Geothermal Energy Global Management Plan FULL REPORT

Sustainable Development of a Global Resource

Rashini Perera

Geothermal Energy

Environmental Management Plan

Covering Letter

This report was prepared in response to international government bodies organisations and individuals requiring methods for sustainably developing and using geothermal energy

lsquoSustainable Development of A Global Resource Geothermal Energy ndash Environmental Management Planrsquo contains information about the sustainability of geothermal energy and the general publicrsquos opinions on the use of this renewable source The existing environmental issues attributed to this source as well as existing environmental management plans and their shortcomings are also highlighted

There is also an in depth environmental management plan developed to avoid any inconveniences or detriments prior during and after the use of this geothermal energy This plan will be implemented worldwide from 2020 to 2030 and will cycle from decade to decade to ensure that all machinery and plants are running as planned

The information in this report has been developed and collated from environmental organisations government resources expertsrsquo opinions and will also build on previous environmental management plans

Contents

1 Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip4

11 Background Informationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip4

12 Sustainability of Geothermal Energyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip5

13 Survey Findingshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip6

2 Major Environmental Issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7

21 Predicted Negative Impacts and Significancehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip7

22 Solutions to Negative Impactshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8

3 Current Environmental Management Planshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

31 Brief Outlines of Current Environmental Management Plans (EMPs)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

311 PNOC Energy EMPhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

312 Contact EMPhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11

32 Shortcomings of Current EMPshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11

4 Proposed Environmental Management Planhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12

41 In depth Investigationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13

441 Phase 1 (Preconstruction)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13

442 Phase 2 (Construction)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14

443 Phase 3 (Post Construction)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip16

42 Economic social and legal issueshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip17

43 Sustainability of the Environmental Management Planhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18

5 Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip18

6 Annotated Visual Display (submitted with report in separate A3 paper)

7 Bibliographyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip19

8 Appendiceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip22

1 Introduction

11 Background Information Geothermal Energy is not a new concept since people have been using it for centuries For example the Romans Chinese and Native Americans used hot mineral spring sites for bathing cooking and heating Water from hot springs is now used world-wide in spas for heating buildings and for agricultural and industrial uses New technology means that it can be harnessed on a larger scale with broader benefits for people everywhere

Source 1 demonstrates the three different ways in which geothermal energy can be harnessed This report will focus on obtaining geothermal energy through Hot Rocks and Hot Sedimentary Aquifer because they are widely available and do not require the presence of geological formations such as active volcanoes which are rare in some places of the world

This proposed environmental management plan was developed in response to international government bodies of first world developed countries wanting a sustainable solution for harnessing and using geothermal energy This plan has the scope of encouraging countries to utilise this source and providing them with an environmentally sustainable solution that will have a lifespan of a decade to even a score People consume an incredible amount of energy Using fossil fuels remains the primary way electricity is generated but it is also one of the leading contributors to greenhouse gases Finding reliable and renewable sources of energy is the key to a sustainable future Geothermal energy is in fact reliable and renewable Geothermal energy can simply be explained by its name which derives from the Greek words geo meaning Earth and therme meaning heat The heat is directly below the Earths surface making it a universal resource that anyone can access with the right resources The most active geothermal spots are found near fault lines and volcanoes but also occur where there are hot springs geysers and geothermal reservoirs It can be harnessed cleanly and efficiently without having negative repercussions on the environment

Source 1 Methods of Accessing Geothermal Energy

Source AGEA

12 Sustainability of Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy has the potential to generate and deliver sustainable supplies of clean renewable base load power Depending on the nature of the resource and the reservoir individual production wells have the potential to generate consistent supplies of base load power for decades (Green Rock Energy Benefits of Geothermal Energy)

Geothermal energy is one of the only sources of energy that can produce power for homes and industries with zero greenhouse gas emissions It presents a potentially sustainable and commercial solution to problems such as pollution rising prices and long term supply problems associated with fossil fuels

Geothermal energy is sustainable because of the manner in which it is harnessed The Earthrsquos natural heat is recovered by pumping hot water trapped underground to the surface or by pumping water below the earthrsquos surface and back again to collect the heat and return very hot water Heat is essentially energy and this energy can be converted into electricity a renewable form of energy or used directly for a range of commercial uses such a producing heating and cooling

