`1. Differentiate between weather and climate.Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time whereas climate is the average condition of the atmosphere of a specific place over a long period of time, usually over 30 years.2. Calculate the following:Mean daily temperature sum of hourly temperatures divided by 24 hoursDiurnal temperature range maximum temperature minus minimum temperatureMean monthly temperature sum of mean daily temperatures in the month divided by number of days in the monthMean annual temperature sum of mean monthly temperatures in the year divided by 12Annual temperature range maximum temperature minus minimum temperature recorded in a year Daily rainfall - the amount of rain that falls over 24 hours Monthly rainfall - total amount of rainwater collected throughout the month Annual rainfall - total amount of rainwater collected throughout the year.3. Explain the daily and seasonal variations in temperature at a particular location. Temperature varies throughout the day in a place. The temperature rises and falls as the Earth rotates from west to east. The location facing the sun experience day and the location which is away from the sun experience night. Temperature rises during the day and falls at night. Temperature generally increases with the length of the day. Places along the equator have equal lengths of day and night all the year. Beyond the equator, places have longer days and hence higher temperatures in summer, and shorter days and lower temperatures in winter. Temperatures are higher from June to August in the Northern Hemisphere due to the position of the sun in relation to the Earths axis which is tilted at an angle of 23 from the vertical. From June to August because of the position of the overhead sun, there is a higher intensity of the sun rays in the northern hemisphere. Thus the temperatures are higher during this period.4. Compare and explain the variations in temperature between different locations. Factors influencing the temperature of locations Latitude The earth tilts at 23.5 on its own axis. Hence sun rays strike at various angles at different parts of the earth.The temperatures are lower at higher latitudes because the sun's rays strike at a lower angle and the solar energy is spread out over a large area. Also, light rays travel through larger distance and more light rays are reflected and scattered by particles in the atmosphere.(During summer in the northern hemisphere, the North Pole is completely exposed to the sun's rays due to the tilt of the earth. This results in North Pole experiencing months of sunlight. South Pole is completely shielded form sun's rays and experiences months of darkness and winter.At the equator,the temperatures are higher at lower latitudes because the sun's rays strike at a larger angle and the solar energy is spread out over a smaller area. Also, light rays travel through shorter distance and less light rays are reflected and scattered by particles in the atmosphere.Temperatures are hence higher. Altitude - The atmosphere is mainly heated by long wave radiation (heat energy) from the earth's surface (land or sea surfaces). Thus, the higher the altitude, the cooler the air temperature. With increasing altitude or elevation, air becomes less dense and contains less dust and water vapour. . Heat from the earth's surface thus escapes more rapidly, thereby lowering the air temperature. In general, air temperature decreases with increasing altitude at a rate of about 0.6C to 0.65C per 100 metres (or 6C to 6.5C per 1000 m) in a free atmosphere. This change of temperature gradient is called the normal lapse rate (or vertical lapse rate). Distance from the sea- Land heats up and cools faster than water or the sea.Maritime effect - onshore winds blowing from the sea or ocean to coastal regions tend to lower summer temperatures and raise winter temperatures. Such moderating influence is called maritime influence and is confined to coastal areas. Thus, coastal regions have a cooler summer and a warmer /milder winter than inland regions. The annual range of temperature in coastal regions is therefore smaller than that in inland regions. This is particularly felt in temperate regions.Continental effect - Inland regions situated at a great distance from the sea have hotter summers and colder winters than coastal regions. The annual range of temperature in inland regions is greater, and the climate is thus more extreme than that of coastal areas Cloud cover - Blanket effect of cloud produces small diurnal and annual ranges of temperature. Clouds reduce the amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface and re-radiation that leaves the earth's surface. The dense cloud cover in equatorial / tropical regions reduces intense solar heating of the land in the daytime. At night thick clouds prevent rapid loss of long wave radiation (heat energy) from the earth's surface. . The result is that daytime temperatures in tropical equatorial regions do not rise too high (rarely exceeding 33C) even though the angle of the mid-day sun is high. On the other hand, night temperatures in these regions do not fall too much. The diurnal range and annual range of temperature are therefore small. e.g. Singapore and other equatorial regions. Absence of cloud cover leads to great diurnal range of temperature. The cloud cover in deserts tends to allow maximum solar heating of the land in the daytime. Thus daytime temperatures rise high (often exceeding 38C). At night there is little cloud cover in desert regions. There is rapid and maximum loss of heat energy by radiation from the heated land surface, and temperatures fall to 21C or below 0C. This produces a great diurnal temperature range in desert regions. e.g. Sahara Desert5. Explain the differences in relative humidity in different locations.