Geology Layers to Boundaries 2018-2019 - Weebly

Geology/Plate Tectonics Activities – Ms. Canizares 2018-19

Learning Objectives: Cornell/Mark the Text Requirements:

Earth’s Layers Plate Tectonic History

Plate Boundaries

List the four main layers in order

Describe the theory of continental drift

State the motion that creates the three plate boundary types

Describe the basic properties & differences of the 4 main layers & the asthenosphere & lithosphere

Describe Pangea & how it was created

Describe how the features are created at each boundary type.

Describe the process of convection & predict the effects.

Describe the evidence used (& can’t) be used to support continental drift

Describe the similarities and differences between the plate boundaries

Describe how the layers are involved in the process of plate tectonics

Predict the future plate movement possibilities.

Predict formations or motions that created formations based on evidence.

--Grading Rubric --

5 4 3 2 1

Activities Completed & accurate Answers show evidence of thinking and improvement of understanding on magnets Work is neat and shows effort/time spent Corrections made on mistakes (except I think type questions/predictions)

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Cornell

Notes &

Mark the

Text

Checklist above is completed

It’s evident that it has been used for

studying at home – revised, foldings for

using questions, etc.

Almost

perfect

Missing

several

components

Missing

many

components

Missing

most

components

Grading Guide for Mark

the Text:

Paragraphs numbered

Vocabulary Circled or

Highlighted

Each Paragraph has

key ideas Underlined

or Highlighted

Underlines or

Highlights are 5-8

words (less is best)

Grading Guide for Cornell Notes:

Big Topic ID’ed

Essential Question based on big

topic & higher level question

(hint use how)

Notes per paragraph – using

mark the text

Question per paragraph on left

Summary is 5 sentences

minimum and is about the entire

reading

Summary is factual not

personal

Notes are processed –

highlight most difficult, !

*?etc.

Name:

_____________________________

Hour ______

---Earth’s Layers Introduction--- Introductory Review Questions 1. Earth is mostly covered by?

_________________________________ 2. Geology is the study of what?

__________________

3. Geo means what? _____________________ 4. Can we see inside Earth? __________ 5. How far have we “dug into” Earth?

_______________________________________

Iggy Observations: Like Earth, you can not see inside Iggy. You can not see inside Iggy until after you graduate! In real life we can not see inside Earth in (most likely) our lifetimes.

Observations (facts – using senses) Inferences (opinions, based on facts)

Cornstarch & Water 1. How does cornstarch and water act when

pressure is applied?

2. How does the cornstarch and water act when the pressure is released?

3. One layer of Earth, the asthenosphere, acts somewhat similarly to this. How do you think earthquakes are related to this

Write 5 observations:

Write 1 inference:

Drawing of Column with Labels Density ColumnReflection Questions: 1. The most dense layer of the column is at the _________________.

The most dense layer of Earth would be at the _______________.

2. The least dense layer of the column is at the _________________.

The least dense layer of Earth would be at the ________________.

3. An object that is more dense will have [more or less] mass than the

other same sized object.

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Layers of Earth The Crust

Your journey to the center of Earth begins in the crust. The crust is the layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin. The crust is a layer of solid rock that

includes both dry land and the ocean floor. On the crust you find rocks and mountains. The crust also

includes the soil and water that cover large parts of Earth’s surface.

This outer rind of rock is much thinner than the layer that lies beneath it. In fact, you can think of Earth’s

crust as being similar to the paper-thin skin of an onion. The crust is thickest under high mountains and

thinnest beneath the ocean. In most places, the crust is between 5 and 40 kilometers thick. But it can be

up to 70 kilometers thick beneath mountains. There are two types of crust: oceanic & continental.

The crust beneath the ocean is called oceanic crust. Oceanic crust consists mostly of rocks such as

basalt. Basalt (buh SAWLT) is dark rock with a fine texture. Continental crust, the crust that forms the

continents, consists mainly of rocks such as granite. Granite is a rock that usually is a light color and has a coarse texture.

The Mantle

Your journey downward continues. About 40 kilometers beneath the surface, you cross a boundary. Below the boundary is the solid material of the mantle, a

layer of hot rock. Earth’s mantle is made up of rock that is very hot, but solid. Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on the physical

characteristics of those layers. Overall, the mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick.

