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Geology 351 - Geomath. Review of exponential growth problems and equation manipulation using isostacy. tom.h.wilson [email protected]. Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV. Agenda/objectives. Return/Discuss problems 2.11, 2.13 Creating e - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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tom.h.wilson
Department of Geology and Geography
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV
Geology 351 - Geomath
Review of exponential growth problems and equation manipulation using isostacy
Return/Discuss problems 2.11, 2.13
Creating e
Exponentials!
Take the plunge and find out about Archimedes principle and isostacy. Why ice cubes float and what they share with mountain roots.
In class problem use and substitute h=r+e to solve for e as a function of h, i and w.
Hand that in along with answers to computer problems 2.11 and 2.12.
i
w
r h
Agenda/objectives
2.11
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Make sure you distinguish between rate and slope
D/t=1856cm/4175yr=0.
2.11
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Be quantitative in your responses
A few minutes on e
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Open up Excel and work through this as we go
For example, N=10.
You can give N a variable name if you wish or just refer to the cell carrying the value N
=(1+1/c4)^c4 or =(1+1/N)^N
Increase N from 10 to 100 to 1000
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
What do you think this expression will converge to when N approaches infinity?
Note that you can get a reliable answer in Excel up to about 1e12
Let’s consider this as a compound interest problem
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
You can also use Excel for this
Let’s say you have $1000 to invest and you purchase a stock that earns on average 6% per year.
What is your value in one year?
In 2 years?
In 3 years?
We just have $1000 (1+0.06)(1+0.06)(1+0.06) for the three years. In other words, each year the value of our investment increases 6%.
However, in this example, we are just compounding annually
Calculate earnings at different fractions of the year
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
What if we compound or give out earnings every half year?
Our interest would be calculated at the half as $1000(1+0.03) =
And at the end of the year as $1000(1+0.03)(1+0.03) =
What would happen if we calculated the value every quarter, every month, or continuously.
The formula you are evaluating is
What is
interest1
N
N
xlim 1
N
x N
Evaluate ex
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Evaluate this expression for large N and then compute ex
0.06e
rtValue Pe
This gives rise to the relationship that
rtValue Pe
This relationship looks very much like the population growth relationship
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
(at time t) rtValue PeWhere P is the initial investment and r is the fractional interest per anum and t is the number of years
toP P e
Where Po is the population at reference time 0 and r is the fractional growth per anum
Make a calculation and examine it
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
toP P eUse Po =1000 and =0.06
What is P in one year?
and note that P increases by about 6.2% not 6%
We’ll come back to this in a minute.
Questions about population growth?
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Why does the approximation of as the fractional growth in one year give you an accurate result?
Using the series approximation for the natural log
Why does the fractional increase in population ?
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
actually equals ln(1+the fractional increase) or2 3 4
or ln(1 ) ...2 3 4
where x (<1) is the fractional increase in population
x x xx x
Have a look at the Excel file ln_Expansion.xlsx
It’s a busy presentation
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
We’re letting x= the fractional increase in the above
ln_Expansion.xlsx
It's nice to simplify, but be sure you understand why it works
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
50(0.01188)
50(0.01181)
(50)
but - actually
ln(1.01188) or
0.01180999
so (50)
o
o
P P e
P P e
In this case, there is a very small error in making the one term approximation
Low order approximations are good for small x!
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Dissecting the exponential decay relationship
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
toN N e
Let’s use our calculus for a minute to get another perspective on this relationship
The derivative of N is
or just
to
dNN e
dtdN
Ndt
This is actually the starting point for the radioactive decay problem
Integrate
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Working from that relationship as a starting point, divide both sides by N and multiply both sides by dt
to get 1
dN dtN
What do you get when you integrate?
1dN dt
N
Integration yields -
The decay equation in logarithmic form
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
1 2ln( )N c t c
Take a few minutes and transform this relationship into its exponential equivalent, to get
toN N e
Half life
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
The half life is just the time it takes for No to decay to No/2.
1/ 2
2to
o
NN e
We used the ln transform to solve for t1/2. Note that if the half-life were given, we could solve for the growth rate.
Make sure you can apply these ln transforms and their inverse.
Isostacy
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
We’ll talk more about isostacy on Thursday. To introduce the problem consider the ice cube floating in
your favorite drink. Some basic terms …
Hand in the in-class problems before leaving
2.13 and 2.15 will be due Thursday
Read chapter 3 and look over problems 3.10 and 3.11 (also see today’s handout) for discussion this Thursday