Due to the sustainability of geothermal energy it is used in over 70 countries from direct use applications for space heating sea water desalination water purification air-conditioning buildings and other heat and drying applications green houses and agriculture

Australia is one of the many countries that is testing and harnessing this sustainable source of energy No pollution is emitted and as shown in Source 2 average plants and wells do not cover an extensive area of land

Source 2 Photograph of Australiarsquos first commissioned enhanced geothermal plant in South Australia

Source Enviroinfo

13 Survey Findings

In the survey lsquosee appendix 1rsquo when asked what sources of energy people use forin their households vehicles school and work as shown in Figure 1 it was evident that no one out of 10 people used geothermal energy Other energy sources such as coal produced electricity petroleum and natural gas were more common as well as other sources of energy such as solar energy and wind produced energy Most of the survey participants admitted that they were not entirely sure of what geothermal energy was and how it could be harnessed to produce power However they were willing to use it after discovering that it was renewable and sustainable power source

All of the survey participants believed that using geothermal energy was a lsquogood idearsquo and were willing to use it for their general electricity production heating and cooling However when asked if the government should force people to use this source over 50 of the participants lsquostrongly disagreedrsquo with this notion due to the extravagant installation cost A further 30 of participants believe that geothermal energy needs to be further developed Nevertheless 100 of survey participants were willing to recommend this energy source to other people

According to one of the survey participants Brad Battin Parliamentary Secretary for the Environment geothermal energy ldquowill be a way of the futurerdquo but Mr Battin also believes that more research has to be done to reduce the costs Similarly to most of the other survey participants Mr Battin believes that it is important that energy sources are both renewable and cost effective

The main environmental hazards and detriments the survey participants saw were Clearing land for wells Destruction to flora and fauna Earthquakes from drilling

This report will strive to eradicate these and many other hazards so that geothermal energy can be sustainably developed on a global scale

Use of Energy Sources

Amount of People whouse it

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

2 Major Environmental Issues

21 Predicted Impacts on the Environment and their Significance As highlighted previously there are many hazards that can result from the use of geothermal energy Some of the major impacts from accessing geothermal energy will be discussed in detail below

Depletion of Resources The process of accessing geothermal fluids from beneath the surface removes heat from natural reservoirs at 10 times their natural rate of replenishment This has negative repercussions on lands forms as well as its inhabitants Damage to Natural Geothermal features Natural features such as hot springs mud pools sinter terraces geysers steam vents and steaming ground can be easily damaged by geothermal development to an extent where they cannot be repaired Source 3 is an image of a geyser at Yellowstone National Park which is under threat from future geothermal energy harnessing plans in the site As the supply of steaming water from below is depleted the ground can become to sag and hot springs and geysers start to decline and even die

There are many setbacks and detriments associated with the external and internal processes of harnessing geothermal energy Some of the basic external hazards include clearing land and causing harm to flora and fauna as well as natural habitats

Internal hazards include microseismical movement that can result from deep drilling internal gases escaping from deep within the Earth and pumping too much cold water into the Earth can cool down the hot rocks too much

Source 3 Geyser at Yellowstone National Park US

Source Grand Canyon

Subsidence and Uplift Extracting geothermal fluids can also reduce the pressure in underground reservoirs and cause the land to sink This can destroy natural habitats and alter natural surface drainage patterns Source 4 illustrates the subsidence at Wairākei geothermal field in New Zealand where the land subsides at a rate of 05 metres per year Polluting Waterways Geothermal fluids contain high levels of arsenic mercury lithium and boron because of the underground contact between hot fluids and rocks If waste is released into rivers or lakes instead of being injected into the geothermal field these pollutants can damage aquatic life and make the water unsafe for drinking or irrigation 22 Solutions to Negative Impacts Although the impacts listed above are detrimental and have serious repercussions on the natural environment there are many ways in which these issues can be solved Depletion of Resources Due to progressing technology the depletion of heat resources from beneath the Earth is only a minor issue that can be solved by simply injecting waste fluids (ie water) back into the geothermal system This enables the system to run according to its natural cycle Damage to Natural Geothermal features Precious and natural geothermal features can be saved from damage and destruction if the amount of steam and water being taken out from the Earth is monitored carefully and similarly to the solution of resource depletion waste fluids can be injected back into the areas where heat has been taken out of generally under geothermal formations