The Lithosphere

The uppermost part of the mantle is very similar to the crust. The uppermost part of the mantle

and the crust together form a rigid layer called the lithosphere (LITH uh sfeer). In

Greek, lithos means “stone.” As you can see in Figure 6, the lithosphere averages about

100 kilometers thick.

The Asthenosphere

Below the lithosphere, your vehicle encounters material that is hotter and under increasing pressure. As a result, the part of the mantle just beneath the

lithosphere is less rigid than the rock above. Like road tar softened by the heat of the sun, this part of the mantle is somewhat soft—it can bend like plastic.

This soft layer is called the asthenosphere (as THEN uh sfeer). In Greek,asthenes means “weak.” Although the asthenosphere is softer than the rest of the

mantle, it’s still solid. If you kicked it, you would stub your toe.

The Lower Mantle - Beneath the asthenosphere, the mantle is solid. This solid material extends all the way to Earth’s core.

The Core

After traveling through the mantle, you reach Earth’s core. The core is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel. It consists of two parts—a liquid

outer core and a solid inner core. Together, the inner and outer core are 3,486 kilometers thick.

Outer Core and Inner Core

The outer core is a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. Despite enormous pressure, the outer core is liquid. The inner core is a dense ball of

solid metal. In the inner core, extreme pressure squeezes the atoms of iron and nickel so much that they cannot spread out and become liquid. Most of the

current evidence suggests that both parts of the core are made of iron and nickel. But scientists have found data suggesting that the core also contains

substances such as oxygen, sulfur, and silicon. Scientists must seek more data before they decide which of these other substances is most important.

The Core and Earth’s Magnetic Field

Scientists think that movements in the liquid outer core create Earth’s magnetic field. Because Earth has a

magnetic field, the planet acts like a giant bar magnet. The magnetic field affects the whole Earth. Consider an

ordinary bar magnet. If you place it on a piece of paper and sprinkle iron filings on the paper, the iron filings line

up with the bar’s magnetic field. If you could cover the entire planet with iron filings, they would form a similar

pattern. When you use a compass, the compass needle aligns with the lines of force in Earth’s magnetic field.

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javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfcrust')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfbasalt')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfgranite')

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javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gflithosphere')

javascript:openCrossRef('../ch1/ch1_s1_4.html#sx5004a3L')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfasthenospher')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfoutercore')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfinnercore')

Big Topic: ______________________________________________________________________

Essential Question: Explain the internal structure of Earth (aka Earth’s layers).

Questions/Main Ideas:

The Crust

Describe the crust.

What are the two types of crust and

what are they made of?

The Mantle

What happens to the temperature

and pressure as you go deeper into

Earth?

How many layers does the mantle

have?

Lithosphere

Describe the lithosphere.

Asthenosphere

Describe the asthenosphere.

Lower Mantle

Describe the mantle.

Core

Describe the core.

Outer & Inner Core

Describe the inner and outer core.

Core & Earth’s Magnetic Field

How is Earth like a magnet?

Notes

1: ________________: Earth’s outermost layer which includes l______________ &

the o_____________ floor

2: Compared to the other layers of Earth the crust is _______________________.

3: The two types of crust are o________________ (made mostly of basalt) and

c________________ (made mostly of granite)

4: As you go deeper into Earth the temperatures ____________________ and the

pressure (force above you) ___________________. The mantle is broken into ____

main layers.

5: __________________________: uppermost mantle and the crust; about 100 km

thick

6: ________________________: soft layer found under the lithosphere (solid but

flows)

7: Lower Mantle: solid, is the thickest layer of the mantle

8: Core: most d_____________ layer is made up of mostly i_______________ and

n_____________. It’s 3,486km thick.

9: _______________________: liquid layer & ___________________: solid layer

10:__________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): The Earth has four main layers: c_____________, m________________, outer

_________, and inner _____________. The crust is ___________________________________________ The mantle is made up of

three main layers which are the _______________________________________________________________________________.

The outer core is different from the inner because it is _________________________ iron and nickel. Because of its metallic core the

Earth acts like a ___________________.

Reflection: One thing I find confusing about Earth’s layers _______________________________________________________________

The easiest portion about Earth’s layers is ______________________________________________________________________.

