is best to distance--- your company from the U.S. Embassy.


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Introductions to Top Port & FTZ OfficialsIntroduction to top Ministers, Port and Airport Directors, and Foreign Trade Zone Officials.

Introductions to Logistics Leaders

Introduction to the leadership of the proper logistics operation(s) in the target countries and the top leadership ofall viable cargo, air, and shipping companies.

Introductions to Correct Law FirmsIntroductions to the 'correct' law firms and other professionals to insure compliance with import licenses, metricsystem data, exporter and importer rights and responsibilities, tariff clarifications, product classification, metricsystem impact, packaging and re-cycling requirements, electronic SED filings, custom broker regulations andrecommendations, freight forwarders, steps required for protection of intellectual property rights, compliancewith new US and international AES/FTR regulations, and other vital legal export matters.

Solutions for ChallengesFull access to our in-country associates to solve other challenges that will arise.

Builder/Developer RecommendationsRecommendations for engaging the proper builder/developer(s) in the target country.

Facility Site RecommendationsSite Recommendations for manufacturing facilities.

U.S State Department Best PracticesHow to best utilize the U.S. Department of State and our Embassies.


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Housing ProjectsAPDC has completed over 8,000 affordable homes in six nations. These projects have all been Public PrivatePartnerships in Latin America.

Energy ProjectsAPDC's clients are currently in the process of developing over 900 MW of solar and other renewable projects inMexico. We have completed renewable projects in four other Latin America countries and have just signed astrategic alliance to do a 1,700 TPD U.S project.

Water SystemsAPDC's clients are in the process of doing over $400 million in water projects in Mexico.

Power PlantsAPDC and its principals have done over $3 Billion in energy projects in 7 nations.

RoadsAPDC is in a strategic alliance to build three toll roads in Latin America.

HospitalsAPDC has recently signed a strategic alliance to design, build, and operate 11 hospitals in Latin America.

Port DevelopmentAPDC played a pivotal roll in the privatization of the Panama Canal. We have been engaged to structure teams todesign, build, and operate ports in three countries in Latin America. APDC was involved in the expansion of 5 portsin the PRC.

AirportsAPDC signed the first USA/PRC joint venture to design and build three airports in the PRC.

TiresAPDC is in a strategic alliance to build the largest tire to energy project in the Hemisphere in Mexico.


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Waste/LandfillsAPDC is in a strategic alliance with the Infovi group to design, build, fund, and operate a series of landfills andwaste to energy centers throughout Mexico

100% Debt Financing

EB5 Investment OpportunitiesWith the EB-5 program, and a simple investment of $500,000 into a government approved business, not only theinvestor, but the investors spouse and their unmarried children under the age of 21 receive permanent U.S.residence. To find out more, please contact our office.

Direct Access to Bank LeadersDirect access to key banking leaders in each target country and a full assimilation into the values, benefits, andpitfalls of international banking. We also show how U.S. companies can take advantage of multi national bankingwith their current banking relationship.

Capacity to Assist with LOC'sCapacity to assist host company(ies) with delicate Letters of Credit and other important international financialdocuments necessary for timely and successful transactions.

Financial Incentive ProgramsDirect access to Government agencies in the host countries and assistance in receiving financial, tax, tariff, andother incentives that may be available.

U.S. Department of Commerce Best PracticesInsider information as to how to best utilize the U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Association,U.S. Commercial Services, District Export Councils, Export.gov, and other DOC divisions. Some of their trademissions are excellent.


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Assistance with the World BankAssistance with the World Bank (IFC) http://www.worldbank.org/ if the project has the full support of thegovernment of the host country and meets the requirements as established by the World Bank.

Insider Access to OPIC and OthersInsider access to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) (www.OPIC.gov), InterAmerican DevelopmentBank (www.iadb.gov), EXIM Bank (www.exim.gov), Central American Bank for Economic Integration,(www.bcie.org), the Brazil Development Bank, http://www.bndes.gov.br/english/ the China Development Bank,http://www.cdb.com.cn/English/ and other viable sources depending on the project(s) and country.

Direct Access to an OPIC SpecialistDirect access to a specialist in OPIC funding who has a 100% success track record with this organization.

Assistance with Equity FundingAssistance with equity funding in cooperation with private investors, off-shore investment banking organizations,international banks, hedge funds, and international stock exchanges.

