German and Italia Unification Revised 2010

8/7/2019 German and Italia Unification Revised 2010

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Nationalism: Italian and German UnificationNationalism: Italian and German Unification

Failure of 48 for liberals and Romantics demonstratedthat strong idealism not enough to accomplishrevolutionary goals

After 1850 age of realism replaced Romanticism as

dominant philosophy

A political representation of realism is the notion ofrealpolitik: accomplishing ones political goals via practical means (asopposed to idealism driving political decisions).

Nationalist goals were achievesd step by step. Who does this soundlike from the past?

Yes, him. Ital. Unificcation, Germ. Unification, Hungarian autonomy

Emergence of realpolitik:



Italian UnificationItalian Unification Story of three menStory of three men

± ± Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini² ²publicist ³The Heart´publicist ³The Heart´

± ± Camillo Cavour Camillo Cavour² ²stateman ³The Head´stateman ³The Head´

± ± Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi² ²soldier ³The Sword´soldier ³The Sword´

Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsidersUntil 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders Austrian Empire and Pope led oppositionAustrian Empire and Pope led opposition

Many different visions of a united ItalyMany different visions of a united Italy

± ± Mazzini: centralized demMazzini: centralized dem--rep based on univ. male suffr. and will of rep based on univ. male suffr. and will of

the peoplethe people± ± Gioberti: Cath priest.Gioberti: Cath priest.² ²federation of existing states under federation of existing states under

presidency of a progressive popepresidency of a progressive pope

± ± SardiniaSardinia--Piedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and PrussiaPiedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and Prussia

Many were apathetic to ideaMany were apathetic to idea







NationalismNationalism

Movement spread by a secret societyMovement spread by a secret society² ²

Carbonari(coalCarbonari(coal--burners)burners)

± ± Influenced by French RevolutionInfluenced by French Revolution± ± Led revolts in 1820 and 1831Led revolts in 1820 and 1831

± ± Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini² ²prophet of Italianprophet of Italian

NationalismNationalism

»» Formed new group calledFormed new group called Young ItalyYoung Italy

» Campaigns for national Italian dialect



Unification comes by military andUnification comes by military and

diplomatic meansdiplomatic means

Primarily under the leadership of the onePrimarily under the leadership of the onestate in Italy under Italian control, thestate in Italy under Italian control, the

Kingdom of Sardinia/PiedmontKingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont



Count Camillo Cavour Count Camillo Cavour

Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Vic E.King Vic E.

Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modernBuild Sardinia/Piedmont into modern

economically sound stateeconomically sound state Clear objectives for SardiniaClear objectives for Sardinia-- Politics of realityPolitics of reality

± ± Northern Italy under Sardinia¶s controlNorthern Italy under Sardinia¶s control

»» Not interested in Southern ItalyNot interested in Southern Italy

Too differentToo different--poor and agrarianpoor and agrarian± ± Establish kingdom as a serious European power Establish kingdom as a serious European power

»» Fights in Crimean war Fights in Crimean war

»» Negotiates French support in war with AustriaNegotiates French support in war with Austria



Creation of a Unified Northern ItalyCreation of a Unified Northern Italy

Prompted by Piedmont¶s victory over Prompted by Piedmont¶s victory over

Austria, several Italian revolt.Austria, several Italian revolt.

Tuscany, Modena, Parma and RomagnaTuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagnarevolt and vote to join Piedmont.revolt and vote to join Piedmont.

By 1869, Italy consists of three region, aBy 1869, Italy consists of three region, a

northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal Statesnorthern Italian Kingdom, the Papal Statesand the Kingdom of Two Siciliesand the Kingdom of Two Sicilies





Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

Leader of a guerilla movementLeader of a guerilla movement

Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)

± ± Venture south into Sicily to bring aboutVenture south into Sicily to bring aboutrevolutionrevolution

± ± Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of

the Two Siciliesthe Two Sicilies

± ± Cavour now invades the south and ³takes´ (or Cavour now invades the south and ³takes´ (or

is it ³unites´?) the prize from Garibaldi.is it ³unites´?) the prize from Garibaldi.



UnificationUnification

By 1861, all of Italy except Rome andBy 1861, all of Italy except Rome and

Venetia are united.Venetia are united.

Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel IILeadership under King Victor Emmanuel IIof Sardiniaof Sardinia

Venetia will be added in 1866Venetia will be added in 1866

Rome seized in 1870.Rome seized in 1870.





Problems after UnificationProblems after Unification

ItalyItaly² ²poor w/ large illiterate populationpoor w/ large illiterate population

Division between church and stateDivision between church and state

Economic divisions between the North andEconomic divisions between the North andSouthSouth

Localism too strong in many areasLocalism too strong in many areas

± ± Development of local strongmenDevelopment of local strongmen± ± Little knowledge of and participation in gov¶tLittle knowledge of and participation in gov¶t



Solutions to problems?Solutions to problems?

