Geospatial Modelling Of Groundwater Chemistry ... · Geospatial Modelling Of Groundwater Chemistry, Tiruchirappalli Dist , Tamilnadu 1 M. Mullaivasanthan ,2 Dr. S. Thangamani 3 Dr

Geospatial Modelling Of Groundwater Chemistry,

Tiruchirappalli Dist, Tamilnadu

1M. Mullaivasanthan,

2Dr. S. Thangamani,

3Dr. P. Karthikeyan

1Final Year Student,Department of Agriculture Engineering, ,Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,

(Autonomous),Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu,India

2Assistant. Professor, (Sr.Grade) Department of Agriculture Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of

Technology, (Autonomous), Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu,India

3Assistant. Professor. (Sr.Grade) Department of Agriculture Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of

Technology, (Autonomous),Sathyamangalam, Erode-638401, Tamil Nadu,India

2Corresponding author [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract:

The present study was carried out to evaluate and Hydro-Chemical characteristics of

Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu. GIS and RS have been applied to visualize the spatial distribution

of groundwater quality in the study area. Totally twenty-seven groundwater samples were

collected and analyzed for various hydro-chemical parameters in the year 2008. Groundwater

chemistry data set aggregated from the monitoring wells maintained by the State Ground and

Surface Water Resource, Tamil Nadu State used for this study. In this analysis the spatial

variations of water quality (Hydro-Chemical) parameters such as TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, So4,

EC, pH, HAR, SAR have been addressed. In this work, the geospatial analysis is carried out

by using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and First Degree Global Polynomial Trend. In

addition, several thematic maps of AOI, have been created as part of the study.

Introduction

There is one substance in the earth all life on earth depends on, i.e. water, almost 73%

of our planet is covered by water. Only 2.5% of which is fresh water out of this 1% of fresh

water is too easily accessible. Further, 1.7% occurs below the ground, while 1.7% is tied

down to glacier and ice sheets. Water resources are divisible into two categories, the surfaces

water resources and the groundwater (GW) resources. Surface water resources are water

resources that are visible to the eye. They are mainly the result of overland runoff of

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 18 2018, 2491-2506ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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rainwater, but surface water resources can also originate from the GW. GW is the most

preferred sources of water in various user sectors in India. GW is the water located beneath

the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formations. A unit of

rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of

water. The depth at which soil Pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely

saturated with water is called the water table. The percolation of water is possible because

rocks have some pore spaces, cracks or fissures. At very great depths, tremendous pressure of

the overlying rocks effectively reduces the amount of the pore spaces. This gives a lower

limit below which the GW cannot occur. That is, the occurrence of subsurface water is

limited within a shallow zone of the earth’s crust. GW is recharged from, and eventually

flows into, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can

form oases or wetlands. GW is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal and industrial

use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and

movement of GW also called groundwater hydrology. And it is the most preferred sources of

water to meet the requirement of various user sector in India. The GW is precious natural

resources in the Indian context by the fact that to a greater extent of 85% of India’s rural

domestic water requirements, urban water requirement and more than 50 percent of its

irrigation requirements are met out of GW. Today, Tamilnadu is mainly depending on its GW

for agriculture, food production and domestic uses. In a report published by CGWB(2016) [1]

it is reported that 79% of wells have recorded depth to water level within 10 m BGL (Below

Ground Level) during pre-monsoon period (May 2014), whereas during post-monsoon period

(January 2015) about 83% of wells recorded water levels less than 10 m BGL (Below Ground

Level).

Geographic Information System (GIS):

GIS is a decision support (computer based) system for collecting storing, presenting

and analysis geographical spatial data. GIS is much more advanced than computer aided

design (CAD) or any other spatial data system. The basic output of GIS or spatial analysis

system is a map layer. The need to analyse maps to compare and contrast patterns of earth

related phenomena, is confirmed by the long standing tradition of doing so with traditional

maps. GIS uses any data that includes location or geospatial tag such as geographic co-

ordinates, PIN codes etc. It can include information about ownership of land parcels, location

of streams, different kinds of vegetation, and different kinds of soil. It also includes

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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geographically referenced man made assets such as factories, farms and schools or storm

drains, roads and electric power lines.

Global Positioning System (GPS):

The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of satellites based

radio-positioning and time transfer system designed, financed, deployed, and operated by the

U.S. Department of Defense. It carries 31 satellites in an orbital height of 20180 km, space

based navigation system offering position (accuracy of 5 by 5 m) with reference to

geographic co-ordinates as well as elevation of the corresponding spot.

The capability of determining velocity and time, to an accuracy commensurate

with position.