Source 4

Contour Map of Subsidence at Geothermal Field New Zealand

Source Te Ara

Subsidence and Uplift Surface deformation measurements can be used as input to geo-mechanical models allowing engineers to identify areas of subsidence and uplift that can assist in determining appropriate injectionextraction policies in order to repair the areas of land Such data allows scientists and engineers to observe spatial change over time Source 5 is an example of subsidence data that enables engineers and scientists to recognise vulnerable areas of land Polluting Waterways Geothermal engineers should take extra care in the way in which they monitor geothermal waste disposal Geothermal waste should be deposited into waste fields and in return back into the geothermal system By doing this both the external and internal environments are kept stable

Source 5 Deformation data from a geothermal field

Source Tre - Sensing the Planet

3 Current Environmental Management Plans

31 Brief Outlines of Current Environmental Management Plans This section will outline two EMPs by PNOC Energy and Contact Energy respectively 311 Proposed Development and Environmental Management Plan for the Geothermal Energy Development PNOC Energy October 2007 lsquosee appendix 2rsquo

This report is by PNOC - Philippine National Oil Company - and is quite a detailed investigation that elaborates on how geothermal energy can be sustainably harnessed without causing harm to the environment and having the least amount of negative repercussions on the environment This report focusses on management prior to and after construction not during construction

The key aspects this report focusses on are outlined below

Ecological Enhancement rarr Protecting plants and animals (flora and fauna)

Watershed management rarr Ensuring that developing geothermal energy plants and drilling wells does not

interfere with watershed systems Environmental Monitoring

rarr Regular monitoring should be undertaken to stabilise water and air quality of landmasses on geothermal plant sites

Monitoring and Evaluation (Special undertaking) rarr Broader monitoring and evaluation activities are implemented in order to

assess the long term ecological implication of geothermal operation within particular ecosystems

There are many environmental management plans that have been developed in order to sustainably produce and use geothermal energy Some are local plans while there are others that are long term and can be applied on a global scale This section of the report will outline some of these current plans and will highlight their shortcomings

312 Tauhara II Geothermal Development Project Contact February 2010 lsquosee appendix 3rsquo

This environmental management plan was developed by Contact Energy which is a leader in New Zealandrsquos energy sector The scope of this plan is to implement the use of geothermal energy in the Tauhara region in New Zealand with minimal consequences on the Earth during the construction process

An outline of its main environmental controls this EMP focusses on is Erosion and sediment control

rarr Ensuring that vegetation removal earthworks access track and road construction and trenching cause no or minimal discharge of sediment

Noise management rarr Minimising noise effects from construction activities including drilling and

other earthworks Dust control

rarr Constantly monitoring weather conditions during construction in order to reduce the build-up of dust

Hazardous substance control rarr Ensuring that no hazardous substances are leaked from beneath the Earth

during construction processes and having Emergency Response and Spill Management procedures in the case of an accident

Archaeology rarr Identifying any historically or environmentally significant archaeological sites

and ensuring that they are an acceptable distance away from construction

32 Shortcomings of Current Environmental Management Plans

Both these plans contain an adequate amount of information on how to develop geothermal energy However the PNOC EMP doesnrsquot include management during construction and the Contact EMP only contains information about the management during the construction process An EMP with sufficient information should focus on all aspects of all the processes that need to be undertaken

This includes pre planning and testing selected sites taking into consideration the amount of damage that will be done to the landscape and environment minimising negative effects and monitoring sites and effectiveness of project even after construction This means that there should be ongoing monitoring and maintaining prior to the construction processes and during and after the construction processes

4 Proposed Environmental Management Plan

41 In depth Investigation This environmental management plan strives to cover and take into account all the major environmental issues covered in section 2 Other general environmental issues such as preventing damage to flora and fauna will also be discussed in detail This EMP will take a chronological approach to sustainably developing geothermal energy This means that the EMP will be divided into three phases Phase 1 Preconstruction Phase 2 Construction Phase 3 Post-construction This particular report will focus on the Rotorua region in New Zealand which is depicted in source 6 This location was chosen based on its high geothermal activity and its natural importance It is considered as one of New Zealandrsquos national treasures so it is crucial that there is an effective environmental management plan to protect the site Although the focus is on northern New Zealand the plan can definitely be applied to the rest of the world on a larger scale Therefore this management plan can be interpreted as a global management plan that all governments not just New Zealand can put into action