Industry and trade were fostered by govtIndustry and trade were fostered by govt² ²

transformismotransformismo

Improved agricultural methods developedImproved agricultural methods developed Gov¶t encouraged emigration to USGov¶t encouraged emigration to US² ²easeease

over over--popn due to high birthratepopn due to high birthrate

High taxes pd to support growing Army andHigh taxes pd to support growing Army andNavyNavy



German UnificationGerman Unification

The last big unification piece of the 19The last big unification piece of the 19thth centurycentury

± ± Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914

± ± Transformed the economic, military and diplomaticTransformed the economic, military and diplomatic

balance of power balance of power

The question of German unification would center The question of German unification would center

around the two dominate German speakingaround the two dominate German speaking

countries of the periodcountries of the period² ²Prussia and AustriaPrussia and Austria

After 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominantAfter 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominant

power.power.



Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck

Comes to dominate Prussian, then German politicsComes to dominate Prussian, then German politicsfrom 1962from 1962--18901890

± ± Prussian Chancellor from 1862Prussian Chancellor from 1862

± ± One of most remarkable leaders of 19One of most remarkable leaders of 19thth centurycentury

± ± Came from Junker class (noble landlord) in East PrussiaCame from Junker class (noble landlord) in East Prussia

± ± Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or nationalism. Practical, pragmatic. By any meansnationalism. Practical, pragmatic. By any meansnecessarynecessary

± ± Conservative, but willing to work with middle classConservative, but willing to work with middle classliberalsliberals

± ± Iron and Blood speech(1862)Iron and Blood speech(1862)² ²willing to use force towilling to use force tounify Germany, strengthen Prussiaunify Germany, strengthen Prussia





Early Steps to UnificationEarly Steps to Unification

Existing PiecesExisting Pieces

± ± ZollvereinZollverein² ²customs unioncustoms union

»» Maintained economic linksMaintained economic links

»» Excluded AustriaExcluded Austria

± ± Frankfurt AssemblyFrankfurt Assembly² ²Assembly of all German states toAssembly of all German states to

exchange ideasexchange ideas

Bismarck needed to establish dominance in theBismarck needed to establish dominance in the

Prussian governmentPrussian government

± ± Weaken power of liberalsWeaken power of liberals

± ± Issue of taxation for expanded armyIssue of taxation for expanded army



Wars of UnificationWars of Unification

War with Denmark(1864)War with Denmark(1864)

± ± Dispute over SchleswigDispute over Schleswig--HolsteinHolstein

± ± Supported by AustriaSupported by Austria± ± Joint occupationJoint occupation

War with Austria(1866)War with Austria(1866)

± ± Seven Weeks¶ War (AustroSeven Weeks¶ War (Austro--Prussian War)Prussian War)

± ± Quickly defeated Austria and German alliesQuickly defeated Austria and German allies

± ± Austria forced to give up role within GermanyAustria forced to give up role within Germany





North German ConfederationNorth German Confederation

Formation of the North German ConfederationFormation of the North German Confederation

± ± Prussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and FrankfurtPrussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt

± ± Sets up basis of political structuresSets up basis of political structures

»» Appearance of liberalism but in reality a militaryAppearance of liberalism but in reality a military

monarchymonarchy

»» 2 House Legislature2 House Legislature---- Bundesrat and ReichstagBundesrat and Reichstag

Little real power Little real power

± ± Liberalism defeated by dream of unificationLiberalism defeated by dream of unification



FrancoFranco--Prussian War Prussian War

In many ways can be viewed as the firstIn many ways can be viewed as the first

shots of World War I.shots of World War I.

Napoleon III realizes after PrussianNapoleon III realizes after Prussianvictories in Denmark and Austria that hevictories in Denmark and Austria that he

must prevent German unification.must prevent German unification.

Bismarck¶s goal was to completeBismarck¶s goal was to complete

unification by bringing into union theunification by bringing into union the

Catholic South German states.Catholic South German states.



Ems TelegramEms Telegram

Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for war war

Question of member of German Royal FamilyQuestion of member of German Royal Familyassuming Spanish throneassuming Spanish throne± ± France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement)France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement)

± ± Pressures Wilhelm I to refusePressures Wilhelm I to refuse

± ± Pushes issue too far Pushes issue too far

± ± Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser ± ±makes it appear makes it appear

as a German insult to Franceas a German insult to France Popular press forces France to declare war onPopular press forces France to declare war on

PrussiaPrussia² ²matter of honor matter of honor



War War

France is illFrance is ill--prepared for conflictprepared for conflict

± ± Technologically backward compared to PrussiaTechnologically backward compared to Prussia

War was over in 6 monthsWar was over in 6 months

The states of Southern Germany joined theThe states of Southern Germany joined the

Northern German Confederation against France.Northern German Confederation against France.

Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the FrenchPrussians strike a devastating defeat on the French

at Sedanat Sedan± ± Captured 100,000 French troopsCaptured 100,000 French troops

± ± Take Napoleon III prisoner Take Napoleon III prisoner



Peace TermsPeace Terms

France forced to pay a humiliating price for France forced to pay a humiliating price for

defeatdefeat

± ± 5 billion franc reparations5 billion franc reparations± ± Alsace and Lorraine turned over to GermanyAlsace and Lorraine turned over to Germany

»» Important industrial region of FranceImportant industrial region of France

± ± Northern France occupied for three yearsNorthern France occupied for three years

Plants the seeds for future year Plants the seeds for future year

± ± French will vow revenge for embarrassmentFrench will vow revenge for embarrassment



Creation of a German EmpireCreation of a German Empire

Bismarck and William I proclaim a GermanBismarck and William I proclaim a GermanEmpire at Versailles.Empire at Versailles.

»» Another insult to FranceAnother insult to France

± ± German Princes remained heads of their respectiveGerman Princes remained heads of their respectivestates within the Empire.states within the Empire.

Culmination of Bismarck¶s activitiesCulmination of Bismarck¶s activities

± ± Consolidated German Empire: uniform currency andConsolidated German Empire: uniform currency andlegal codelegal code

± ± Suppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrictSuppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrictchurch , esp. in ed and clergychurch , esp. in ed and clergy





ImpactImpact

Fact and manner of German unification produced long termFact and manner of German unification produced long termeffects on Europeeffects on Europe

± ± New German Empire far stronger than Prussia aloneNew German Empire far stronger than Prussia alone

»» Militarily, economically it is strongest nation inMilitarily, economically it is strongest nation in

EuropeEurope± ± Blow to European liberalismBlow to European liberalism

»» New state is a conservative monarchyNew state is a conservative monarchy

± ± Major impact on Balance of Power Major impact on Balance of Power

»» France and Austria weakenedFrance and Austria weakened»» Simmering French hatredSimmering French hatred

± ± Germany will now become a defender of the status quoGermany will now become a defender of the status quo



Other Actions of Bismarck Other Actions of Bismarck

Tried to suppress the socialists:Tried to suppress the socialists:

± ± Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented lowSocialists appealed to urban workers who resented low

pay and bad working conditions.pay and bad working conditions.

± ± Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ antiBismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ anti--socialist laws, but failed.socialist laws, but failed.

± ± By the 1880¶s, Bismarck began to undermine them byBy the 1880¶s, Bismarck began to undermine them by

supporting social legislation to gain the support of thesupporting social legislation to gain the support of the

workers.workers.

± ± These programs incl. unemployment insurance &These programs incl. unemployment insurance &

workers¶ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retiredworkers¶ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retired

Germans.Germans.



GermanyGermany

1888: William II (defender of divine right)1888: William II (defender of divine right)

became king and Bismarck remained thebecame king and Bismarck remained the

chancellor, until he was dismissed bychancellor, until he was dismissed by

William.William.

William II did the following:William II did the following:

± ± Built up a strong army & navyBuilt up a strong army & navy

± ± Encouraged industry & commerceEncouraged industry & commerce

± ± Encouraged imperialism and annexationEncouraged imperialism and annexation



AustriaAustria--HungaryHungary Emperor FrancisEmperor Francis--Joseph tried to solve problems, theyJoseph tried to solve problems, they

were too great for one ruler were too great for one ruler

Problems faced by the empire included:Problems faced by the empire included:

± ± The great number of national minorities which were livingThe great number of national minorities which were livingin the empirein the empire

± ± Over Over--extension of the empire into areas, such as Italyextension of the empire into areas, such as Italy

± ± Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.

± ± Absolutist, dynastic and agrarianAbsolutist, dynastic and agrarian liberal, nationalistic andliberal, nationalistic andindustrialindustrial



Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy

Revolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire betweenRevolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire between1861 & 1867.1861 & 1867.

Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. inDefeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. in

influence and powerinfluence and power

1867: Ausgleich:1867: Ausgleich:

»» Austria and Hungary under one monarchAustria and Hungary under one monarch----Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy(Austro(Austro--Hungarian empire)Hungarian empire)

»» Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over itsHungary given control of its own affairs and control over its

own minorities,own minorities, make its own lawsmake its own laws

»» the Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities inthe Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities inregionregiondoes not give autonomy to other minoritiesdoes not give autonomy to other minorities\\

»» Hungarians recog¶d the emperor and accepted common policiesHungarians recog¶d the emperor and accepted common policies

for finances & foreign policy.for finances & foreign policy.

Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914



Documents

German and Italia Unification Revised 2010