The signals are available to user anywhere on the globe: in the air, on the ground,

or at sea.

It is a positioning system with no user charges, which simply requires the use of

relatively low cost hardware. It is an all-weather system, available 24 hours a day.

The position information is in three dimensions, that is, vertical as well as

horizontal information is provided.

Literature Review

Senanayake, et.al, (20134) [2] carried out a GIS based study delineating GW recharge

potential sites in Ambalantota, Sri Lanka using GIS technology. Sri Lanka is rapidly

developing with scores of ongoing development projects. Here the management of available

GW resources is critical, to fulfil potable water needs in the study area. Outcome of this study

showed high to moderate groundwater recharge potential in the AOI.

Ghayoumian et.al, (2007) [3] applied the geospatial technologies in analyzing spatio-

temporal changes in water related themes to be able to predict the future water trends.

GW is a vital natural resource for the well-being of urban and rural environments for the

reliable and economic supply of potable water. Hence, it plays a fundamental role in human

well-being, as well as that of some aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem.

Magesh et.al, (2011) [4] opined that presently GW contributes around 34% of the

total annual water supply of Tamil Nadu, and hence is an important fresh water resource.

Therefore, an assessment of this resource is extremely significant for the sustainable


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management of groundwater system and water security of people who depend on this

resource. They used GIS tools and RS data for the assessment and management of water

resources.

Subramani (2012) [5] implemented a GW quality study using GIS and RS in the

Conoor taluk, Nilgiri Dist., Tamil Nadu. They inferred that GW quality has steeply

deteriorated ted due to rising urbanization and consequent pollution in that area. They

reviewed the spatial variations of GW parameters such as pH, TDS, Total Hardness, sulphate,

chloride, calcium, Turbidity, and Temperature.

Mohammad Said (2008) [6] described a procedure using GIS, to improve the

groundwater recharge for the entire West Bank and for each aquifer using the Soil Moisture

Deficit (SMD) approach. To examine scenarios such as climate change and its impact, it is

required to predict the future behaviour for effective GW modelling and management using

Vasanthavigar, et.al, (2010) [7] studied the water quality of Thirumanimuttar river

basin in order to assess the water quality vis-a-vis human consumption using WQI method for

the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. They identified that the leaching of ions, over-

exploitation of groundwater, direct discharge of effluents, and agro-chemicals are responsible

for the poor quality of water in the pre-monsoon.

Hydro chemical analysis can give the quality of the isolated patches only, but geo-

statistics can give the concentration level of points uncovered by sample points as well.

Heavy GW contamination was reported from south Chennai region after the 2004 Tsunami

(Palanivelu et.al, 2006) [8].

Deepesh Machiwal, et.al, (2011) & Balamurugan.E, jagadeesan.A, (2018) used Geo-

statistics and GIS to evaluate and model short-term spatial and temporal variability of GW

level. The study demonstrated applicability of geo-statistics and GIS to understand spatial

and temporal behavior of GW level in a semi-arid hard-rock aquifer of western India.

Objectives:

GIS has important application in the field of hydrogeology and especially in GW

quality mapping modeling.

Generate thematic maps on study area along with modeling groundwater chemistry in

Tiruchirappalli district.

Familiarize various tools of GIS.


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METHODOLOGY

Study Area:

Tiruchirappalli District (area =4,404 km2), lies within Tamil Nadu. It is bounded in the north

by Salem district, in the northwest by Namakkal district, in the northeast by Perambalur district and

Ariyalur district, in the east by Thanjavur District, in the southeast by Pudukkottai district, in the

south by Madurai district and Sivagangai district, in the southwest by Dindigul district and, in the

west by Karur district. The Kaveri River flows through the length of the district and is the principal

sources of irrigation and drinking water.

Location:

Tiruchirappalli district (N.Lat. 10° 10' and 11° 20’; E. Lon. 78° 10' and 79° 0) is located at the

Central part of Tamil Nadu and is roughly at the centroid of Tamil Nadu. The general land surface

slope is easterly. It has a number of detached Hills, among which 24 Pachamalai Hill (Elv. = 1015 m)

is an important one at Sengattupatti.

Data collection:

Data is purchased from the department of state ground and surface water resources data

center, Tharamani, Chennai.

Downloaded shape file from DIVAGIS.

Downloaded ASTER GDEM from www.usgs.com.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Presented here in what follows are the results of the study on GW chemistry of the

Tiruchirappalli District, Tamilnadu, India. To understand the aerial variation of Groundwater

chemistry of the area, various physical and hydro-chemical parameters of the GW have been


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analysed by Geostatistical tools such as IDW and Polynomial Trend models. In addition

several map layers of the land-surface attributes have also been created.