This Environmental Management Plan has been developed to sustainably produce and use geothermal energy on a global scale In order for this EMP to work effectively it is crucial that all aspects are covered in great detail and with great accuracy It is also expected that all nations involved will be active participants and will comply with the EMP for geothermal energy throughout its dates of establishment from 2020 to 2030 and after these dates as well

Source 6 Map of Rotorua New Zealand

Source Google Maps

411 Phase 1 Preconstruction

Selecting Suitable SiteLocation Ecological Issues FloraFauna In order for the geothermal energy plant to be constructed a suitable area of land should be chosen This means that the location of the plant cannot be an area where flora or fauna are present or an area that creatures use as a natural habitat For example the whio or blue duck shown in source 7 lives in Lake Rotorua In order for the plant to cause minimal damage to the environment the area chosen should not interfere with any ecological systems HeritageNatural Geothermal Features Some geothermal regions contain natural and heritage sites that should be protected and conserved For example the Rotorua region in New Zealand is a national treasure that attracts many tourists because of its natural importance and significance In order to protect the sites and simultaneously pump thermal heat and steam it is crucial that the geothermal plant is at a reasonable distance from the heritage sites or natural geothermal features by at least 100 metres or at a safe distance that will not cause any harm to the features or region Landscape Issues Pumping heat and steam in and out of the Earth can also cause subsidence which is when the land sinks due to a release in pressure from beneath In order to prevent this it is necessary that the underground areas are monitored and surveyed in order to determine if the land is ideal for a geothermal plant Seismic Issues Drilling wells for creating paths to pump water and steam in and out of the Earth can also result in seismic activity This means that it is necessary for the location of the plant to not be prone to earthquakes and similar activity For example Japan is a country that lies on a major fault line and is prone to myriads of Earthquakes annually Although Japan does harness geothermal energy it is unwise to do so However Rotorua is reasonably safe from seismic activity As shown in source 8 it does not run directly over any fault lines It is ideal that the area of land that is used has no significance so the above issues can be eliminated For example a barren area of land would be ideal

Source 7 WhioBlue Duck in Lake Rotorua

Source Biodiversity NZ

Source 8 Fault lines Under NZ

Source ORC NZ

412 Phase 2 Construction

Minimal Damage to Environment During Construction

Type of Plant After the pre-construction process the type of power plant should be decided The power plant can be built on an isolated area of land that is unused and barren This is ideal because it does not interfere with other natural processes The power plants can also be built in the midst of vegetation as shown in source 9 or integrated into the surrounding environment as shown in source 10 Source 9 is an example of a geothermal plant that is situated in northern-central New Zealand in close proximity to Rotorua This power plant has cleared a large area of natural habitat On the contrary source 10 is an example of a geothermal plant that is integrated into the forest and co-exists with the natural environment without causing harm to the environment This particular geothermal plant is called BacMan and is in the Philippines It is a perfect example where the environment and technology can co-exist in harmony Access Road Construction During the construction process careful consideration should be taken into the way in which roads and wells are constructed In Rotorua an access road of approximately 5 kilometres will be constructed from the Thermal Explorer Highway towards Ngongotaha which is a suitable location for a geothermal plant in the Rotorua region as depicted in source 11 The road will be quite narrow approximately 10 metres wide therefore only about 5 hectares of land needs to be cleared Suitable drainage will also be place on the sides of the roads in order to prevent erosion and land slips on the sides of the roads Rain water washed off the sides of the roads will travel through the drainage systems and flow into Lake Rotorua provided that it is clean and unpolluted

Source 9 Example of a geothermal power plant in

Northern New Zealand that has Cleared a Large area of Land

Source New Zealand Trade and Enterprise

Source 10 BacMan Geothermal Plant

Source Energy Sustainability

Source 11 Proposed Access Road from Thermal Explorer Highway to Inner Ngongotaha

Access Road

Source Google Maps

Drilling After the construction of the access roads the drilling rig and its components are set up in order to construct the wells It will take approximately 3 months to drill one 2-3 kilometre deep well Direct drilling into the Earth prevents surface damage and erosion on the surface This means that natural areas of land will not be interfered with Noise Related Issues Constructing wells access roads and other buildings can be quite a noisy process It is very important that too much noise is not emitted from the construction processes Noise can arise from heavy Earth moving machinery well testing cooling tower complexes gas ejectors and the main powerhouse In order to mitigate noise construction should be timetabled so too much noise is not created at the same time This is beneficial for wildlife living close-by and people involved in construction as well Well Testing After the drilling and construction of wells a ldquocompletion testrdquo should be conducted This is done immediately after the well drilling is completed The wellrsquos initial temperatures permeable zones and permanence are measured and evaluated in the test This test usually lasts for about 1-2 days and tests the effectiveness of the wells Source 12 demonstrates the process of testing wells

