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FOREWORD The Oil Industry in India is more than 100 years old. Because of various collaboration agreements, a variety of international codes, standards and practices have been in vogue. Standardisation in design philosophies and operation and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in existence. This coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations. With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD), staffed from, within the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safe operations. Accordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional committees of experts nominated from the industry, to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects. The present standard on "Geophysical operations" was prepared by the Functional Committee on "Geophysical operations” The document is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of industry members and the various national and international codes and practices. This standard is meant to be used as supplement and not as a replacement for existing codes and practices. It is hoped that provisions of this standard, if implemented objectively, may go a long way to improve the safety and reduce accidents in Oil and Gas Industry. Users are cautioned that no standard can be a substitute for the judgement of responsible and experienced geo scientist. Suggestions are invited from the users after it is put into practice to improve the document further.

Suggestions for amendments to this document should be addressed to the Coordinator,

Committee on "Geophysical operations”,

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE 7TH FLOOR, NEW DELHI HOUSE

27, BARAKHAMBA ROAD NEW DELHI - 110 001.

This standard in no way supercedes the statutory requirements of bodies like DGMS, CCE or any other Government Body which must be followed as applicable.

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COMMITTEE FOR STANDARD ON

"GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NAME DESIGNATION & POSITION IN ORGANISATION COMMITTEE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S/SHRI 1. D.C. LOHANI ONGC, NRBC, DEHRADUN LEADER 2. K.K. NATH OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER 3. C.S. RANA ONGC, DEHRADUN MEMBER 4. S.K. KHANDELWAL ONGC, VADODARA MEMBER 5. B.M. SINHA OIL, DULIAJAN MEMBER 6.’ P.K. GARG OISD CO-ORDINATOR ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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CONTENTS

SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. SCOPE 5

3. CAMP 5

4. COMMUNICATION 7

5. SURVEY 7

6. SHOT HOLE DRILLING 11

7. EXPLOSIVES 13

8. SHOOTING 15

9. SAFETY ASPECTS OF SEISMIC RECORDING OPERATION 17

10. SAFETY WHILE USING VEHIC LES IN THE FIELD 19

11. VIBROSEIS OPERATIONS 19

12. TRAINING 21

13. GLOSSARY 23

14. REFERENCES 25

15. CHECK LIST 25

16. ANNEXURES I& II 28

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1. INTRODUCTION Ever since the evolution of

civilisation, the mankind has been in quest for hidden treasures beneath the earth for making life more and more comfortable. In the process of development of civilisation, the demand for hydrocarbons is growing day by day. Geophysical surveys are scientific methods for discovery of hydrocarbon, mineral, metals and ground water etc. The success of exploration largely depends upon the quality of survey and interpretation of data. Seismic survey is the most widely used method, out of all geophysical survey for exploration of hydrocarbon.

In seismic survey, holes are drilled to predetermined depth for creating energy source with explosives or a vibrator is used to generate artificial vibration within the earth. The energy travels across sub-surface in the form of seismic waves. From each interface between rocks having different velocity and density, a part of energy is reflected back to the surface and recorded by seismic recording equipment. The amount of energy reflected back to the surface is a measure of rock properties above and below the interface and the time taken is a measure of depth of the interface. In offshore operation all the operations are conducted from a vessel and air guns are used as energy source.

One of the objectives of this standard is to guide the persons engaged in geophysical operation about the safety aspects to be taken during survey, drilling, shooting, storage of explosives, data processing and interpretation. This standard will help managers, supervisors, operators and contractors in further improving the planning, execution and evaluation stages of geophysical operations.

There is no standard on geophysical operations prepared either by American Petroleum Institute or by any other agency. Geophysical operations are covered under different acts like Mines Act, Indian Electricity Act, Explosive Act, Motor Vehicle Act, Petroleum Act, Indian Forest Act, Environment Protection Act, Contract labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act etc. Utilising the practical observations of geophysical survey and guidelines issued by oil exploration companies, this is an attempt to frame guidelines for safe working by persons engaged in geophysical operations.

2. SCOPE 2.1 This standard covers safety aspects

during establishment of camp, for persons, storing of material, survey, safe drilling operations by rig and dheki system, safety aspects for storage and transportation of explosives, shooting, seismic recording and data interpretation.

2.2 The standard also covers

Recommended Practices to be followed during fire drills and frequency of these drills.

2.3 The standard also covers training to

company employees and contractor’s persons engaged in geophysical operations.

This document is for the safety adherence during geophysical operation and in no way supersedes the requirements stipulated by statutory bodies like Director General of Mines Safety, Chief Controller of Explosives or any other Government Authorities.

3. CAMP 3.1 SAFETY AT CAMP

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Normally geophysical operations are carried out in remote areas. For carrying out operations, it is essential to set up a camp for accommodating personnel, storage of material, parking of vehicles, office, storage of Explosive and Detonators.

Accordingly, camp is established with tents or thatched houses or portable/mobile bunk houses for living and office accommodation, with all essential facilities like cooking, bathing and public utilities.

Safety at camp comprises of Safety of Personnel, Material & Equipment. Following safety aspects should be followed at Camp site.

i) Camp should be properly fenced

and guarded. ii) Minimum two feet distance between

each tent/thatched house should be provided for easy walking.

iii) There should be sufficient lighting

arrangement. Fuse must be provided outside each tent/ thatched house. Back up power from generator should be available in the camp. Proper specification of wire/cables and appliances should be used.

iv) An Electrician is available in the

camp to handle electrical equipment.

v) The fire fighting equipment should

be in a ready to use condition. vi) First aid box with complete kits

including disposable syringes should be kept in Camp, at an easily accessible place.

vii) There should be adequate drainage

and pits for disposal of water and waste material.

viii) Safety posters should be displayed

to create safety awareness among field personnel.

ix) Trenches should be made all around the individual housing and office units for protection from snakes and reptiles etc.

x) Field personnel must be trained in

rendering first aid. xi) A doctor should be designated for

regular visits to camp. xii) Surroundings inside the camp

should be cleaned regularly. xiii) Safe, hygienic and comfortable

living environment should be provided. DDT, Phenyl should be sprayed regularly.

xiv) Potable water should be provided in

the camp for drinking. Steel or good quality plastic containers should be used for storing drinking water.

xv) Nobody should be allowed to ignite

fire in living tents xvi) Kitchen should be at least three

meters away from living tents. xvii) Important telephone Nos. of local

authorities such as Fire Station, Police Station, Hospital and headquarters should be displayed at proper place.

xviii) Zone of fire should be isolated from

rest of the area and marked as zone 1.

xix) Crew heads including contractors

supervisor should ensure that they have kept first aid box with them before leaving the camp for field.