The World Bank Export Imp

Overseas Private Investment Org. Central Am

Inter-American Dev. Bank BB&T Capi
http://www.opic.gov/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/http://www.bbtcapitalmarkets.com/cm/investmentbanking/Debt_Originations.htmlhttp://www.iadb.org/?lang=enhttp://www.bcie.org/english/index.phphttp://www.opic.gov/http://www.exim.gov/http://www.worldbank.com/


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Brazilian Development Bank China Deve

APEC" redirects here. For other uses, seeAPEC (disambiguation).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_(disambiguation)http://www.cdb.com.cn/english/index.asphttp://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/http://www.cdb.com.cn/english/index.asphttp://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_(disambiguation)


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APEC member economies shown in green.

Headquarters Singapore

Type Economic forum

Membership21Pacific Rim

economies[show]

Leaders

-

APEC Host Economy 2013 Indonesia

-

Executive Director ....

Establishment 1989

Websitewww.apec.org

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21Pacific Rimcountries (formally Member

Economies) that seeks to promotefree tradeand economic cooperation throughout theAsia-

Pacificregion. It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific

economies and the advent of regionaltrade blocsin other parts of the world; to fears thathighly
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industrializedJapan (a member ofG8) would come to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific

region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe (where

demand had been declining).[1]APEC works to raiseliving standardsand education levels through

sustainableeconomic growthand to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests

among Asia-Pacific countries. APEC includesnewly industrialized economies, although the agenda

offree tradewas a sensitive issue for the developing NIEs at the time APEC founded, and aims toenableASEANeconomies to explore new export market opportunities fornatural resourcessuch

asnatural gas, as well as to seek regionaleconomic integration(industrial integration) by means

offoreign direct investment. Members account for approximately 40% of the world's population,

approximately 54% of the world'sgross domestic productand about 44% of world trade.[2]For APEC

Economic Trends Analysis in 2012, see.[3]

An annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting is attended by theheads of governmentof all APEC

members except theRepublic of China(who is represented by aministerial-level officialunder the

nameChinese Taipeias economic leader[4]). The location of the meeting rotates annually among the

member economies, and until 2011, a famous tradition involved the attending leaders dressing in

anational costumeof the host member.

History[edit source]

ABCnews report of the first APEC meeting in Canberra, November 1989. Featuring delegates watching theMelbourne Cup.

In January 1989,Australian Prime MinisterBob Hawkecalled for more effective economic cooperation

across the Pacific Rim region. This led to the first meeting of APEC in theAustraliancapital

ofCanberrain November, chaired byAustralian Foreign Affairs MinisterGareth Evans. Attended by

political ministers from twelve countries, the meeting concluded with commitments for future annual

meetings inSingaporeandKorea.

Countries of theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) opposed the initial proposal, instead

proposing theEast Asia Economic Caucuswhich would exclude non-Asian countries such as theUnited

States,Canada,Australia, andNew Zealand. This plan was opposed and strongly criticized byJapanand

the United States.
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kipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Economic_Caucushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Economic_Caucushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:APEC_ABC.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:APEC_ABC.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Economic_Caucushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/APEC_ABC.ogvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_costumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Taipei_Representatives_to_APEChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country


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The first APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting occurred in 1993 whenU.S. PresidentBill Clinton, after

discussions with Australian Prime MinisterPaul Keating, invited theheads of governmentfrom member

economies to a summit onBlake Island. He believed it would help bring the stalledUruguay Roundof

trade talks back on track. At the meeting, some leaders called for continued reduction of barriers to trade

and investment, envisioning a community in the Asia-Pacific region that might promote prosperity through

cooperation. The APEC Secretariat, based in Singapore, was established to coordinate the activities ofthe organization.

During the meeting in 1994 inBogor,Indonesia, APEC leaders adopted the Bogor Goals that aim for free

and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2010 for industrialized economies and by 2020 for

developing economies. In 1995, APEC established a business advisory body named the APEC Business

Advisory Council (ABAC), composed of three business executives from each member economy.

Member economies[edit source]

Former South Korean PresidentRoh Moo-hyunwith Japanese Prime MinisterShinzo Abeand U.S. PresidentGeorge W.

BushatAPEC2006 inHanoi, Vietnam.

APEC currently has 21 members, including most countries with a coastline on thePacific Ocean.

However, the criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy, rather than a state. As

a result, APEC uses the term member economies rather thanmember countries to refer to its members.