Source 12 Well Testing Process

Source Layman Energy

413 Phase 3 Post Construction

Evaluating Effectiveness of Plan and Introducing Management and Monitoring Tools It is important that plant life and animals are replaced after the construction process Since this management plan has quite a long lifespan of about a decade it is also necessary to monitor the effectiveness of the plant and to ensure that no harm is done to the environment Replanting and Reintroducing Major areas of land may be logged for the construction process depending on the area of land that is chosen This means that it is necessary to replant trees and other vegetation that was once prevalent in the region Similarly many animals and native creatures may have also dispersed from the area due to the destruction of their habitats and other factors such as noise pollution These animals should be rounded back to their original habitats in the area This way they can co-exist with the geothermal plant Erosion and Run-Off Prevention It is also important to replant plants and vegetation in order to prevent land erosion and run-offs No new types of plants should be introduced Replanting in the cleared land will ensure that there is no siltation of lakes or water channels Siltation can be quite harmful for creatures that live in water channels as shown in source 13 Seismic Monitoring There should be continuous seismic monitoring of the region in order to determine if the process of pumping water and steam in and out of the Earth has any internal effects Management and Monitoring The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the United Nations should monitor the geothermal activity of all nations to ensure that governments do not abuse this management plan and to make sure they implement all the strategies Another organisation that has the full responsibility to prevent environmental crimes is the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) If all these organisations carefully monitor the management of particular nations it is highly unlikely that governments will abuse this environmental management plan

Source 13 Example of Siltation

Source Gills Creek Watershed

42 Economic Social and Legal Issues Economic The major issue in relation to establishing geothermal power plants is its extravagant cost Smaller household geothermal pumping systems only cost between $5000 and $60 000 However larger scaled geothermal energy plants that supply energy for large numbers of homes can cost up to $50 million This makes it difficult for governments to construct and install numerous geothermal energy plants

Social Most of the residents in areas with geothermal plants know that natural heat can be used in a number of ways Most residents also know that geothermal development may bring about important benefits in the project area whereas others are concerned with the impact that large projects may cause on environment and economy of the area Therefore there are varied public opinions and social issues

Positive Attitudes In each area the different positions depend on several local factors including socio-economic conditions cultural background and individual or group interests Most people favour the implementation of a geothermal plant in their area because of the long term benefits and the environmental sustainability Negative Attitudes However attitude towards geothermal development usually changes with time as the project reaches the drilling stage This is justified because undesirable effects may result from these activities on

rarr ecosystem (air land flora fauna and superficial and underground water) rarr human health (from water pollution noise and gas emission) rarr economy (detrimental impact on some production activities and tourism and

damages to crops and private properties) rarr people are also against landscape modifications and alteration to natural features of

cultural or religious interest

Legal Issues There are many legal issues and processes involved with the development of geothermal energy Some of the major legal issues are listed below

rarr Leasing siting and permitting geothermal energy projects Preplanning and discussions are necessary between international bodies government bodies and energy companiesorganisations

rarr Groundwater and related features of state regulation No geothermal waste can be released into the external environment

rarr Power purchase agreements and environmental attributes Public interest must be won and energy companies must be in agreement with governments

rarr Project finance for geothermal power projects Governments must be willing to spend large sums of money for developing geothermal energy

43 Sustainability of Global Management Plan This is a unique environmental management plan that covers all aspects of the geothermal harnessing process It is ideal to cover all three stages of development which include preconstruction construction and post-construction processes The plan is sustainable in the sense that it minimises the general harm done to the environment and suggests long term commitments Although this report is mainly focussed on Rotorua it can be generalised and applied to any location that has the potential to harness this source It is definitely not 100 sustainable but it is a beneficial plan that should be followed by government bodies that chose to harness geothermal energy