3.2 SAFETY IN STORAGE OF

MATERIAL A large quantity of various

equipment and materials are stored for smooth operations. The storage of material is done in a store tent in an isolated place leaving safe distance between residential area and storage tent. Inside tents various types of racks and partitions

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to be made to keep different items in a properly stacked manner. No material should be stored on the ground in loose form.

Proper safety measures should be

taken while storing seismic equipment / material. Following safety measures should be followed:

i) All the store items should be

properly stacked in racks. ii) All the items available in each box

should be displayed on the box. iii) First aid box with complete kits

should be kept at proper place inside the store.

iv) Storage of POL should be at a safe

distance. Fire extinguishers and sand buckets should be placed nearby to POL site.

v) The magnetic tapes/cartridges are

to be stored in wooden or cardboard boxes.

vi) The sophisticated seismic

equipment for daily use is to be stored in a separate tent on proper racks/tables.

vii) Electrical wiring should be

underground within the store. viii) Smoking should not be allowed near

POL storage tanks. ix) Safe material handling practice

using proper material handling equipment should be used.

3.2.1 Safety in storing spares /

Consumables i) Protect all spares from mechanical

damage, loss; mix up and negligent handling.

ii) Store electronic spares at proper

places after duly testing and labeling them.

iii) Electronic spares should be protected from sunlight, heat, dust, grease etc. Handle electronic spares gently.

iv) Provide proper foam or other

padding to electronic components/cards / PCBs and keep them in well protected boxes / cases.

v) Do not top load electronic spares. vi) On electronic boxes, mark the

proper side up. vii) When required, store PCBs in static

free coverings. viii) Keep magnetic tapes away from

heat, dust and store them in air condition.

ix) Protect photographic paper from

sunlight exposure. x) Containers having liquid

consumables should be properly capped.

3.3 GENERATORS i) Generator should be placed at one

corner of the camp and should have sufficient distance from residential areas to reduce pollution.

ii) Muffler should be used to reduce

the noise. iii) Generator should be kept in

separate shed. iv) Proper mountings and earthing are

to be provided at the time of installation.

v) Main switchboard should be

facilitated with E.L.C.B. (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker).

vi) Rubber mat should be provided

near the electric control panel. vii) Proper ventilation and adequate

space should be provided for battery

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charging and batteries should be kept on wooden plank.

viii) Generator room must have sufficient space and only authorised person should be allowed to enter the room.

ix) Danger signs should be displayed

boldly all around POL site, Generator, Charging room and electrical junction boxes.

x) Guards should be fitted on fan and

other moving parts. 3.4 ELECTRIFICATION The wires used for camp

electrification should be of proper specification, good quality and having ISI mark. Three core PVC insulated and PVC sheathed wires should be used for electric wiring. Each line should be strictly installed with earthing wire. Fuse of proper rating must be used for each line. Load of camp lighting is to be distributed properly to avoid accident. Meter room must be away from the living tents. The switchboard must be neatly fitted with adequate number of panels and wiring must be properly fitted on that.

Certificate from authorised electrician must be obtained for the temporary wiring of the camp before the same put to use.

4.0 COMMUNICATION Communication plays an important

role in seismic data acquisition. Proper communication between observer and shot point may avoid accident and accelerate smooth functioning of seismic operations. It is also required to communicate between field crew/survey crew to camp and camp to head quarter.

Global communication system

(Mobile) will be the best suited system under present circumstances for communication in geophysical field parties, conducting operation in diverse geographical

areas, which have unique features relating to safe negotiations in transit during operation along with walkie-talkies.

5.0 SURVEY Line survey is the first operation of

the geophysical data acquisition process after initial planning work in office. The line survey operation requires different type of equipment and manpower. Based on the operational areas for data acquisition the operations are broadly classified as follows:

i) Onshore or onland operations ii) Offshore or Marine operations iii) Airborne operations iv) Well survey (VSP) The procedures and methodologies,

in above classified operations is entirely different and, therefore, the safety requirements and norms will also differ in each type of operation.

5.1 ONSHORE SURVEYS The onland data acquisition

techniques depend upon the nature of the terrain. In case of land operations the terrain has the maximum bearing on the operational aspects. Different surface conditions such as plain fields, desert, jungles, mountains, swampy lands and transition zone (land-water junctions) will demand different safety requirements for safe and efficient operations.

Surveying is the operation for layout

of planned profiles from map to ground. The crew has to move to the virgin and inaccessible areas most of the time, to make way for subsequent operations. The surveying may be further divided into following sub groups.

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i) Reconnaissance & Control Point Survey

ii) Line Layout/Staking iii) Leveling 5.2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT

OF SURVEY CREW The crew for land survey operations

requires following equipment / material:

i) Equipment a) Compass b) Measuring chain/tape c) Theodolite with relevant accessories

or Total station d) GPS receiver sets for control point

survey e) Bulldozer for clearing lines in desert

for vibroseis operations. ii) Material Wooden stakes (Bamboo pegs),

paint, brush, red and white flag, wood cutting knife or axe, spade, hammer etc.

iii) Transport Adequate number of light and

medium duty vehicles pliable on rugged terrain should be available for opertions.

5.3 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR

LAND SURVEY OPERATIONS As mentioned above, the surveying

operation is the initial operation where the crew has to face the ground realities without much previous knowledge of the area of operation. This requires a cautious and thoughtful approach from the surveying groups. They must be fully alert and equipped with to meet any exigency / emergency situation

in the field. Following norms must always be adhered to by the surveying crewmembers for safe and accident free operations:

i) Safety and protective gears such as

safety boots, helmet, sunglasses, hand gloves etc. must be used

ii) The crew must always carry a

powerful torch or source of light while surveying in jungle to scare the wild animals.

iii) Before entering into thick forest area

for survey operation, a din of sound from drum should be made to drive away the wild animals. Crewmembers should use safety glasses to protect eyes from bushes.

v) While working with bulldozer in

desert area, no one should move in front of bulldozer blade, and always a clear line of sight should be given to the bulldozer operator.

vi) Always keep a first aid box

equipped with medicines and dressings for cut / wound and also anti-venom medicines for snake and other poisonous insects / reptiles bite.

vi) Crew should be given first aid

training. vii) Keep sufficient drinking water with

the crew. viii) While working in transition zone

areas or river torn terrain, use of boats, preferably portable motor boats, to cross the river, be used. Wooden or banana logs should not be used.

ix) Use of life jacket while travelling in

portable rubber boat is a must. x) Survey umbrella for protection of

person & equipment from sun and rain should be used.

