Thinking Globally Geo-earth graphy-to write Geographers ask
where things are and why they are there Geography-The study of the
distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the
earth.
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Geography Physical Geography-focus on natural environment. The
earths natural phenomena, like soil, plants, climate and
topography. This is what most think of when they think Geography.
Human Geography-focus on people. Processes, and locations of the
earths human creations and their interactions.
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Looking at the earth Continents County State/province/territory
Islands Oceans
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The World
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The Science of Mapmaking Cartographer-A person who makes maps
How do you know where things are without a map?
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Maps and Map Symbols Scale Compass Rose Symbols Title
Key/Legend Color
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Maps Maps-a two dimensional or flat scale model of the earths
surface Globe-scale model of the earth Great Circle Route-shortest
distance between 2 points on the earth
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Types of Maps During the course of the year we will look at all
types of maps, here are a few: Thematic Flow-line Chloropleth Dot
Density Proportional Symbol thematic Reference Isoline Thematic
Cognative or mental maps
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Map Projections Projections are the scientific method of
transferring locations on the Earths surface to a flat map. Think
of a projection of making the skin of an orange lay flat. Four
types of distortions can occur: 1. shape of an area is distorted.
2. distance between two points may increase or decrease. 3.
relative size of different areas may be altered. 4. Direction from
one place to another can be distorted.
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Classes of Maps Cylindrical (compromise)-shows true direction
but loses distance. Planar-shows true direction and examines the
earth from one point. Conic-cone over the earth, loses direction
but keeps distance intact. Oval-combination of cylindrical and
conic
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Contemporary Tools for MappingMapping Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) Remote Sensing Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Information on a location is stored in layers. Layers can be viewed
individually or combined. Remote sensing satellites scan the earth.
Google maps Accurately determines the precise position of something
on earth. Originally designed for aircraft and ships, now available
for autos.
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Get out your notebook Put yourself in groups of 3. HURRY! DO
THIS BEFORE THE TARDY BELL RINGS!
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Analyze your picture: What do you see in the picture? What do
you think is "different" in the picture? Does this look like
everywhere else in the world? What affects the look of this place?
Is the location of this place important? If I were trying to get to
this place, how I might I travel there?
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Warm-UP Describe Manvel High School using the 5 Themes of
Geography- there should be a characteristic for each Theme
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Five Themes Five Themes of Geography Location Human/Environment
Interactions Regions Place Movement
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Location How do Geographers know where things are? Absolute
Location: refers to a position on the global grid. Relative
Location: a location as described in relation to places around
it.
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Absolute or Mathematical Location Mathematical
location-location described by meridians and parallels, otherwise
known as latitude and longitude. Absolute location is unique for
each place on earth. The absolute location of the ACC radio tower.
Latitude: 29-24'02'' N Longitude: 095-12'14'' W
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Latitude and Longitude Meridians or longitude Parallels or
Latitude Prime Meridian GMT-Greenwich Mean Time International Date
line Equator Hemispheres
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Latitude and Longitude
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Place-Unique location of a feature Why is each point on Earth
Unique? Four ways to identify a place on earth by its location. 1.
Place name Toponym or name to distinguish them from others. Some
names reflect historyNew York Some reflect the founder-Alvin-Alvin
Morgan Some are reflective-Three Rivers
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Site 2. Site- physical character of a place Climate Topography
soil water resources Vegetation elevation.
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Situation 3. Situation-location of a place relative to another
place. This characteristic refers to relative location.
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Human Environment Interaction People and their
environment.
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Environmental Modification Changes to environment to suit
people.
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Movement Interconnections between areas What connects people
and places How do people move from one place To another?
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Regions The organization of the earths surface into distinct
areas that are viewed as different from other areas.
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Types of regions There are three types of regions: 1. Formal
region 2. Functional Region 3. Vernacular or perceptual region
Slide 32
Formal Region Other wise known as uniform or homogeneous
region. Everyone within the region shares in common one or more
distinctive characteristics. Creation of a state or province is a
formal region
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Formal regions The North America Wheat Belt is a formal region.
Persons in the USA who vote Republican or Democratic.
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Functional Region Functional or Nodal Regions are organized
around a core, node or focal point. Geographers use functional
regions to display information about economic areas. Newspaper
circulation TV Station reception area People in our are who follow
the Texans.
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Functional region The core area has distinct characteristics
that lessen in intensity as one travels to the periphery, or the
regions margins. Traveling West from Denver persons will venture to
the periphery of Salt Lake City.
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Perceptual or Vernacular Regions They are places that people
believe to exist as part of their cultural identity. The reflect
feelings and images more than any objective reality.
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Regions Emerging mega regions of the USA
Slide 38
Globalization A force or process that involves the entire world
and results in making something worldwide in scope. Human
activities are rarely confined to one location. Multinational
Corporation-located in more than one country. Can affect the
culture of other nations.
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Distribution Distribution-the arrangement of a feature in space
Density-frequency in which something occurs.
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Distribution, cont. Concentration-the extent of a features
spread over space. Are they clustered (close together)? Are they
dispersed (far apart) ? Concentration is not the same as density.
You can have the same density but different concentrations. Think
housing in communities.
Slide 41
Distribution, cont. Pattern-the geometric arrangement of
objects in space. Some are geometric-houses on a street are linear.
Some are random and irregular
Slide 42
China
Slide 43
Spatial interaction Historically-settlers, explorers created
interaction between locations Today- Airplanes, computers,
Television, internet Distance Decay-the farther away one group is
from another group, the less likely they are to interact with each
other. Electronic communication Has lessened this concept.
Slide 44
Diffusion of culture and economy North America, Western Europe
and Japan are the centers of global culture and economy.