One difference in the way we do cornell notes in this class is _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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---Continental Drift--- Review Questions: Which layer of Earth is the hottest? _______________ least dense? ______________ most dense? _______________ Thinnest? _________________ liquid? ________________ solid, but flows like a liquid? ________________________ What makes up the lithosphere? _________________ & __________________________ Lava Lamp: Where is the heat source in the lava lamp? ___________________ in Earth? _______________________ What happens to the density of the blob as it heats up? [increases or decreases] When the blob rises to the top, what happens to the temperature? [increases or decreases] What then happens to the density? [increases or decreases] So as temperature increases, the density _____________________. As temperature decreases, the density ___________________. Questions – Answer in Complete Sentences (after doing the activity portion) 1. What are the types of evidence you used to try to put the supercontinent together? 2.What do you think the idea of Continental Drift is? Continental Drift is the idea that __________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which 2 continents have the most obvious fit of the coastlines? The two continents that fit best are ____________________________________________________________. 4. Which fossil occurs on the most landmasses? What does this suggest about when these particular continents broke up? The fossils that occur on landmasses are ______________________________________. This suggests __________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why don’t the present shapes of the continents fit perfectly into a supercontinent? [what changed?] ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Analyzing Evidence: Continental Drift Read the statement in each box and check whether the statement is evidence or not in the left columns, and whether it supports the movements of the continents in the right columns.

Is it Evidence?

Statements

Does It Support the Idea that Continents

Have Drifted/Moved? Yes No Yes No

1858: Geologist Eduard Seuss points out that fossils of the Glossopteris plant are found in southern Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and India.

Wegener examines the location of tiny rocks and the direction of grooves formed by large glaciers scraping across southern areas of Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and India. He concludes that if all these places were connected together, they would form a continuous ice sheet expanding outward in all directions.

Frankfurt News, Januar y 6, 1 912: Announcement that German scientist Alfred Wegener will speak at the Geological Association meeting.

Popular Geology magazine, March 12, 1912: “Continents are so large they must always have been where they are.”

Wegener observes that a South American mountain range in Argentina lines up with an ancient African mountain range in South Africa when the two continents ar e placed together. He writes: “It is just as if we were to have torn pieces of a newspaper by matching their edges and then check whether the lines of print ran smoothly across. If they do, there is nothing left but to conclude that the pieces were in fact joined in this way.”

1944: Geologist Baily Willis calls Wegener’s theory a fairy tale. He argues that the theory should be ignored.

1965: Geologist Edward Bullard uses computers to match coasts of South America and Africa. They match extremely well at an ocean depth of 1,000 meters.

1980s: Satellites and lasers are used to measure the movement of continents. They continue to move at an average of about 2 cm (0.8 in) per year.

P4

Essential Question: What are the 3 main types of motion that create the geologic features of Earth?

1. Thinking of Earth’s Layers, label the candy bar sketch using these terms: lithosphere, asthenosphere and mantle

2. A divergent boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere pull apart. What happened to your candy when you pulled it apart? I observed ___________________________________________________________ .

3. A transform boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere slide past each other. What happened to your candy when you did the motion demonstrated on the right? I observed _________________________________________________________.

4. A convergent boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere slam into each other.

I observed _________________________________________________________.

Interpretations/Inferences:

1) Label each of the plate boundaries drawn below as either divergent, convergent, or transform.

2) Based on your observations, at which type of boundary would you expect to see mountain ranges? [convergent,

divergent or transform]

3) At which type of boundary would you expect to see thinned crust and asthenosphere? [convergent, divergent or

transform]

4) At which type of boundary would you expect to see a trench (one plate

diving underneath another)? [convergent, divergent or transform]

5) Where do we usually observe more earthquakes – at plate boundaries,

or in the middle of plates? [plate boundaries or middle of plates]

6) To the right is a map of the tectonic plates. Where is the closest

transform boundary to us? _____________________________

7) What kind of geological feature do you expect to see north of the

Indian plate? ___________________________

8) What kind of plate boundary exists between the South American plate and the African plate?

______________________

Summary/Answering Essential Question: What are the 3 main types of motion that create the geologic features of Earth?

The Earth’s lithosphere is on top of the a_______________sphere. Since it is hot, it moves around pushing

the Earth’s surface (aka the l______________sphere). One way the lithosphere moves is _____________

______________________. This could cause _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________.

Another way the lithosphere moves is _________________________________. This could

cause______________________________________________________________________.