One result of this criterion is that membership of the forum includesTaiwan(officially the Republic of

China, participating under the name "Chinese Taipei") alongsidePeople's Republic of China(seeCross-

Strait relations), as well asHong Kong, which entered APEC as a British colony but it is now aSpecial

Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. APEC also includes three official

observers:ASEAN, thePacific Islands Forumand thePacific Economic Cooperation Council.[5]
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ia.org/wiki/Heads_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States


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Member economy (name as used in APEC) Date of accession

Australia November 1989

Brunei Darussalam November 1989

Canada November 1989

Indonesia November 1989

Japan November 1989

Republic of Korea November 1989

Malaysia November 1989

New Zealand November 1989

Philippines November 1989

Singapore November 1989

Thailand November 1989

United States November 1989

Chinese Taipei[6] November 1991
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Member economy (name as used in APEC) Date of accession

Hong Kong, China[7] November 1991

People's Republic of China November 1991

Mexico November 1993

Papua New Guinea November 1993

Chile November 1994

Peru November 1998

Russia November 1998

Vietnam November 1998

Possible enlargement[edit source]

current members

announced interest in membership
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Indiahas requested membership in APEC, and received initial support from the United States,

Japan[8]and Australia. Officials have decided not to allow India to join for various reasons.[9][10]However,

the decision was made not to admit more members until 2010. Moreover, India does not border the

Pacific Ocean, which all current members do.[11]However, India has been invited to be an observer for

the first time in November 2011.[12]

In addition toIndia,Pakistan,[13]Bangladesh,[13]Sri

Lanka,[13]Macau,[13]Mongolia,[13]Laos,[13]Cambodia,[14]Costa

Rica,[15]Colombia,[15][16]Panama,[15]andEcuador,[17]are among a dozen countries seeking membership in

APEC. Colombia applied for APEC's membership as early as in 1995, but its bid was halted as the

organization stopped accepting new members from 1993 to 1996,[18]and the moratorium was further

prolonged to 2007 due to the1997 Asian Financial Crisis.Guamhas also been actively seeking a

separate membership, citing the example of Hong Kong, but the request is opposed by the United States,

which currently represents Guam.

APEC's Three Pillars[edit source]

To meet the Bogor Goals, APEC carries out work in three main areas:

1. Trade and Investment Liberalisation

2. Business Facilitation

3. Economic and Technical Cooperation

APEC and Trade Liberalisation[edit source]

According to the organization itself, when APEC was established in 1989 average trade

barriers in the region stood at 16.9 percent, but had been reduced to 5.5% in 2004.[19]

APEC's Business Facilitation Efforts[edit source]

APEC has long been at the forefront of reform efforts in the area of business facilitation.Between 2002 and 2006 the costs of business transactions across the region was reduced

by 6%, thanks to the APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan (TFAPI). Between 2007 and 2010,

APEC hopes to achieve an additional 5% reduction in business transaction costs. To this

end, a newTrade Facilitation Action Planhas been endorsed. According to a 2008 research

brief published by theWorld Bankas part of itsTrade Costs and Facilitation Project,

increasing transparency in the region's trading system is critical if APEC is to meet its Bogor

Goal targets.[20]TheAPEC Business Travel Card, atravel documentfor visa-free business

travel within the region is one of the concrete measures to facilitate business. In May 2010

Russia joined the scheme, thus completing the circle.[21]

ProposedFree Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific[edit source]APEC first formally started discussing the concept of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific

at its summit in 2006 in Hanoi. However, the proposal for such an area has been around

since at least 1966 and Japanese economist Kiyoshi Kojima's proposal for a Pacific Free

Trade agreement proposal. While it gained little traction, the idea led to the formation

ofPacific Trade and Development Conferenceand then thePacific Economic Cooperation

Councilin 1980 and then APEC in 1989.
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In more recent times, economist C. Fred Bergsten has been the foremost advocate of a Free

Trade Agreement of Asia-Pacific. His ideas convinced the APEC Business Advisory Council

to support this concept.

The proposal for a FTAAP arose due to the lack of progress in theDoha roundofWorld

Trade Organizationnegotiations, and as a way to overcome the "spaghetti bowl" effect

created by overlapping and conflicting elements of the umpteen free trade agreements

there are approximately 60 free trade agreements, with an additional 117 in the process of

negotiation inSoutheast Asiaand theAsia-Pacificregion.[22][22][23][24][24]The FTAAP is more

ambitious in scope than the Doha round, which limits itself to reducing trade restrictions. The