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xi) While plying on uneven land or in the fields, the vehicle should be equipped with four-wheel drive and wheel pressure should be lowered to avoid skidding in sand / mud.

xii) Driving must be at a very low speed

to avoid accidents. xiii) Care should be taken to follow

environment protection norms. The undergrowth should be cleared as minimum as possible while surveying through the forest.

xiv) The equipment, particularly, GPS,

Total Station / Theodolite, compass etc. should be carried in a dust / waterproof container.

xv) Detailed traverse report shall be

prepared by surveyors to facilitate smooth location indicating following points in particular:

a) Position of overhead transmission

lines b) Oil / gas / water or any other

pipelines c) Location of permanent structures d) Rivers / lakes / ponds etc. The traverse report must be

provided to all crew heads invariably.

5.4 GRAVITY SURVEY The gravity method involves

measuring a field force in the earth that is neither generated by the observer nor influenced by anything he does. Such method of exploration makes use of natural potential fields. The field observed in gravitational prospecting is a composite of contributions from all depths within the usual range of exploration interest, and such contributions can be individually resolved only in special cases. Hence one cannot expect to obtain the detailed and relatively precise

structural picture from gravity or other potential data that is generally obtainable by seismic methods.

In gravity measurement, the quantity actually observed is not the earth’s true gravitational attraction but its variation from one point to another, usually at positions along the earth’s surface, which are close together. Such lateral differences can be measured with a much greater degree of precision than the total gravitational field, and field instruments are designed to measure differences in gravity rather that its actual magnitude.

The variation in gravity observed

through such measurements depends only upon lateral changes in the density of earth materials in the vicinity of measuring point. Many types of rocks have characteristic ranges of density, which may differ from those of other types that are laterally adjacent. Thus an anomaly in earth’s gravitational attraction can often be related to a buried geophysical feature, horizontal extent.

The gravity method was initially

used in oil exploration for locating salt domes and later for finding anticline structures. Even now special types of structures in which hydrocarbons are entrapped exhibit such large contrasts in density with respect to surrounding formations that gravity data alone can be used to decide on drilling locations.

5.5 MAGNETIC SURVEY Magnetic prospecting, the oldest

method of geophysical exploration is used to explore for both oil and minerals. In prospecting for oil, it gives information from which one can determine the depth to basement rocks and thus locate and define the extent of sedimentary basins. Such information is of particular value is previously unexplored areas such as continental shelves newly opened

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for prospecting. It is sometime employed, although not always successfully, to map topographic features on the basement surface that might influence the structure of overlying sediments. Sedimentary rocks exert such a small magnetic effect compared with igneous rocks that virtually all variations in magnetic intensity measurable at the surface result from topographic or lithologic changes associated with the basement or from igneous intrusive.

Until the middle 1940s, all magnetic

exploration was carried out on the ground using field methods similar to those in gravity surveys. Today, virtually all-magnetic prospecting for oil is done from the air or from ships, as are most reconnaissance surveys for minerals. The speed, economy and convenience of airborne and marine techniques are responsible for this trend.

The magnetic method of

prospecting has a great deal in common with the gravitational method. Both make use of potential fields. Both seek anomalies caused by changes in physical properties of subsurface rocks. Both gravity and magnetic have similar applications in oil explorations. While they are extensively used as reconnaissance tools, there has been an increasing recognition of their value for evaluating prospective areas by virtue of the unique information they provide. Seismic data makes it possible to map an area structurally and, within certain limits, to determine seismic velocities. Gravity data make it possible to assign densities magnetic data, and magnetic susceptibilities to seismically defined features. The lithologic identifications that can be made by combining these different kinds of information have great value in evaluating possibilities for hydrocarbons over a prospective feature. The most common objective in using gravity and

magnetic at the present times is this type of evaluation.

Gravity and magnetic employ fundamentally similar interpretation techniques. The magnetic method, for a number of reasons, is more complicated both in principle and in practice. The characteristic of a rock which determines its magnetic effects, the intensity of magnetisation (dependent on its susceptibility), has both magnitude and direction, while the corresponding characteristic governing its gravitational pull, the mass (dependent on density), has magnitude only. Magnetic force involves both attraction and repulsion, while all gravitational force is attractive. Also magnetic effects from rocks may be greatly influenced by small traces of certain minerals, while gravitational effects originate mainly from the rocks primary constituents.

The safety measures applicable for

gravity and magnetic surveys are same as applicable for seismic survey as far as camp establishment etc. is concerned.

5.6 AEROMAGNETIC AND

AIRBORNE GRAVITY In this type of survey magnetic and

gravity measurements are made from an aircraft over the area under consideration. This type of survey is widely used as reconnaissance tool and the areas can be covered in a short interval. By this method the boundary of the basin can be well defined.

5.7 ELECTRICAL SURVEY Electrical methods are much more

frequently used in searching for metals and minerals than they are in exploring for petroleum. One of the most widely used electrical techniques is the electromagnetic method. It is based on the induction of electric currents in buried conductors, such as certain ore

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bodies, by the magnetic components of electromagnetic waves generated at the earth’s surface or in aircraft above its surface. The waves originate from alternating currents at frequencies ranging from a few hertz to a few megahertz, which are passed through loops of wire on the ground or in the air. With some methods, current is introduced into the earth by grounded lengths of wire.

In this method sealed wire is laid

along a line with pair of electrodes, maintained at desired separation. A high voltage current is passed through the wire laid and potential gradient is measured.

The safety measures required to be

taken are as follows: i) The wires laid along the line should

be properly protected to avoid accident as high voltage current passes through it.

ii) Proper protection should always be

provided near electrodes (copper rods) and people / animals should not be allowed to come near the same.

iii) Insulation used in wire should be of

good quality to avoid any leakage. iv) People deployed to handle

generator must be given kits and leverage of good quality (Hand gloves, safety shoes etc.).

v) There should not be moisture within

the system; otherwise it will damage the equipment.

