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Geography of the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent is an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea.
The two rivers that help agriculture here are the Tigris and Euphrates River. Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
Environmental Challenges
Flooding of the rivers were unpredictable. Little to no rainfall.
No natural barriers to protect them from invaders.
Limited natural resources- stone, wood, metal.
Solutions
To provide water, irrigation ditches were built.
For defense, they built city walls with mud brick.
Traded with people in their region for products they lacked.
Sumerians Create City-StatesCity-states function like an
independent country.In the beginning, temple priest
ruled city-states.In times of war, however, a
strong fighter and leader ruled.Dynasties, or rulers from the
same family, emerge.
Sumerian CultureAs populations grow and trade
expands, thoughts and ideas are exchanged.
Religiously, Sumerians believed different gods controlled various forces of nature.
Bleak outlook on the afterlife.Epic of Gilgamesh is written.
Enlil- god of clouds/air
One of the Earliest Works of Literature
Sumerian SocietyPriest and kings.Wealthy merchants.Workers who labored in the field
and workshops. Majority.Slaves- From wars or debts.Woman could pursue most
occupation and had some rights.Wealthy men were educated.
Sumerian Science and Technology.
Invented the wheel, sail, and plow.
First to use bronze.Developed the number
system in base 60. Measures time.
Building and construction.
First Empire BuildersSargon creates the world's first
empire combining northern and southern Mesopotamia.
Weak city-states could not fend off attacks from people in their area.
Afterward, Amorites establish an empire. Babylon the capital.
Sargon of Akkad
Amorites or Babylonians Reach their peak under
Hammurabi.Established a single, uniform
code to unify his empire.282 laws that dealt with
community issues. Eye for an eye concept.Fall to nomadic warriors.
Hammurabi
Geography of EgyptHome to the longest river
in the world- Nile River.The Nile's floods were
predictable. Flow northward.
Cataracts, churning rapids, provided a barrier by water.
Desert provide barriers.
Nile River
Environmental ChallengesEven though floods were
predictable, flood waters were not.
Starvation and flooding. The desert was a great natural
barrier, but it also isolated the Egyptians.
Come into contact with Mesopotamia around 3200 B.C.
Egypt Unites Into KingdomDivided between Upper and
Lower Egypt.Narmer or Menes united
Upper and Lower Egypt.Creates a double crown.Established capital at
Memphis.Spans 2,600 years.
Narmer or Menes
Egyptian RulersEgyptian rulers were
considered representatives of the gods or god-kings called pharaohs.
Ruled in life and death.Was the center of religion
and government.
Pyramids
Egyptian ReligionWorshiped over 2,000 gods
and goddesses.Believed in an afterlife and
planned their burials. This included mummification.
Book of the Dead help to guide the soul in the afterlike.
Egyptian Afterlife
Egyptian Society
Pharaoh.Government officials.Artisans/ merchants.Farmers/ laborers. Largest.Slaves.Woman had rights.Social mobility.
Egyptian Achievements
Writing system-Hieroglyphics.Paper like substance-Papyrus.Developed a calendar system.First to check a persons pulse.Splints for broken bones.Treated fevers.
Papyrus Hieroglyphics
Chariot Riders Invade EgyptPower of the Pharaohs decline
during the Old Kingdom.The Middle Kingdom would be
taken over by the Hyksos.New Kingdom would be the
most successful kingdom in Egyptian history.
Indian Geography
India is part of the subcontinent of South Asia.
Flat and fertile plain is formed by the Indus and Ganges Rivers.
Desert and plateau.Country is a peninsula
Monsoons or Seasonal Winds
Environmental ChallengesFloods of the Indus River
were unpredictable.Had to cope with wet and dry
seasons of the monsoons.Mountains and desert isolate
India. Protects them.
First Arrivals in the Indus Valley
Not sure how human settlement began here.
People may have came by way of Khyber- Pass.
Most evidence found in Harappan.
Planned Cities
Cities laid out on a grid system.Fortified area called a citadel.Buildings made of oven-baked
brick.Plumbing and sewage system.
Mohenjo-Daro
Indus Trade and CultureUniform housing.Clay and wooden toys.Few weapons have been
found.Worship mother goddess and
cattle.Stamps and seals have been
found in Sumer.
Indus Seal Indus Toy
Indus Valley Decline
River shift or overuse of the soil.
Earthquake.Do not know because we
can not translate their language.
Geography of China
Deserts and mountains make up 2/3 of China.
Almost all land that is suitable for farming lies on a plain were the Huang Hu and Yantze Rivers. China's heartland.
China's Geography
Environmental Challenges
Huang He floods were unpredictable.
Natural barriers did not protect China from being invaded from the north or west.
Great Flood of 1887
First Dynasties and Cities
Shang becomes the first dynasty of China around 1500 B.C.
Anyang, one of the capitals, was built of wood.
Cities were surrounded by earthen walls.
Peking Man-1.7 B.C.
Shang Social ClassesKingNobles Peasants.Social classes sharply
divided.Peasants use inferior tools.
Chinese SocietyFamily was most
important.Woman had few rights.Spirits of family brought
good or bad fortune.Worshiped many gods.Shang Di.
Oracle Bones
Shang Advances
Written language. Silk cloth.Bronze working.Those who were skilled crafts
people made up a different social class. Weapons, jewelry, and religious items.
Zhou Replaces Shang
Change in dynasty does not bring a new culture.
Justify their authority under the Mandate of Heaven.
This starts a succession of dynasties called the dynastic cycle.
Dynastic Cycle
Zhou FeudalismFeudalism is a political system
in which land that belongs to the king is exchanged for loyalty and military service.
Controlled a large area.Towns grow into cities.Nobles fight each other. Grow
stronger.
Zhou Technology and Trade
Roads and canals.Coined money.Cast iron. Create weapons
and tools
Warring States
Nomads from the north sack the Zhou capital of Hao.
Rule as a weak dynasty in Luoyang for 500 years.
Lords fought over lords for power.
Traditional values are lost.