Groundwater Quality Parameter:

i. pH

The pH of water is very important for living things. The pH of natural water is slightly acidic

(5.0-7.5). All the groundwater samples collected from the study area are having pH values in the

range 7.80 to 8.54 in IDW. The Dug well W2, W3, W10, W17, W19 have high pH values and the

Dug well W4, W5, W6, W8, W12, W22 are having low pH values. And the First degree Global

Polynomial Trend shows pH values between 8.08 to 8.24. The Dug well W2, W5, W6, W16, W18,

W19 are having pH high values and the Dug wells W9, W12, W14, W15 are having values that are

low.

ii. EC

Electrical conductivity is a measure of water capacity to convey electric current. The normal

values of EC fall between >3000 mhos/cm. All the groundwater samples collected from the study area

are having EC values in the range 445 to 6539 in IDW model. The Dug well W14 are have high EC

values and the Dug well W1, W2, W3, W7, W9, W10, W16, W17, W18 are have low EC values. And

the First degree Global Polynomial Trend shows EC values between 931 to 2922. The Dug well W12,

W14, W15, W21, W22, W23 are have high EC values and the Dug well W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are


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having EC values that are low. The analysis of the parameter showed a gradual increase towards

North –Western side and a decrease towards North Eastern side.

iii.HAR

Hardness is caused by compounds of calcium and magnesium, and by a variety of other

metals. The maximum allowable limit of HAR in groundwater is >600 mg/l. All the groundwater

samples collected from the study area are having HAR values in the range 135 to 1514 in IDW model.

The Dug wells W14, W23 are have high HAR values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W9, W10, W15,

W16, W17, W18, W19 are have low HAR values. And the First degree Global Polynomial Trend

shows HAR values between 236 to 716. The Dug wells W12, W14, W15, W21, W22, W23 are have

high HAR values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are having HAR values that are low. The

analysis of the parameter showed a gradual increase towards North –Western side and a decrease

towards North Eastern side. All the values show higher values in the southern part of the study area.

The study indicated that the ground water is potable based on the desirable limit.


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iii. CALCIUM

Groundwater and underground aquifers leach even higher concentration of the calcium ions

from Rocks and soil. Calcium carbonate is relatively insoluble in water, but dissolves readily in water

containing significant levels of dissolved carbon dioxide. The maximum allowable limit of calcium

ion concentration in groundwater is 200 mg/l. The calcium ions in the analysed samples varied from

18 to 179 in IDW model. The Dug wells W14, W22 are have high Ca values and the Dug wells W1,

W2, W9, W10, W12, W13, W16, W17, W18, W19 are have low Ca values. And the First degree

Global Polynomial Trend shows Ca values between 34 to 68. The Dug wells W12, W14, W15, W21,

W22, W23 are have high Ca values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are having Ca values

that are low.


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iv. MAGNESIUM

These deposits can make hard water unsuitable for many uses, and so a variety of means have

been developed to “soften” hard water; i.e., remove the calcium and magnesium ions. Concentration

of calcium and magnesium ions is considered to be the measure if water hardness. Magnesium

concentration limit should be 150mg/l. The magnesium ions in the analysed samples varied from 21

to 259 in IDW model. The Dug wells W14, W23 are have high Mg values and the Dug wells W1,

W2, W7, W9, W10, W15, W16, W17, W18, are having Mg values that are low. And the First degree

Global Polynomial Trend shows Mg values between 35 to 135. The Dug wells W14, W15, W20,

W21, W22, W23 are have high Mg values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are having Mg

values that are low.

v. CHLORIDE

The chloride concentrations were within the limit of 250 to 1000mg/l. The chloride ions in the

analysed samples varied from 19 to 1801 in IDW model. The Dug well W14 are have high Cl values

and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W7, W9, W10, W16, W17, W18, W19 are having Cl values are low.

And the First degree Global Polynomial Trend shows Cl values between 145 to 733. The Dug wells

W12, W14, W15, W21, W22, W23 are have high Cl values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6

are having Cl values that are low.


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vi. SODIUM

Sodium concentration plays an important role in evaluating the groundwater quality for

irrigation because sodium causes an increase in the hardness of soil as well as a reduction in its

permeability. The concentration of Na+ should be >200 mg/l. The sodium ions in the analysed

samples varied from 18 to 754 in IDW model. The Dug wells W13 and W14 are have high Na values

and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W7, W9, W16, W17, and W18 are having Na values that are low.

And the First degree Global Polynomial Trend shows Na values between 70 to 346. The Dug wells

W9, W12, W14, and W15 are have high Na values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are

having Na values that are low.