5.8 OFF SHORE OPERATION The surveying or navigation for

offshore seismic surveys is normally done with DGPS/GPS or satellite navigation methods in which a couple of shore base stations record the signals transmitted from the ship based transmitter and also from the satellites available in the area of

operations. The operation is much simpler and safer in comparison to land operations. The safety requirement of the shore base station crew is same as that of land based crews.

5.9 VSP Vertical seismic profiling (commonly

abbreviated as VSP) is one of the rapidly developing areas of geophysical technology, which calibrate geology in term of time.

It is a bore hole seismic technique

that can provide potentially better answers than conventional surface seismic techniques. Several well bore seismic techniques have been evolved to aid in this process ranging in complexity and benefits from the simple check shot surveys for calculating velocities through synthetic seismograms zero offset VSP, Offset VSP, multifold VSP and three component offset VSP to detailed reservoir description by cross-hole tomography.

6.0 SHOT HOLE DRILLING Shot hole drilling is a part of

geophysical operation. In this, hole of desired depth, varying from 2 m to 60 m is required to be drilled with shot hole drilling rigs. The holes are drilled at a pre-determined position for creating energy source with explosives. The diameter of the holes is around 90mm. Different kinds of shot hole drilling rigs are used, depending upon the logistic conditions of the area to be surveyed. Shot hole drilling is mainly of two types.

1. Mechanical 2. Manual Mechanical rigs are also of two

types: 1. Truck mounted drilling rig.

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2. Portable rig. Manual drilling are being carried by

people manually and no mechanical device is used in this.

6.1 SAFETY DURING DRILLING During the drilling process, following

precautions are to be taken to avoid any mishappening:

i) Before start of operation all the crew

heads should reccy the area, at least, once and obtain traverse report from surveyor. This report must be studied and discussed with all crew head / member for smooth operation.

ii) For critical and hazardous shot

points, if any, the same should be inspected jointly by representative of organisation as well as contractor, in case of contractual drilling and offset should be decided accordingly. In case, if there is a possibility of damage, the same shot point should be skipped.

iii) Villagers should not be allowed to

come within 15 mtrs. of drilling site. 6.2 DRILLING WITH RIG i) While moving the drilling rig from

one shot point to another shot point, its mast should be lowered down. After lowering, the mast should be screwed properly.

ii) Drilling rig should be parked at a

safe distance from high voltage power line.

iii) Before raising the mast at site, locks

should be unscrewed and it should be ensured that the truck is in level position and there is no obstruction like overhead transmission line etc. in its path. Wheel of the truck should be firmly blocked to prevent inadvertent motion during drilling.

iv) Sturdy wooden platform for operator

and rotary man should be used.

v) Drilling platform should be regularly

cleaned to avoid slipping of crewmember during operation.

vii) The prime mover should not be over

loaded during operation. viii) The prime mover must be

disengaged, if any repairing work to be done during operation.

ix) Except crewmember, no one should

stand nearby drilling rig during operation.

x) Main drilling clutch system should

always be in perfect condition to control the equipment in any emergency.

xi) The mud pump should be provided

with a pressure gauge and relief valve. The discharge of the relief valve should be led through a pipe to the ground. The mud lines should be secured to the mast.

xii) The mud pumps should not be

operated until the inlet and discharge valves are checked and opened. In case the pump stops due to any reason, the pressure should be released immediately by opening the relief valve.

xiii) Hose, chains and lines should be

inspected daily and in case of any defect,

these should not be put into use until the defect is removed. The dies of slips and tongs should be checked and required to be replaced, if found necessary

xiv) It should be ensured that drill

cuttings are not allowed to clog the hole. No attempt should be made to clean the cuttings manually when drilling is in progress.

xv) Drilling crew should be provided

with personal protective equipment like helmet, boots and hand gloves.

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xvi) All shafts, sprockets, gears and moving parts of machinery should be securely guarded. Repair and maintenance of machinery should not be done while the machine is in motion.

xvii) In case of any malfunctioning of vehicle during operation time, the matter should immediately be reported to the chief of field crew or to any executive present at the operational site and corrective measures must be taken immediately.

6.3 DRILLING WITH DHEKI SYSTEM In case of Dheki system of drilling,

following precautions are required to be taken:

i) The wooden logs used for Dheki

must be strong enough to withhold the load and pressure, exerted by the top man and drill pipes. These must be regularly checked for sag and must be disposed of before reaching the breaking point.

ii) The top man must always be alert

for jumping away in case the Dheki collapses.

iii) The drill stamps must be lifted only after the top man has come down from the Dheki top.

iv) The holes should be loaded only after removal of all the equipment from the site.

v) Drilling crew should be provided

with personal protective equipment like helmet, safety shoes and hand gloves. (Ref. OISD – STD – 155 for further details).

vi) During drilling, proper safety

precautions should be taken of other seismic equipment like cables, geophones, batteries, wireless sets etc.

7.0 EXPLOSIVE Explosive plays an important role in

seismic data acquisition as it is being used as energy source to

generate elastic waves. Being its explosive in nature, it requires lot of precautions during transportation, storage and use. A minor negligence may cause danger to human life and property.

7.1 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF

EXPLOSIVE Explosive Rule 1983, framed under

the Indian Explosives Act, 1884 regulates transportation, storage and use of explosives in geophysical operations. Magazines for storage of explosives, detonators and vehicles and transportation of explosives and detonators should be as per the directives of Chief Controller of Explosives and as per Explosives Rules. Chief Controller of Explosives is responsible for enforcement of these statutory provisions, which should be carefully studied. Salient features and safety precautions are mentioned below:

i) Only licensed person should be

deployed to handle the explosive. ii) The explosives are required to be

transported in a vehicle approved by Chief Controller of explosive.

iii) Explosives and detonators required

to be transported in separate vehicles and in their original packing under armed escort. If material is being transported in a convoy of two or more vehicles, a safe distance must be kept between the vehicles including other vehicles running along side.

iv) If any fire occurs in a vehicle

containing explosives, the driver shall take all practical steps to keep the vehicle away from other vehicles and warn all persons in the vicinity about the danger.

v) License is required to be obtained /

renewed for permanent as well as temporary (portable) magazine.