(definition refer to tb)Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapor present in a mass of air and the maximum amount of water the air could hold at a given temperature.The amount of water vapour in the air affects relative humidity. For example, if the air at 15C holds 5g/m of water vapour and can contain a maximum of 10 g/mof water vapour, relative humidity will be 50%. If the actual amount of water vapour held by the air increases to 6 g/m, relative humidity will be 60% instead.Relative humidity also varies with temperature. Warm air can hold more water vapour than cool air. When temperature increases, the amount of water vapour in the air stays the same, but the rise in temperature makes air more able to hold water vapour. Thus relative humidity decreases as temperature increases.6. Explain the formation of convectional rain and relief rain.(refer to tb)Convectional rain- When the earths surface is heated by conduction, moisture-laden vapour rises because heated air always expands and becomes lighter. Air rises in a convection current after a prolonged period of intense heating. In ascending, its water vapour condenses into cumulonimbus clouds with a great vertical extent. This probably reaches its maximum in the afternoon when the convectional system is well developed. Hot, rising air has a great capacity for holding moisture, which is abundant in regions of high relative humidity. As the air rises, it cools and when saturation point is reached, torrential downpours occur, often accompanied by thunder and lightning.Relief (orographic) rain is formed whenever moist air is forced to ascend a mountain barrier. It is best developed on the windward slopes of mountains where the prevailing moisture laden winds come from the sea. The air is compelled to rise and is thereby cooled by expansion in the higher altitudes and the subsequent decrease in atmospheric pressure. Further ascent cools the air until the air is completely saturated. Condensation takes place forming clouds and eventually rain. On descending the leeward slope, a decrease in altitudes increases both the pressure and the temperature; the air is compressed and warmed. Consequently, the relative humidity will drop. There is high evaporation and little or no precipitation.7. Explain how coastal temperatures are moderated by land and sea breezes.In coastal regions, the land is heated up faster than the sea during the day and the hot air rises resulting in lower pressure over the land than the sea. The air pressure over the sea is higher and thus the air moves towards the land as sea breeze. At night, the land cools faster and thus the air pressure over the land is higher than the sea. The air moves towards the sea as land breeze.Sea breezes usually blow at about mid-afternoon when the temperature difference between the land and the sea is the greatest. This lowers the relatively warmer temperature of the land. Land breezes, on the other hand, cool the warm air over the sea at night. Thus land and sea breezes help to regulate the temperatures of the land and the sea, keeping it at a moderately constant level.8. Explain the formation of monsoon winds.Monsoon winds are regional wind patterns that reverse direction seasonally due to the Coriolis effect produced by the rotation of the earth. The Coriolis effect cause the wind to be deflected. In the northern hemisphere, the wind is deflected to the right and to the left in the southern hemisphere.Between June and September, the northern hemisphere experience summer and the air over Central Asia heats up, expands and rises, forming a region of low pressure over the area. The southern hemisphere experience winter and the low temperature causes the air to be cold and dense, resulting an area of high pressure over Australia. Air from Australia moves towards Central Asia as the southeast monsoon due to the difference in pressure between Central Asia and Australia, As the wind cross the Equator, the Coriolis effect deflects the wind to the right and it become the southwest monsoon.Between October and February, the southern hemisphere experience summer and an area of low pressure forms over Australia The northern hemisphere experience winter and the low temperature causes the air to be cold and dense, resulting an area of high pressure over Cental Asia. Air from Central Asia moves towards Australia as the northwest monsoon due to the difference in pressure between Central Asia and Australia, The Coriolis effect deflects the wind to the right and it become the northeast monsoon in the northern atmosphere.9. Describe and explain the distribution and characteristics of equatorial, monsoon and cool temperate climates.Equatorial climateDistribution: Between 10N and 10N of the equator e.g. Singapore, Johor in MalaysiaCharacteristics: High mean temperature of about 27C throughout the year because of the high angle of incidence of the suns rays concentrating at the Equator. The temperature range is small, about 2 to 3C. High relative humidity