5 Conclusion

Abundant geothermal resources can provide an environmentally friendly source of energy Data compiled from a variety of sources point to geothermal energy as an environmental option for new power generation that is far better than other energy sources such as fossil fuels The Department of Energy along with several scientific laboratories conducts research on a regular basis to improve the already minimal environmental impacts of geothermal energy and to decrease the associated costs Along with this research and the use of this Proposed Environmental Management Plan geothermal energy can be a great global success With continued technological development geothermal resources can be expanded from first world countries to less fortunate third world countries and the present environmental geothermal impacts can be further reduced Geothermal energy can provide the clean reliable and renewable energy resource for our world

7 Bibliography ABC Science 2013 What is Geothermal Energy viewed 25 April 2013 lthttpwwwabcnetausciencearticles200810022380462htmgt AGEA Australian Geothermal Energy Association 2013 About Geothermal Energy viewed 20 April 2013 lthttpwwwageaorgaugeothermal-energyabout-geothermal-energygt Australian Government Geoscience Australia 2012 Geothermal Energy Project viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwwgagovauenergyprojectsgeothermal-energyhtmlgt Australian Government Geoscience Australia 2012 Geothermal Energy Resources viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwwgagovauenergygeothermal-energy-resourceshtmlgt

Biodiversity 2013 Saving New Zealands Whio viewed 12 May 2013 lthttpwwwbiodiversitygovtnzlandnzbsconservationlandspeciesduckhtmlgt CSIRO 2012 Geothermal Energy Clean and Sustainable Energy for the future viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwwcsiroauenOrganisation-StructureDivisionsEarth-Science--Resource-EngineeringGeothermalaspxgt Discover the Trip 2011 Introducing Rotorua viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwdiscoverthetripcomcityrotoruahtmlgt ECOS Environmental Council of Sacramento 2009 What I Learned at the Geysers viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwecosacramentonete=72gt Energy Sustainability 2012 Green Power Business viewed 14 May 2013 lthttpwwwenergycomphour-social-sustainabilityindexphpid=5prettyPhoto[project1]3gt Enviroinfo 2013 Australias First Enhanced Geothermal Plant Commissioned viewed 20 April 2013 lthttpwwwenviroinfocomauaustralias-first-enhanced-geothermal-plant-commissionedUZnTf7XviSqgt European Federation of Geologists 2011 Geothermal Energy in Europe PDF viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwweurogeologistsdeimagescontent3rdIPGCGeothermal_Energy_in_Europepdf gt

European Federation of Geologists 2013 Panel of Experts on Geothermal Energy viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwweurogeologistseuindexphppage=201 gt

Geothermal Energy UAF 2010 What Is Geothermal Energy viewed 27 March 2013 lthttpffden-2physuafedu212_fall2009webNathan_Burkedircontentpage1htmlgt Gills Creek Watershed 2010 Cary Lake Silation viewed 14 May 2013 lthttpwwwgillscreekwatershedorggcwagalleryvcarylake2012CaryLakeFeb2012bCropjpghtmlgt Google Maps 2013 Rotorua viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpmapsgooglecomaumapsbiw=1366ampbih=681ampbav=on2orr_qfampq=rotorua+mapampum=1ampie=UTF-8amphq=amphnear=0x6d6e983d82f6b22b0x500ef6143a39931Rotorua+New+Zealandampgl=auampsa=Xampei=O6ClUaDxJO-WiQfQ04HQAQampved=0CDYQ8gEwAAgt Grand Canyon 2013 Yellowstone Image viewed 3 May 2013 lthttpgrandcanyonfreefrimagesparc2originalMidway20Geyser20Grand20Prismatic20Yellowstone20National20Park20Wyominghtmlgt GreenRock Energy 2009 Benefits of Geothermal Energy viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwgreenrockcomaugeothermalSustainabilityphpgt IEA Geothermal Implementing Agreement 2012 Mission viewed 12 April 2013 lthttpiea-giaorggt INK 2008 Sumikawa Geothermal Power Plant viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwinkorjp~hgcenglishbrochurehtmlgt Journalisme 2013 Icelandic Energy viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwjournalisme-scientifiquecomGeothermal-Energy-ICELANDhtmlgt Laboratory of Engineering and Environmental Geology 2010 Sustainable development of geothermal energy in the urban environment (CCES0020`GEOTHERM Module 5) viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpgeolepepflchpage-30831-enhstml gt

