Geology

• The study of the physical earth: The rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change.

How was the Earth formed?

• What’s unique about our planet?• It orbits a sun, our source of energy

• It’s mostly water

• It has an atmosphere

• It can sustain life

• How old is the earth?

How the Earth was Made Documentary

1. How can we estimate the age of the earth?

2. What is significant about the salt experiment in space?

3. Describe the layers of the earth

4. What were the contributions of Ernest Rutherford?

5. What was learned from the Arizona Experiment?

What lies beneath the earth’s surface?

The Earth’s Layers

• The Crust• About 5 km thick under the ocean

• About 40 km thick under the continents

• The Mantle• 3000 km thick

• temps range between 500 to 900 °C

• The Core• Softer outer core

• Solid inner core• Nickle/iron

• Temp: 9000 °C

Plate Tectonics

• The Earth's surface is covered by a series of crustal plates.

• The ocean floors are continually moving, spreading from the center, sinking at the edges, and being regenerated.

• Convection currents beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions.

• The source of heat driving the convection currents is radioactivity deep in the Earth’s mantle.

Earthquakes• Shaking felt on the surface of

the earth caused by the sudden release of pressure in the crust

• Usually caused by movement along fault lines along tectonic plates

• When earthquakes happen offshore they can displace water and cause a Tsunami

• Measured on the Richter scale

Earthquake Exercise

Work with an Atlas

•Name ten cities, from several different regions that may be at risk of a heavy earthquake

•Describe where the city is located (what country)

•Describe what plates it could be affected by

Rocks

September 22nd, 2017

Types of Rock

The Earth’s Crust is mostly made up of rocks

• Igneous rock – magma that has cooled and become solid• obsidian

• Sedimentary rock – rocks that have eroded and been deposited elsewhere• Limestone

• Metamorphic Rock – rocks formed under the surface of the earth from heat and pressure• Granite

The Rock Cycle

Erosion

• Weathering• Breaking down the rocks

• Transporting• Moving the rocks

• Depositing• Dropping off the rocks

• What forces can affect erosion?

Ice Ages

• The last glacial maximum 24,000 BC

• At that time virtually all of Canada was under several thousands feet of ice

• As these glaciers melted the effects of erosion shaped the physical landscape

• Glaciers today still exist in Canada’s north and in the Rocky Mountains but are steadily melting due to constant global temperature increases

New Brunswick

Capital City: Fredericton

Population: 747,101

Tree: The Balsam Fir

Bird: Black Capped Chickadee

Flower: Purple Violet

Motto: Spem Reduxit

New

Brunswick

Cities: • Fredericton

• Moncton

• Saint John

• Bathurst

• Miramichi

• Edmundston

• Hampton

Physical Features:• The Woolastook

River

• The Bay of Fundy

• The Northumberland Strait

• Miramichi Bay

• Miscou Island

• Grand Manan Island

• Deer Island

• Campobello Island

• Mt Carleton

• Hopewell Rocks

• St. George (Granite)