FTAAP would create a free trade zone that would considerably expand commerce and

economic growth in the region.[22][24]The economic expansion and growth in trade could

exceed the expectations of other regional free trade areas such as theASEAN Plus

Three(ASEAN+China,Japan, and South Korea).[25]Some criticisms include that the

diversion of trade within APEC members would create trade imbalances, market conflicts

and complications with nations of other regions.[24]The development of the FTAAP is

expected to take many years, involving essential studies, evaluations and negotiationsbetween member economies.[22]It is also affected by the absence of political will and popular

agitations and lobbying against free trade in domestic politics.[22][26]

APEC Study Center Consortium[edit source]

In 1993, APEC Leaders decided to establish a network of APEC Study Centres among

universities and research institutions in member economies.[27]

Notable centers include:

Australian APEC Study Centre,Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology,Australia[28]

Berkeley APEC Study Center,University of California, Berkeley,United States[29]

Chinese Taipei APEC Study Center,Taiwan Institute of Economic Research,Taiwan[30]

HKU APEC Study Center,Hong Kong University,Hong Kong,China[31]

Kobe APEC Study Center,Kobe University,Japan[32]

Nankai APEC Study Center,Nankai University,China[33]

Philippine APEC Study Center Network,Philippine Institute for Development

Studies,Philippines

The Canadian APEC Study Centre, TheAsia Pacific Foundation of Canada,Vancouver,

Canada[34]

Indonesian APEC Study Centre,APEC Study Center University of

Indonesia,Indonesia.[35]

APEC Business Advisory Council[edit source]

The APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC) was created by the APEC Economic Leaders

in November 1995 with the aim of providing advice to the APEC Economic Leaders on ways

to achieve the Bogor Goals and other specific business sector priorities, and to provide the

business perspective on specific areas of cooperation.
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dia.org/wiki/Nankai_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Study_Center_University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Institute_for_Development_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Institute_of_Economic_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_APEC_Study_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMIT_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-ASCC-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BD-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BD-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BD-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-VG-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-VSM-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Threehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Threehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BD-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BD-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-VG-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-AP-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-AP-23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Each economy nominates up to three members from the private sector to ABAC. These

business leaders represent a wide range of industry sectors. ABAC provides an annual

report to APEC Economic Leaders containing recommendations to improve the business

and investment environment in the Asia-Pacific region, and outlining business views about

priority regional issues. ABAC is also the only non-governmental organisation that is on the

official agenda of the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting.

Annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meetings[edit source]

Since its formation in 1989, APEC has held annual meetings with representatives from all

member economies. The first four annual meetings were attended by ministerial-level

officials. Beginning in 1993, the annual meetings are named APEC Economic Leaders'

Meetings and are attended by theheads of governmentfrom all member economies

exceptTaiwan, which is represented by a ministerial-level official. The annual Leaders'

Meetings are not called summits.

Meeting developments[edit source]

In 1997, the APEC meeting was held inVancouver. Controversy arose after officers of

theRoyal Canadian Mounted Policeusedpepper sprayagainst protesters. The protesters

objected to the presence ofautocraticleaders such asIndonesian

presidentSuharto.[36][37][38][39][40][41]

At the 2001 Leaders' Meeting inShanghai, APEC leaders pushed for a new round of trade

negotiations and support for a program of trade capacity-building assistance, leading to the

launch of the Doha Development Agenda a few weeks later. The meeting also endorsed the

Shanghai Accord proposed by the United States, emphasising the implementation of open

markets, structural reform, andcapacity building. As part of the accord, the meeting

committed to develop and implement APEC transparency standards, reduce

tradetransaction costsin the Asia-Pacific region by 5 percent over 5 years, and pursuetradeliberalizationpolicies relating to information technology goods and services.

In 2003,Jemaah IslamiahleaderRiduan Isamuddinhad planned to attack the APEC

Leaders Meeting to be held inBangkokin October. He was captured in the city

ofAyutthaya,Thailandby Thai police on August 11, 2003, before he could finish planning the

attack.[citation needed]Chilebecame the firstSouth Americannation to host the Leaders' Meeting

in 2004. The agenda of that year was focused onterrorismand commerce,small and

medium enterprisedevelopment, and contemplation of free trade agreements and regional

trade agreements.