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vi) Explosive should always be kept in a licensed magazine.

vii) Magazine should always be provided with lightening conductor with proper earthing.

viii) The magazine should be away from

the village /city etc. as per Explosive Rule.

ix) The construction of magazine must

be as per the design approved by the Chief Controller of Explosives.

x) Magazine must be properly fenced

and protected round the clock by armed guards.

xi) Sign boards indicating ‘No smoking’

and ‘Danger’ should be displayed along with red flag at the temporary and permanent magazine sites.

xii) Smoking, fire or open flames or

articles or substances of flammable nature should not be permitted in proximity to a place where explosives are stored.

xiii) Safe distance must be maintained

between B type (explosive boxes) and S type (Detonators) type boxes, as per explosive rules for storing explosive and detonators respectively.

xiv) Records of explosive and

detonators must be maintained in a register kept at explosive magazine and at HQR, or at camp.

xv) Explosives and detonators must be

transported during daytime only. xvi) While loading / unloading of

explosives in the vehicle, vehicle engine must be shut off and should not be started until loading / unloading job is completed.

xvii) Keeping in view, the advancement

of technology in manufacturing, safe and good quality of explosives should be used.

xviii) The explosives van/jeep must display the ‘Danger’, ‘Explosive’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs.

xix) Two fire extinguishers should be provided with each explosive van/jeep.

xx) All electrical wiring and battery

cables of the vehicles should be fully enclosed and maintained in good condition.

xxi) A copy of license of van/jeep should

always be kept in the vehicle. xxii) The explosive van should be

painted in aluminum (the explosive carrier part) to avoid over-heating and the rest of the body with red colour to display danger.

xxiii) Batteries, dry cells, iron material and

other source of electrical energy not to be carried out in the explosive van.

xxiv) Explosives and detonators not to be

transported in towed vehicles. xxv) Authorised and competent persons

should operate magazine only. 7.2 HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVE The following safety standard

required to be followed for handling of explosives and detonators.

i) Only competent person, holding

shot firers permit, granted under the Explosive Rules, 1983 should be allowed to handle the explosives.

ii) Only one person should give

instructions to the workers handling the explosives to avoid any confusion.

iii) A record should be maintained of

explosives and detonators received, consumed and balance at the magazine.

iv) As far as possible, priming of

explosive is done under shadow to avoid static charge.

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v) Cases containing explosives are not

thrown or dropped down on ground. vi) Atleast two detonators should be

used for priming one charge and testing of detonator shouldn’t be carried out at the operation site or near storage of explosives with any kind of testing device.

vii) No person shall have in his

possession matchbox or other appliances of steel, which can cause spark.

viii) No person wears shoes with an iron

heel. ix) Detonators are required to be

carried in wooden boxes duly locked. The end of the detonator leads should be kept shorted.

x) No detonator is taken out from its

container unless; it is required for immediate use. Separate vehicle / container must be used to carry explosive and detonators.

xi) Explosive primed with detonator

should be immediately lowered into the shot hole. No primed charge should be kept on the surface. The ends of the wire attached to the primed explosive must be kept shorted, from the time of primary loading, till the time, it is to be connected to firing line, for blasting.

xii) While stretching the detonator

leads, do not hold the detonator cap but grip the wires at least 5 centimeters away from the detonator cap with one hand and stretch with the other.

xiii) Accidents by fire or explosion

should immediately be reported to the nearest Police Station and to the concerned Controller of Explosives and Chief Controller of Explosives, Nagpur.

8.0 SHOOTING

Firing of explosives, loaded in shot hole, to acquire data, is called shooting. Blaster / synchrophone / Machha system are used to blast the explosives lowered in shot holes, through main recording system. Blaster / Synchrophone / Machha system are handled by licensed shot firers, specially trained for the job.

The following safety measures are

required to be taken during shooting operation.

i) Shooting crew should strictly study

the surveyor’s traverse report daily, before going to field to know the assess route to the shot point, presence of transmission lines, telephone lines, roads, permanent structures etc, to avoid any damage / accident to property / manpower.

ii) No blasting operation should be

carried out between the hours of sunset and sunrise.

iii) Only authorised licensed person

should be deputed to fire the shot hole.

iv) Every shot firer, deputed to charge

shot hole, should use only wooden / non-ferrous tools for opening of boxes, charging and stemming shot holes.

v) Before loading the explosives, it

should be ensured that the hole is thoroughly washed out and kept clear till loading of the explosives.

vi) Before commencing shooting,

adequate warning to public should be given by an efficient system of signals by putting up red flags in the danger zone i.e. 55 mtrs from the place of blasting. It should be ensured that persons, in the vicinity, have taken proper shelter.

vii) If shots are being fired in the vicinity

of public places or property, adequate precautions should be

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taken to guard against danger to the public.

viii) Never blast a shot hole under a

high-tension electric line. ix) After blasting has been satisfactorily

carried out, all clear signal should be sounded.

x) The entire shooting crew should

wear helmets to guard against any falling debris.

xi) The blasted holes must be filled with

earth to avoid injury to people or animals.

xii) Shooting operations should be

suspended if there is any possibility of lightning in a cloudy weather.

xiii) All the loading crew must wear

cotton dangarees to avoid static discharge from synthetic cloths. Anti-static detonators must be used in desert operations.

xiv) In the event of misfire, no attempt

should be made to re-bore or tamper the hole that was charged with explosive or to withdraw the explosive from the hole.

xv) In case of misfire, the re-loading of

the misfired hole must be done according to the Explosive Rules 1983.

xvi) The moment, hole is blasted, the

firing line must be disconnected from the blasting system.

xvii) The firing line must be kept shorted

till it is connected to the blaster. Firing line should be connected to blaster only after receiving instructions from the observer.

xviii) Before firing the shot, the observer

should ascertain from the shooter the shot point number, being fired and whether nearby persons are at safe distance from shot hole. The shooter should move to the next location only after obtaining clearance from the observer.

xix) The distance between shot hole and

the places where explosives is kept on the ground for stemming should be at least 55 mtrs. This should be applicable for up hole survey also.

xx) Instrument should be about 55 mtrs

away from the shot hole and in a direction opposite to the place where the explosive is kept for stemming.

xxi) The blaster / synchrophone should

be at a safe distance from the shot hole at the time of blasting. No person should be present near the shot hole within the radius of 55 mtrs at the time of blasting.

xxii) In case of up-hole, the shooting wire

after blasting should be pulled out and taken away from the hole. Only then another charge with shooting wire should be brought for loading. It should be ensured that there is no mix up of wires.

xxiii) Before blasting the charge, the hole

should be filled with mud and the firing line at the mouth of the shot hole should be firmly spilled to the ground so as to prevent firing line to go up.

xxiv) All communication should be kept in

off position during blasting of hole. xxv) The left over explosives and

detonators in the field must be deposited back in magazine in the evening.

xxvi) A cap tester should be used to

check the continuity of each detonator before priming.

xxvii) To avoid any confusion for clear

transmission of messages, good quality, perfectly working, communication systems should be used by shooter and recording persons.