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vii. TDS

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the groundwater limit should be >1000 mg\l. All the

groundwater samples collected from the study area are having TDS values ranging between from 235

to 3779 in IDW model. The Dug well W14 are have high TDS values and the Dug wells W1, W2,

W3, W7, W9, W10, W16, W17, W18, are having TDS values that are low. And the First degree

Global Polynomial Trend shows TDS values between 486 to 1649. The Dug wells W12, W14, W15,

and W21 are have high TDS values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W5, W6 are having TDS values

that are low.


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viii. SULPHATE

The concentration of Sulphate is likely to react with human organs if the value exceeds the

maximum allowable limit of 400 mg/l and will cause a laxative effect on human system with the

excess magnesium in groundwater. The upper limit for Sulphate concentration for drinking water is

150 mg/l. The Sulphate ions in the analysed samples varied from 6 to 405 in IDW model. The Dug

well W14 are have high So4 values and the Dug wells W1, W2, W3, W9, W10, W17, W18, W19,

W20, and W21 are having So4 values that are low. And the First degree Global Polynomial Trend

shows the ranging of So4 values between 32 to 173. The Dug wells W9, W12, W14, and W15 are

have high So4 values and the Dug wells W5, W6, W16, W18, W19 are having So4 values that are

low.

ix. SAR

All the groundwater samples collected from the study area are having SAR values ranging

between from 0 to 13 in IDW. The Dug well W13 are have high SAR values and the Dug wells W1,

W2, W3, W7, W9, W17, W18, and W22 are having SAR values are low. And the First degree Global

Polynomial Trend shows the ranging of SAR values between 2 to 5.96. The Dug wells W9, W12,

W14, and W15 are have high SAR values and the Dug wells W5 and W6 are having SAR values are

having SAR values that are low.


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CONCLUSIONS

The Geospatial modeling of status of Groundwater chemistry data of Tiruchirappalli District,

Tamilnadu, India in the GIS platform using specifically ArcGIS 10.2 is carried out using data

from 27 monitoring Dug wells. The study leads to the following conclusions.

a. The analysis demonstrated the capability of ArcGIS tools in visual representation of the

spatial trends of different hydro geochemical parameters.

b. IDW and first degree trend interpolation techniques have been used to create thematic maps

of the data.

c. The quality assessment shows that the groundwater of the area is good and can be used for

drinking and irrigation purpose.

References

1. CGWB, Central ground water board (2016)

2. Senanayake,I.P., W.D.D.P. Welivitiya, P.M. Nadeeka, U.G.A. Puswewala,

D.M.D.O.K. Dissanayake. (2013). Remote sensing and GIS based assessment of

water scarcity: a case study from Hambantota district, Sri Lanka Proceeding of 34th

Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Bali, Indonesia . 2478-2485.


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3. Ghayoumian, J., & Saravi, M. M. (2007). Application of GIS techniques to determine

areas most suitable for artificial groundwater recharge in a coastal aquifer in southern

Iran, 30, 364–374.

4. Magesh,N.S., N. Chandrasekar, J.P. Soundranayagam (2011) Morphometric

evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds, parts of Western Ghats,

Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu India: a GIS approach .Environmental Earth Science,

64: 373-381

5. Subramani.T, (2012), study of groundwater quality with GIS application for coonor

taluk in Nilgiri district, 2(3):586-592.

6. Mohammad Said (2008) GIS based modelling of groundwater recharge for the west

bank ,un published thesis

7. Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaragavan K, Rajiv Ganthi R,

Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R, Vasudevan S (2010) Application of

water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar Sub-Basin,

Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 171:595–609

8. Palanivelu, K., Nisha Priya, M. Muthamil Selvan, A. and Natesan, U. (2006).Water

Quality Assessment in the Tsunami-Affected Coastal Areas of Chennai. Current

Science. 91; 583-584.

9. Balamurugan.E, jagadeesan.A, (2018) “Geographic Routing Resilient To Location

Errors”, International Journal Of Innovations In Scientific And Engineering Research

(IJISER) Vol 5 ,No3,Mar, 21-26.

10. Deepesh Machiwal ·MadanK.Jha·Bimal C. Mal .(2011). Assessment of Groundwater

Potential in a Semi-Arid Region of India Using Remote Sensing, GIS and MCDM

Techniques Water Resour Manage 25:1359–1386


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Geospatial Modelling Of Groundwater Chemistry ... · Geospatial Modelling Of Groundwater Chemistry, Tiruchirappalli Dist , Tamilnadu 1 M. Mullaivasanthan ,2 Dr. S. Thangamani 3 Dr