The final way the lithosphere moves is _______________________________. This could cause

_____________________________________________________________________.

Plate Boundaries

Introduction

P5

Plate Tectonics Have you ever dropped a hard-boiled egg? If so, you may have noticed that the eggshell

cracked in an irregular pattern of pieces. Earth’s lithosphere, its solid outer shell, is not one unbroken layer. It is

more like that cracked eggshell. It’s broken into pieces separated by jagged cracks.

A Canadian scientist, J. Tuzo Wilson,

observed that there are cracks in the

continents similar to those on the ocean floor. In 1965, Wilson

proposed a new way of looking at these cracks. According to

Wilson, the lithosphere is broken into separate sections

called plates. The plates fit together along cracks in the

lithosphere. As shown in Figure 22, the plates carry the continents

or parts of the ocean floor, or both. Wilson combined what

geologists knew about sea-floor spreading, Earth’s plates, and

continental drift into a single theory. A scientific theory is a well-

tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.

How Plates Move

The theory of plate tectonics (tek TAHN iks) states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection

currents in the mantle. The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates.

How can Earth’s plates move? What force is great enough to move the

heavy continents? Geologists think that movement of convection currents

in the mantle is the major force that causes plate motion. During

subduction, gravity pulls one edge of a plate down into the mantle. The rest

of the plate also moves. This slow movement is similar to what happens in

a pot of soup when gravity causes the cooler, denser soup near the surface

to sink. As the plates move, they collide, pull apart, or grind past each

other, producing spectacular changes in Earth’s surface. These changes

include volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep-ocean trenches.

Plate Boundaries

The edges of Earth’s plates meet at plate boundaries. Plate boundaries extend deep into the lithosphere. As shown in Figure 23,

there are three kinds of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries (go apart), convergent boundaries (come together), and

transform boundaries (slide past each other). A different type of plate movement occurs along each type of boundary.

Faults—breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other—form along these boundaries.

FIGURE 23

Plate

movements

have built many

of the features

of Earth’s land

surfaces and

ocean floors.

Scientists have used instruments on satellites to measure plate motion very precisely. The plates move at amazingly slow rates: from

about 1 to 24 centimeters per year. The North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart at a rate of 2.5 centimeters per year.

That’s about as fast as your fingernails grow. This may not seem like much, but these plates have been moving apart for tens of

millions of years.

FIGURE 22

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javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfscientificth')

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javascript:openCrossRef('../ch1/ch1_s5_2.html#view1_sx05_fart034L')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gffault')

Big Topic: ______________________________________

Essential Question: Explain plate tectonics.


Plate Tectonics

What’s Earth’s lithosphere like?

What are plates?

How Plates Move

What is plate tectonics and its

cause?

Plate Boundaries

What are plate boundaries?

What are the three types?

How fast do plates move?

Notes

1: Earth’s l_________________ is like a cracked e______________.

2: ____________________: the pieces of Earth’s lithosphere

3: Plate tectonics states that Earth’s l_________________ is in a slow nearly

c____________ motion caused by c_______________ c_______________ in the

asthenosphere.

4: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5: Where plates meet are called p___________ b_______________. The ____ types

are c___________________, d_______________ & t_________________.

6: The plates move about ___________________ cm a year

________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum):Plates are _______________________________________________________________________

____________ . Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s plates (pieces of lithosphere) are ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________. This motion is caused by ________________________

______________________________________________. The three ways that plate boundaries are___________________________

(come together), _____________________________ (apart), __________________________________ (side by side). The plates move

about__________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

p7

Essential Question: What are the 3 main types of motion that create the geologic features of Earth?

1. Thinking of Earth’s Layers, label the candy bar sketch using these terms: lithosphere, asthenosphere and mantle

2. A divergent boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere pull apart. What happened to your candy when you pulled it apart? I observed ___________________________________________________________ .

3. A transform boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere slide past each other. What happened to your candy when you did the motion demonstrated on the right? I observed _________________________________________________________.

4. A convergent boundary occurs when the pieces of the lithosphere slam into each other.

I observed _________________________________________________________.