The 2005 Leaders' Meeting was held inBusan,South Korea. The meeting focused on

theDoha roundofWorld Trade Organization(WTO) negotiations, leading up to theWTO

Ministerial Conference of 2005held inHong Kongin December. Weeks earlier, trade

negotiations inPariswere held between several WTO members, including the United States

and theEuropean Union, centered on reducing agriculturaltrade barriers. APEC leaders at

the summit urged the European Union to agree to reducingfarm subsidies. Peaceful

protests against APEC were staged in Busan, but the meeting schedule was not affected.
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rade_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_roundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BCCLA_1997_APEC-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-BCCLA_1997_APEC-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-Nuttall-Smith_1997-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-Nuttall-Smith_1997-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-Pue_2000-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-Pue_2000-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=10


17/21

At the Leaders' Meeting held on November 19, 2006 inHanoi, APEC leaders called for a

new start to global free-trade negotiations while condemning terrorism and other threats to

security. APEC also criticisedNorth Koreafor conducting anuclear testand amissile test

launchthat year, urging the country to take "concrete and effective" steps towardnuclear

disarmament. Concerns aboutnuclear proliferationin the region was discussed in addition to

economic topics. TheUnited StatesandRussiasigned an agreement as part of Russia's bidto join the World Trade Organization.

TheAPEC Australia 2007Leaders' Meeting was held inSydneyfrom 29 September 2007.

The political leaders agreed to an "aspirational goal" of a 25% reduction of energy intensity

correlative with economic development.[42]Extreme security measures including airborne

sharpshooters and extensive steel-and-concrete barricades were deployed against

anticipated protesters and potential terrorists. However, protest activities were peaceful and

the security envelope was penetrated with ease by aspoof diplomatic motorcademanned by

members of the Australian television programThe Chaser, one of whom was dressed to

resemble theAl-QaedaleaderOsama bin Laden.

The APEC USA 2011 Leaders' Meeting was held on Honolulu, Hawaii 813 November2011.[43]

APEC Leaders' Family Photo[edit source]

At the end of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, the leaders in attendance gather for

what is officially known as the APEC Leaders' Family Photo. A long-standing tradition for this

photo involved the attending leaders dressing in a costume that reflects the culture of the

host member. The tradition dates back to the first such meeting in 1993 when then-

U.S. PresidentBill Clintonoutfitted the leaders in leatherbombardier jackets. However, at

the 2010 meeting, Japan opted to have the leaders dress in smart casual rather than the

traditionalkimono.[44]Similarly, when Honolulu was selected in 2009 as the site for the 2011

APEC meeting, U.S. PresidentBarack Obamajoked that he looked forward to seeing the

leaders dressed in "flowered shirts and grass skirts". However, after viewing previous

photos, and concerned that having the leaders dress inaloha shirtsmight give the wrong

impression during a period of economic austerity, Obama decided that it might be time to

end the tradition. Leaders were given a specially designed aloha shirt as a gift but were not

required to wear it for the photo.[45]

Meeting locations[edit source]

The location of the meeting is rotated annually among the members.

Annual meetings of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

DateHost

memberLocation Photo op fashion Photo

We

b

site

1st

Novemb

er 67,

1989

Australia Canberra
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-wnn-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-wnn-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-wnn-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaser_APEC_prankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaser_APEC_prankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_kimono-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_kimono-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_kimono-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_shirthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_shirthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_shirthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_aloha_shirts-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_aloha_shirts-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_aloha_shirts-45http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_aloha_shirts-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_shirthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-no_kimono-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chaser_APEC_prankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-wnn-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi


18/21

2ndJuly 29

31, 1990

Singapor

eSingapore

3rd

Novemb

er 1214,

1991

Korea Seoul Hanbok

4th

Septemb

er 1011,

1992

Thailand Bangkok

5th

Novemb

er 1920,

1993

The

United

States

Seattle Bombardier Jackets

6th

Novemb

er 15,

1994

Indonesia Bogor

BatikShirts

designed byIwan

Tirta[46]

7th

Novemb

er 19,

1995

Japan Osaka No costume

8th

Novemb

er 25,

1996

Philippine

s

ManilaandSu

bicBarong Shirts [47]

9th

Novemb

er 2425,

1997

Canada Vancouver Leather Jackets

[48]

10t

h

November 1718,

1998

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur BatikShirts [49]

11t

h

Septemb

er 1213,

1999

New

ZealandAuckland Sailing Jackets [50]

12t

h

Novemb

er 1516,

2000

Brunei

Darrusala

m

Bandar Seri

BegawanKain Tenunan Shirts [6]

13t

h

October

2021,

2001

People's

Republic

of China

Shanghai Tangzhuang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Tirtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Tirtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Tirtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-jp-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-jp-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-jp-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic,_Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic,_Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic,_Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic,_Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_Jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_Brunei_15-16_November-9.jpghttp://www.apec2000.gov.bn/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangzhuanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangzhuanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-14.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summ

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