8.1 MISFIRES

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i) No person should be allowed to approach the misfire site before getting confirmation from observer/shot firer.

ii) Misfired hole must be blasted with the help of fresh detonators.

iii) If a relieving hole is to be drilled, it

should not be drilled within five meters from misfired hole. The relieving hole shall run parallel to the misfired hole.

9.0 SAFETY ASPECTS OF SEISMIC

RECORDING OPERATION The recording operation is the main

operation in seismic data acquisition, which deploys a large numbers of men, equipment and vehicles. It involves use of sophisticated

Electronic equipment operated on electrical power, supplied from storage batteries or / and generators. In the land areas, depending upon the type of operational terrain, the recording equipment may be vehicle mounted or manually portable. The safety requirements in seismic recording operations may be considered from two angles.

i) Truck mounted equipment (ii) Portable equipment. In both these cases the safety

requirement of the crew on line (responsible for ground equipment layout) will be the same, where as the safety requirements for recording equipment, transportation crew and operators will differ a little bit in the two cases. Recording of seismic data in offshore area differs from onland recording.

9.1 TRUCK MOUNTED EQUIPMENT The recording site safety

requirement is very important, both for operating personnel and the equipment. Equipment safety is of paramount importance, as a little

carelessness may damage the costly equipment, resulting in suspension of operations. Some of the important safety aspects of operations which require attention of the observer / operator while carrying out recording operations are as follows:

i) The main recording equipment

should be mounted in a cabin on back of a powerful four-wheel drive van

ii) The recording equipment is

sensitive to temperature and humidity. To avoid damage of equipment, the cabin should be made air-conditioned. This requires a power supply backed by a generator

iii) In the rainy season, during a rainy

day, recording must be suspended and instrument must be switched off if rain and thunder persists. It is essential, both for quality of data recorded and for safety of the equipment.

9.2 RECORDING OPERATIONS WITH

PORTABLE EQUIPMENT In case of portable equipment set up

for recording, the equipment must be carried in waterproof boxes and transportation must be done carefully by deploying sufficient man power. In case of portable operations, following special safety norms must be complied with:

i) Instrument modules / panels must

be set up in a properly cleaned dry place for operations.

ii) The set up must be covered on top

to protect it from sun & rain i.e. it should be under an open tent (without side walls).

iii) The batteries for power supply to

the instrument must be placed on wooden planks and connector clips must be dry and clean.

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iv) Temperature should not exceed the prescribed limit for seismic equipment. If weather is hot, operation should be carried out in early morning to avoid temperature exceeding prescribed limit for seismic equipment.

9.3 OFFSHORE SEISMIC RECO-

RDING OPERATIONS While carrying out seismic surveys

in sea, all the operations are conducted from the vessel, which houses the recording unit, surveying or navigation equipment, compressor for airgun charging, streamer spool for laying out the streamer. The operational environment is totally different from that onland. Following safety considerations are required in offshore operations:

9.3.1 Safety of Equipment i) Protect instruments from damage

while heavy items are being carried around in the instrument room.

ii) Secure all equipment properly on

their bases or in the racks to avoid falling during roll and pitch of the ship.

iii) Manuals must invariably be kept on

the shelves after use. iv) Secure all plugs, connectors,

clamps etc. to avoid loose contact. v) Make sure that sufficient ventilation

is provided. Do not block the ventilation part of any equipment.

vi) Ensure that temperature in the

instrument room is not above the prescribed limit of the instrument.

vii) Protect equipment from seawater

etc. 9.3.2 Safety of Persons

i) Vessel must be equipped with adequate number of lifeboats and all the individuals must be provided with life jackets.

ii) The living rooms must be

adequately isolated from the compressor room to minimise the effect of noise on the crew personnel.

iii) Use proper uniform, helmet, safety

shoes and earmuffs by all the crew personnel.

iv) Carry out regular Evacuation drills

and Fire drills to keep crewmembers alert. All the crewmembers should participate in the drill.

v) All the crew on board should be

given basic training in understanding the radio communication signals, particularly the SOS message reading and transmission.

vi) Never smoke in a no smoking area. vii) Keep the floors of corridors, galley

and cabins clean. 9.3.3 Safety Precautions for Air Guns Failure to employ proper and careful

procedure may result in damage to the airgun or injury to the personnel, as airguns operate on high pressure.

A) Commencing operation of air gun i) Ensure that the air guns have been

properly assembled as per the instructions of manufacturer.

ii) Ensure that all screws, nuts and

cotter pins are securely fastened, during paying in and paying out of tailbuoy and streamer.

B) When air gun is pressurised i) Keep personnel away from

immediate vicinity of air gun (minimum 8 ft. distance away).

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ii) Never pressurise air gun greater

than 500 psi when out of water. iii) Always reduce the pressure to 500

psi before pulling the gun out of water.

iv) Do not fire air gun – ensure that the

electric power to the gun is disconnected.

v) Do not bleed air gun rapidly, which

may cause gun to fire. vi) Before pressurising the air gun, all

air gun lines are to be checked properly.

vii) All moving parts (like pulleys, V-

belts etc.) should have proper guards.

viii) All the pressure lines should carry a

pressure gauge to indicate the pressure in the respective line.

ix) Inlet and discharge valves in any of

the cylinder should be checked regularly.

x) Never screw down a safety valve to

keep it from leaking. Do not plug safety valve.

xi) Never allow a safety valve to keep

blowing. Check the possible causes.

xii) Frequent check of the cooling water

should be made. C) When Air Gun is out of Water i) Whenever the gun is out of water

and not in operation, it should be vented completely.

ii) Personnel handling air guns

(disassembling, checking fasteners etc.) should ensure gun is vented.