Latent Semantic Analysis Colorado Education 2010 Geothermal Energy viewed 28 March 2013 lthttplsacoloradoeduessencetextsgeothermalhtmlgt

Layman Energy Associates 2013 Vertical Steam Discharge viewed 12 May 2013 lthttpwwwlaymanenergycomclientshtmlgt NASA Tectonic Plates 2013 World Map viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpdenaligsfcnasagovdtamdataftpgtampdfgt New Zealand Trade and Enterprise 2013 Cheal Consultants viewed 12 May 2013 lthttpwwwnztegovtnzeninvestsectors-of-opportunityclean-technologyprofiles-of-our-geothermal-companiescheal-consultantsgt

ORC NZ Otago Regional Council 2013 Great Alpine Fault Earthquakes Talks viewed 12 May 2013 lthttpwwworcgovtnzInformation-and-ServicesNatural-HazardsGreat-Alpine-Fault-Earthquakegt Oxford University Museum of Natural History The Learning Zone 2006 Minerals We Use to Build a House viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwwoumoxacukthezonemineralsusagebuildhtmgt Shomo News 2013 Olkaira Community Demand Written MoU From KenGen Before Relocation viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpwwwshomonewscomolkaria-community-demand-written-mou-from-kengen-before-relocationgt Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealnad 2013 Geothermal Energy viewed 3 May 2013 lthttpwwwtearagovtnzenmap5438subsidence-around-wairakei-geothermal-fieldgt Think Geoenergy 2013 World Map viewed 28 May 2013 lthttpmapthinkgeoenergycomgt Tre-Sensing the Planet 2013 Geothermal viewed 3 May 2013 lthttptreuropacomenergygeothermalgt Tutor Vista 2010 Energy from Earthrsquos Interior viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpwwwtutorvistacomcontentsciencescience-iisources-energygeothermal-energyphpgt

United Nations University Our World 20 2010 Making a Difference in Geothermal Energy viewed 26 March 2013 lthttpourworldunueduenmaking-a-difference-through-geothermal-energygt

YouTube 2013 Geothermal Energy (Video Published 25 November 2012) viewed 27 March 2013 lthttpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=yrYEgJhLVNQgt

8 Appendices Appendix 1

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

PNOC Energy Management Plan

Appendix 3

Tauhara II Development Plan

Extracting geothermal fluids can also reduce the pressure in underground reservoirs and cause the land to sink This can destroy natural habitats and alter natural surface drainage patterns Source 4 illustrates the subsidence at Wairākei geothermal f

Laboratory of Engineering and Environmental Geology 2010 Sustainable development of geothermal energy in the urban environment (CCES0020`GEOTHERM Module 5) viewed 26 March 2013

Covering Letter

This report was prepared in response to international government bodies organisations and individuals requiring methods for sustainably developing and using geothermal energy

lsquoSustainable Development of A Global Resource Geothermal Energy ndash Environmental Management Planrsquo contains information about the sustainability of geothermal energy and the general publicrsquos opinions on the use of this renewable source The existing environmental issues attributed to this source as well as existing environmental management plans and their shortcomings are also highlighted

There is also an in depth environmental management plan developed to avoid any inconveniences or detriments prior during and after the use of this geothermal energy This plan will be implemented worldwide from 2020 to 2030 and will cycle from decade to decade to ensure that all machinery and plants are running as planned

The information in this report has been developed and collated from environmental organisations government resources expertsrsquo opinions and will also build on previous environmental management plans

Contents

1 Introduction

Source AGEA

Source Enviroinfo

13 Survey Findings

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Contents

1 Introduction

Source AGEA

Source Enviroinfo

13 Survey Findings

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

1 Introduction

Source AGEA

Source Enviroinfo

13 Survey Findings

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Enviroinfo

13 Survey Findings

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

13 Survey Findings

Data Pool 10

Figure 1

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Grand Canyon

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source 4

Source Te Ara

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source Google Maps

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Source ORC NZ

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Access Road

Source Google Maps

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

5 Conclusion

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Geothermal Survey

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Documents

Geothermal Energy Global Management Plan FULL REPORT