Interpretations/Inferences:

1) Label each of the plate boundaries drawn below as either divergent, convergent, or transform.

2) Based on your observations, at which type of boundary would you expect to see mountain ranges? [convergent,

divergent or transform]

3) At which type of boundary would you expect to see thinned crust and asthenosphere? [convergent, divergent or

transform]

4) At which type of boundary would you expect to see a trench (one plate

diving underneath another)? [convergent, divergent or transform]

5) Where do we usually observe more earthquakes – at plate boundaries,

or in the middle of plates? [plate boundaries or middle of plates]

6) To the right is a map of the tectonic plates. Where is the closest

transform boundary to us? _____________________________

7) What kind of geological feature do you expect to see north of the

Indian plate? ___________________________

8) What kind of plate boundary exists between the South American plate and the African plate?

______________________

Summary/Answering Essential Question: What are the 3 main types of motion that create the geologic features of Earth?

The Earth’s lithosphere is on top of the a_______________sphere. Since it is hot, it moves around pushing

the Earth’s surface (aka the l______________sphere). One way the lithosphere moves is _____________

______________________. This could cause _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________.

Another way the lithosphere moves is _________________________________. This could

cause______________________________________________________________________.

The final way the lithosphere moves is _______________________________. This could cause

_____________________________________________________________________.

Reflection: Which type of plate boundary seems most confusing to you?

Convergent Divergent Transform All of ‘em None of ‘em

Plate Boundaries

Introduction

p8

Types of Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

A transform boundary is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite

directions. Earthquakes often occur along transform boundaries, but crust is neither created

nor destroyed. In the U.S. this is occurring in California – most notably the San Andreas

Fault.

Divergent Boundaries

Ocean Splits: The place where two plates move apart, or diverge, is called a divergent

boundary (dy VUR junt). Most divergent boundaries occur along the mid-ocean ridges where sea-

floor spreading occurs. As the oceanic plates spread apart this creates new lava that creates a

ridge like formation.

Continent Splits: Divergent boundaries also occur on land. When a divergent boundary develops on

land, two of Earth’s plates slide apart. A deep valley called a rift valley forms along the divergent

boundary. For example, the Great Rift Valley in East Africa marks a deep crack in the African continent.

At one time Kansas had a divergent boundary which mysteriously stopped – so who knows?!

Convergent Boundaries

The place where two plates come together, or converge, is called a convergent boundary (kun VUR junt). When two plates converge,

the result is called a collision. When two plates collide, the density of the plates determines which one comes out on top. Oceanic crust

becomes cooler and denser as it spreads away from the mid-ocean ridge.

Ocean vs Ocean: Where two plates carrying oceanic crust meet at a

trench, the plate that is more dense sinks under the other plate. This

creates a trench at the meeting point. As the plate subducts (goes

under the other) it melts from the increased temperature and this magma

rises to the surface and creates volcanoes. At this boundary it is common

to get multiple volcanic islands called volcanic island arcs. The islands of

SE Asia (Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, etc) were all created this way!

Ocean vs. Continental: Sometimes a plate carrying oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying continental crust. Oceanic crust is

more dense than continental crust. The less dense continental crust can’t sink under the more dense oceanic crust. Instead,

subduction occurs as the oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate. The melting of the oceanic plate creates volcanoes – and

therefore volcanic mountain ranges. In the NW U.S. the Cascade Mountains are an example of such a volcanic mountain range.

Continental vs. Continental: When two plates carrying continental crust collide,

subduction does not take place. Neither piece of crust is dense enough to sink very

far into the mantle. Instead, the collision squeezes the crust into mighty mountain

ranges. The Himalayan Mountains are an example of a mountain range made by

this process.

p9

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gftransformbou')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfdivergentbou')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfdivergentbou')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfriftvalley')

javascript:openGlossaryWnd('e_gfconvergentbo')

Big Topic: ______________________________________

Essential Question:


Transform Boundary

Describe the motion, features

made, & example of this boundary.

Divergent Boundary


made, & example of this type of

divergent boundary (ocean split).


made, & example of this type of

divergent boundary (land split).

Convergent Boundary

What type of motion occurs here

and what decides which plate is on

top?

Ocean v.s. Ocean


made, & example of o vs. o.

Ocean v.s. Continent


made, & example of o vs. c.