10. SAFETY WHILE USING VEHICLES

IN THE FIELD

Different types of vehicles are used in geophysical operation for transportation of men & material from HQ to camp and from camp to area of operation. Heavy vehicles like drilling rig, Instrument van, Vibrators, Explosive vans, Water tankers are used for geophysical operations. RTO & Safety rules to drive the vehicles moving on Road and in cross - country should be followed.

Following guidelines for safe driving

are to be followed during field operations:

. i) Before taking out the vehicles from

the camp, the vehicle should be properly checked.

ii) Over loading of vehicles should not

be allowed under any circumstances.

iii) Drivers of the vehicles should

maintain strict adherence to speed limit.

iv) The driver should not be allowed to

drive any vehicles in intoxicated conditions.

v) Separate vehicle should be used for

transportation of men and material as per Vehicle Act.

vii) Drilling rig should be parked at safe

distance from high voltage power line.

11. VIBROSEIS OPERATIONS The vibrator is widely used as an

energy source for VIBROSEIS operation. The vibrator may be mounted on conventional trucks or on specialised off-road vehicles. The following precautions should be taken during service, maintenance and operation.

i) Personnel protective equipment

such as hard hat, Safety shoes, safety goggles, hand gloves, sun

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protector, ear protectors should be used.

ii) At the time of checking always put

the transmission in neutral, set the brake, and apply safety locks provided.

iii) Before servicing, adjusting or

repairing vibrators lower the attachments to their fullest extent. If necessary, to raise them for access to certain parts and secure support by external means. Do not rely on controls of supports or position attachments for maintenance.

iv) Keep maintenance areas clean and

dry. v) Before repairing the electrical

system, make sure the batteries are disconnected.

vi) Carefully inspect equipment for

visual defect leaks in fuels, lubrication and hydraulic systems.

vii) Check levels of fuel, coolant,

hydraulic fluid and lubricating oil. viii) Since the system works at very high

pressure, system vibrator unit should not be left unattended under high pressure.

ix) The sequence of procedure to put

the system into or off the operation be carefully followed.

x) While operating near villages or

when profile crosses populated areas, the drive percentage should be reduced to safe level so as to avoid any damage to property.

xi) The driving instructions mentioned

in the manuals are strictly followed while moving in cross-country with highly undulated terrains.

xii) All the pipes of servo mechanical

system be checked properly before starting the system for any leakage / cracks / breakage at the ends or in-

between, as it may lead to serious accidents.

xiii) Before starting, at any Vibro Point, it

should be ensured that the base plates of all the vibrators are kept down making proper coupling with ground and the system and lift cylinder pressures are at mentioned ratings, radio is switched on to proper channel. Also, before moving to next vibro point it should be ensured that the base plate is lifted up fully.

xiv) While crossing the power lines,

antennas be removed or lowered. xv) If vibrator is under repair, the radio

of the vibrator is switched off or start code is changed because start command from RU may initiate sweep.

xvi) No untrained person should be

allowed to go near the vibrators while in operations.

xvii) Stay at safer distance from the

vibrators as the hot oil splash may create serious burns, in case of pipe burst.

xviii) After shifting gears care should

always be taken to slowly depress the foot pedal so that the gears may engage smoothly.

xix) Hydraulic system should always be

pre-charged before starting the prime mover driving the hydraulic pump. This is necessary to avoid cavitation in pump.

xxvii) Never turn Electronics power supply

ON or OFF with hydraulic system pressurised.

xxviii) In the event of bursting of hoses,

press the emergencies kill of the engine.

xxix) All adjustments of high-pressure

hydraulic system should be done with system, pressured upto 750

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PSI and not at 3000 PSI / or 210 Bars.

xxx) The transmission should be in a

neutral position while being towed. 12. TRAINING A) Fire Fighting Head of Seismic Field Party,

Geophysicists, Drillers, Shot firers, Surveyors and Staff posted in field party should be trained for:

i) Use, handling and operation of

different types of fire fighting equipment. During training, actual operation should be demonstrated to trainees.

ii) Made familiar with likely fire

situations and the best means of tackling them.

iii) Duties to be carried out in case of fire B) SAFE HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES i) Training for safe storing,

transportation and handling of explosives and detonators should be arranged through Department of Explosives, Govt. of India or any other reputed agency to shot firers, Head of Geophysical Party, Geophysicists before assigning the job.

ii) Drivers engaged for transportation

of explosives and for operation of vibrators should be trained about hazards associated with explosives, detonators and vibrators and evoke prompt response in emergency.

C) First aid i) First aid training to be given to staff

persons posted in the camp of geophysical parties, drillers, shot

firers, geophysicists, and surveyors by an ONGC doctor or reputed agency.

D) Fire Drill Fire drills should be held before

commencement of geophysical operations and thereafter once in a month. During fire drill every person should carry out his duties as if an emergency exists.

E) Refresher course Refresher Course for shot firers,

geophysicist be arranged about the safety measures to be taken in storing, transportation and handling of explosives once in every three years.

F) For the jobs awarded to contractors,

contractor and his persons should follow safety rules as per this Standard along with other Rules and Acts of Govt. of India and company representatives should inspect these measures time to time.

Casual labourers and contractor

workers employed for drilling shot holes should be briefed by their supervisors for one day to provide knowledge on the hazard associated with the drilling job. Safe way to perform the job, safe handling of equipment, housekeeping etc. Persons should be engaged for the job only after one-day briefing and satisfactory response from the individual. Company representative should check such briefing to labourers as and when required.

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13. GLOSSARY Aeromagnetic and Airborne

Gravity In this type of survey magnetic and

gravity measurements are made from an aircraft over the area under consideration.

Air Gun A seismic energy source, which

injects a bubble of highly, compressed air into the water. Its frequency spectrum depends on the amount of air in the bubble, the pressure and the water depth.

Blaster A device to detonate explosive by

sending an electric current through a blasting cap.

CDP Cables A group of long wires concealed in a

plastic covering, used in seismic data acquisition to transmit signal.

Common Depth Point (CDP) A technique of seismic data

acquisition. Detonators A small explosive designed to be

detonated by an electric current and which in turn detonates another explosive.

DGPS Differential Global positioning

system Dheki Manual drilling device using logs

and metallic pipes for drilling. Energy Source

The source, which is used to generate artificial waves, is known as energy source. The most commonly used sources are Explosives, Vibrators, Airgun etc.

Explosive magazine A place where explosive and

detonators are stored. These can be permanent magazines as well temporary (Portable magazines).

Geophone The instrument used to transform

seismic energy into electrical voltage.

Geophone Array The use of areal, linear or

occasionally vertical patterns with more than one geophone per channel.

Geophysical Survey A programme of geophysical

exploration which involves electrical survey, geothermal prospecting, gravity survey, magnetic survey, reflection survey, refraction survey, remote sensing, well logging etc.

Global Positioning System (GPS) An instrument used to fix locations

of point with great accuracy by measuring coordinates.

Gravity survey In this method gravitational field

over an area of interest, at various locations, is measured with the help of an instrument called Gravimeter.

Interface The common surface separating the

different media in contact.

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Magnetic Tape A sheet or strip of plastic, coated with

a magnetically sensitive material on which information can be stored in the form of magnetisation pattern.

Magnetic survey Measurement of magnetic field or its

component at a series of different locations, over an area of interest is called Magnetic Survey. The instrument used to measure magnetic field is called magnetometer.

Magazine Building especially constructed in

accordance with the design approved by the Chief Controller of Explosives and intended for storage of explosives.

Mudpump A water pump used to supply water

in drilling operation. POL Petrol, Oil and Lubricant Reconnaissance A general examination of a region to

determine its main features, usually preliminary, to a more detailed survey.

Rig A mechanical drilling equipment Seismic Profile The line along which seismic

measurements are made. Seismic Record A recording of the seismic data from

one shot, picked up by a spread of geophones.

Seismic Survey A programme for mapping

geological structures by observation of seismic waves, especially by creating seismic waves with artificial sources and observing the arrival time of the waves reflected from acoustic impedance contrasts or refracted through high-velocity layers.

Seismic waves An elastic disturbance which is

propagated from point to point through medium.

Synchrophone A device which is used to blast

explosive by transmitting radio signal, in general.

Shot firer A license holder who is authorised

by Explosive Authorities to handle explosives.

Signal That which is sought which carries

desired information. Theodolite A precision survey instrument,

which is used in measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Uphole Shooting The successive detonation of a

series of charges, at varying depth, in a shot hole, in order to determine the velocities of near surface formations.

Uphole Time Time for the first wave, from an

explosion, to reach the surface at or near the shot point.

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Vibroseis A seismic method in which a

vibrator is used as an energy source to generate a controlled wave train.

Vibrator Vibrator is a mechanical device

being used as energy source to create vibration.

VSP VSP is a measurement of the

response of a geophone at various depths in a borehole to sources on the surface. A reversed VSP has the source in borehole and geophone on the surface.

14. REFRENCES ii) Mines Act 1952 iii) Mines Rule 1955 iv) The Oil Mines Regulations 1984 v) Indian Explosives Act 1984. vi) Explosive Substances Act 1908 vii) Explosive Rules 1983

viii) Recommended Code of Practices of

ONGC ix) Indian Electricity Act CHECKLIST

I. CAMP i) Selection of isolated high ground

with road connection of sufficient dimensions for camp establishment to house the party personnel and equipment.

ii) Sufficient space between adjacent

thatch / tent houses while laying out camp.

iii) Pucca flooring (cemented if possible) for the residential dwellings.

iv) Fully equipped First Aid boxes at

least at two prominent places. v) Few trained first aid personnel in

each camp. vi) Adequate & appropriate Fire fighting

equipment at suitable locations in the camp.

vii) Lights at suitable interval within the

camp area. viii) Focus lights at Magazine site and

camp corners. ix) Generator for power supplies as

standby system in case of power failure.

x) Security system of the camp. xi) Communication system to be

checked before proceeding to field. xii) Availability of traverse report to all

crew heads. II. STORAGE FACILITIES i) Stacking of cables on the stand or

Hanging on the fixed bar. ii) Hanging of the geophone strings. iii) Repairing kit for cables &

geophones. iv) Camp kit space and safety gear

storage. v) Storage of loading & shooting

equipment. vi) Separate storage space for storing

electronic equipment. vii) Separate POL storage facility at

camp. viii) Display of non-smoking board near

generator & POL storage site.

26

III. PARKING SPACE i) Proper parking yard within camp for

various vehicles. ii) Proper light arrangement in the

parking yard. iii) Separate parking places for light,

medium and heavy vehicles. iv) Display of safety rules in bold letters

at parking yard. IV. BATTERY CHARGING PLACE / MAINTENANCE i) Sufficient number of battery

chargers at camp kept in a separate room.

ii) Cleaning of the battery terminals

regularly. iii) Sufficient number of wooden planks

for keeping batteries for charging / maintenance.

iv) Charging of batteries at proper rate

& time. V. GENERATOR ROOM i) Proper electrical panel for power

supplies from generator. ii) Grouting of the generators. iii) Silencer along with exhaust pipe. iv) Rubber mat in the generator room. VI. WATER FACILITY & DRAINAGE i) Sufficient number of tube wells for

washing, cleaning and toilet purpose.

ii) Suitability of potable water. iii) Proper drainage around the tube

wells. iv) Storage of drinking water in clean

container.

v) Provision of water filters for filtering

water for drinking purpose. VII. TRANSPORT FLEET i) Proper record of the statutory as per

Motor Vehicle Act for all the vehicles / drivers in the camp.

ii) All the vehicles should be in proper

condition. iii) Check the toolbox & spare wheel

used for each vehicle. VIII. STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE & DETONATORS i) Proper fencing and light

arrangements around the magazine area as per the Explosive Rule.

ii) Separate box for storage of

explosives and detonators. iii) Display of a board of large size

stating “Danger” and “Non smoking zone”.

iv) Display board showing license

number of the magazine. v) A proper gate for entry. vi) Strict vigil and a security morcha

near the gate. vii) Proper earthing of the magazine

hut. IX. HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES &

DETONATORS i) Explosives and detonators must be

transported during daytime. ii) While loading / unloading of

explosives in the vehicle, the vehicle engine must be shut off and should not be restarted until loading / unloading job is completed.

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