Continent v.s Continent


made, & example of c vs. c.

_____________________________

_____________________________

Wegner’s Hypothesis Rejected

_____________________________

_____________________________

Core & Earth’s Magnetic Field

_____________________________

_____________________________

___________________________

Notes

1: Transform boundaries are where ___ plates s_______ past each other in

_______________ _______________ like what’s happening in (Ca_____________).

2: ___________________: created when the ocean floor splits apart. It creates

underwater mountain ranges. These can be volcanic. Ex: Mid Atlantic Ridge

3: __________________: created when the continental floor splits apart. Volcanoes

can be found here. Ex: Great Rift Valley in Africa

4: Convergent boundaries are where _____ plates collide into each other.

D_____________ decides which one wins (is on top).

5: The more dense plate ___________________ under the other creating a

v _________________ i_______________. Ex: _____________________________

6: __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7: s_______________ doesn’t occur, but the plates push up and create

m___________________. (ex: H________________)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Summary (5 sentences minimum): At a ____________________ boundary the plates slide past each other. This is occurring in

__________________________! At a ______________________ boundary the plates split apart. When the ocean splits it

creates_________________________, and when the continent splits it creates a ________________________________. At a

________________________ boundary the plates come together. When two oceanic plates collide this creates _____________________

_________. When two continental plates collide this creates _______________________________ _______________________. When

an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate the more dense oceanic plate s__________________ and helps create

v_________________________ m_____________________.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________

____________________________________________________________________________________

p10

Boundaries Simulation! http://sepuplhs.org/middle/iaes/students/simulations/SEPUP_Plate_simulation.swf

1. Divergent Boundary: Click the left arrow & Click

Pick Time & Click Run

Observations/Features Made

10 years Melting Rock Mantle Convection Earthquakes Mountain Volcano Abandoned Riverbed


1,000 years Melting Rock Mantle Convection Earthquakes Mountain Volcano Abandoned Riverbed

1 million yrs Melting Rock Mantle Convection Earthquakes Mountain Volcano Abandoned Riverbed


20 million years

Label the diagram using the key on the website

2. Transform Boundary Click HOME & then click

Pick Time & Click Run

Observations/Features Made



1,000 years Melting Rock Mantle Convection Earthquakes Mountain Volcano Abandoned Riverbed



20 million years


3. Convergent Boundary Click HOME & then click

Pick Time Observations/Features Made 20 million years


Click “What if Two Oceanic Plates Collide” (DO NOT CLICK HOME)

Pick Time Observations/Features Made 1 million yrs Melting Rock Mantle Convection Earthquakes Mountain Volcano Abandoned Riverbed

20 million years


Plate Boundary Types

Divergent Boundary:

Plates/Lithosphere Move ______________________ (apart, together, side by side)

Earthquakes ___________ created (are or are not)

Features made at this boundary are _________________ (none, mountains, volcanoes, etc.)

_________________________ is what causes the plates/lithosphere to move (hint look at the orange)

Transform Boundary:





Convergent Boundary:





p11

http://sepuplhs.org/middle/iaes/students/simulations/SEPUP_Plate_simulation.swf

Graham Cracker Plate Tectonics

Divergent Boundary Model

1. What type of features are produced by this

movement? (go to p. 9/10 if need help)

2. What happened to the frosting between the

crackers?

3. What do the graham crackers represent?

4. What does the frosting represent?

5. Name a specific location on Earth where

this kind of boundary activity takes place.

Convergent – Oceanic & Continental

1. What type of features are produced by this

movement? (go to p. 9/10 if need help)

2. What happened to the crackers during this

activity?

3. What happens when a tectonic plate gets

subducted?



Convergent – Continental vs. Continental

1. What features are made at this type of

convergent boundary? (go to p. 9/10 if need

help)

2. What happens to the wet ends of the

graham crackers?

3. In real life do you think the lithosphere acts

more like the wet or dry crackers? ______

What observations did you make to support

this?



Transform

1. Why is this movement often described as

horizontal sliding?



3. Nothing happens at the beginning, but as

the pressure is increased, the crackers

finally break. What do we call the breaking

and vibrating of the Earth’s crust?

Conclusion – Answer in sentence(s)

1. How is plate movement a destructive

(destroying) force?

2. How is plate movement a constructive

(building) force?

3. Did this activity help you better visualize

the boundaries? ______

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Plate Boundaries Review Video

Note: This video is a little old and cheezy. However despite its age it has some great visualizations to help

reinforce the basics of plate boundaries. Be kind to the elderly!

1. Have the continents and oceans always been in the same place? Y N

2. Who is the main dude that recognized that the continents were all together? Alfred W__________________

3. What evidence did he have to support continental drift? _________________________________________

4. Did scientists believe Wegner? Y N

5. What are two unusual things that you find at mid ocean ridges?

6. As the mid ocean ridge spreads – where is the oldest rock found? At the ridge or furthest points away from

ridge

7. What are the pieces of earth called? T____________ P___________

8. What are the layers of Earth starting from the inside?

9. How far do the plates move a year (using bad words sorry)? __________ inches

10. This video is a little incomplete, what part of the mantle is convection occurring that causes our crust to move?

A_____________sphere

11. When the plates move apart in opposite directions, what type of boundary is this? D__________________

12. When the two plates collide this is what type of boundary? C_________________________

13. Where is plate material destroyed? C___________________ Boundary

14. When a more dense oceanic plate goes under the less dense continental plate are s________________ zones.

15. Cracks in the earth’s crust are called f____________.

16. Is there a boundary where earthquakes do not occur? Y N

17. Where is one of the most active faults in the world found? C________________________

18. Most volcanoes occur near s____________________ zones.

19. Hawaii is not near a plate boundary but has volcanoes because of h______ s_________.

20. Are the Hawaiian volcanoes as violent as like Mount St. Helens? Y N

21. Most mountains are found at c_____________________ boundaries.

22. Is India still crashing into the Eurasian plate? Y N

23. Why is it odd to find fossils from the sea in the rocks of mountains?

24. What do you still find confusing about this?

25. Label the boundaries, lithosphere, asthenosphere, and convection currents below.

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Types of Boundaries Review

1. State the three types of boundaries by the matching arrows.

2. The Atlantic Ocean is splitting apart. Boundary Type: __________________ Feature Made: r________ When land splits apart it makes a r_________ v_________________.

3. The star on the image on the right shows s____________________.

4. Match the processes that occur or formations that may occur at each type of convergent boundary. More than one

answer can be used for some.

___________a. type of boundary found at NW U.S./Mt. St. Helen’s

___________b. formed the Himalayas (India)

___________c. created volcanic Andes Mountains

___________d. forms volcanic islands

___________e. plates have equal densities so there’s no subduction

______ _____f. subduction occurs here

5. What type of boundary caused the fence to move like it did in the picture on the right?

_____________________________ Feature made: __________________________

6. Fill the chart in by placing an X under the type of boundary that fits the description. You

may put an X under more than one boundary.

Event occurring Convergent Divergent Transform

Subduction occurs

New crust is created

Crust is destroyed

Earthquakes occur

Volcanoes form

Forms mountains

Produces trenches

Where sea floor

spreading occurs

Friction builds up as

plates slide by each

other

Produces rift valleys

A. Oceanic-Continental B. Oceanic-Oceanic

C. Continental-Continental

p14

Post Test: If you missed more than 4 questions, pick the 4 that would be most useful for you to reflect about. If you

missed less than 4, then fill in only for the ones missed.

Copy or Rephrase (if wordy) the

Question You Missed

Why Did You Miss It? Correct Answer (Do NOT write the letter

choice)

Had no clue & guessed

I confused it with something else:

_____________________________________

Brain Fart/Silly Mistake

Other:



_____________________________________


Other:



_____________________________________


Other:



_____________________________________


Other:

Reflection: On the test, I noticed I was not so confident or had to think for a bit about ___________________________

______________________________. Since I need to retain this information until at least December (some of you will

take earth science in high school), I plan on doing the following to improve what I am weak on: ___________________

______________________________________________________________________________. Over time if you don’t

continually review your brain struggles to find information I currently know. I plan on doing the following to help me

keep/retain what I am strong on: _____________________________________________________________________.

To prepare for this test I have done the following at home: _________________________________________________

________________________________________________. My test prep strategy [worked, could be improved, didn’t

work]. Next test I plan to ________________________________________________________________________.

Documents

Geology Layers to Boundaries 2018-2019 - Weebly