of over 80% experienced throughout the year. Due to the high temperatures, water evaporates quickly into the air, forming clouds and convectional rain. Total annual rainfall is high at more than 2000mm throughout with no dry month.Tropical Monsoon climateLocation: Between 5N and 25N and S of the equator e.g. Mumbai, IndiaCharacteristics: High temperatures around 29C in the hot season due to the midday sun being overhead at the Tropic of Cancer in June. Mean temperatures are lower in the cool season ranging from 20C. to 24C in Dec and Jan, the coolest months. The annual range of temperature is larger than that of the equatorial, ranging from 5C to 17C. The rainfall is mainly affected by the monsoon winds which cause a distinct wet and dry season. The onshore monsoon brings the rainy season while the offshore monsoon causes the dry season. In India the offshore NE monsoon does not bring rain except areas close to the Bay of Bengal and therefore it is relatively dry towards the end and beginning of the year. The SW monsoon brings heavy rain to the coastal areas as the wind is laden with moisture it had picked up when crossing the Indian Ocean.Cool TemperateLocation: Between 45N and 60N and S of the equator e.g. Paris in France, Moscow in RussiaCharacteristics: Four distinct seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter due to the tilt of the earth and its revolution around the sun.During winter, these places have shorter day and less energy from the sun, This results in a large temperature range with winter temperature below 0C.Total annual rainfall is lower between 300mm and 900mm. There are no distinct wet or dry seasons.9. Describe and explain the weather and climate of Singapore with reference to rainfall, relative humidity and temperature.Singapore experiences the hot, wet equatorial climate. Mean annual temperature is high at about 27.5C. Surrounded by water and accompanied by the high temperatures, especially at mid-day, leads to a high evaporation rate. The air is humid or saturated with water vapour by late afternoon. The dry- bulb reading will fall with temperatures towards night, closing the gap between the readings on the two thermometers. Since the wet bulb depression becomes very low, relative humidity is very high at around 84.2%. Total annual rainfall is high at about 2, 200mm. Most of the rain in Singapore comes from convectional rain. However the northeast monsoon does bring more rain to Singapore from Oct to Feb amounting to about 1,125mm as it crosses the South-china sea and picks up more moisture.10. Explain the use of the following weather instruments:Sling Psychrometer to measure relative humitidty1)Dip the wick of the wet bulb thermometer in water at room temperature2)Swing the sling psychrometer at a constant rate of 2 seconds per turn. Keep the sling psychrometer far from your body so that it does not pick up your body heat. Water evaporates from the wick as the sling psychrometer is swung.3)After 1 minute, stop swinging the psychrometer. Read and record the temperature on the wet bulb thermometer.4)Repeat step 3.5)If the two temperatures in step 3 & 4 are different, repeat steps 2-4 till the same temperature is recorded consecutively.6)Read and record the temperature on the dry bulb thermometer.7)Calculate the difference between the wet bulb thermometer and the dry bulb thermometer, which is the depression of the wet bulb.8)Refer to the conversion table to determine relative humidity.Maximum and minimum thermometer to measure the maximum and minimum temperaturesWhen temperature rises, the mercury expands, pushing the metal index along the tube. When temperature falls, the alcohol contracts and pulls the metal index along the tube. For the Sixs thermometer (U-shape maximum and minimum thermometer), the temperatures are obtained by reading the values indicated at the bottom of the metal index (indicators).Rainfall Gauge to measure the rainfallIt consists of a funnel that collects and channels rainwater into a container. The rainwater that is collected is emptied after every 24 hours into a measuring cylinder. It should be placed in an open area where there are no obstructions to block the rain and also avoid concrete surfaces as splashing may occur leading to an inaccurate reading.Hygrometer / psychrometer to measure relative humidityWind vane and wind sock to measure wind direction Wind direction refers to the direction that the wind is blowing from. It is shown by a freely moving pointer on a wind vane. The wind vane is usually placed on a high, open place with little or no obstruction to the flow of wind. The direction the wind vane is pointing to is the direction where the wind is blowing from. A windsock is a kite made from a tube of cloth. One end of the tube is held open by a ring. Windsocks point in the direction opposite of the wind's direction of origin. For example, if a windsock is pointing west, the wind is coming from the east. The faster the wind blows the straighter and more horizontally the wind extends. A 15-knot (28km/h; 17mph) wind will fully extend the properly functioning windsock. A 3-knot (5.6km/h; 3.5mph) breeze will cause the windsock to orient itself according to the wind.Anemometer / pocket weather tracker to measure wind speedAn anemometer is used to measure wind speed and direction. It includes 3 to 4 cups mounted on a vertical pole. The cups catch the blowing wind and turn the pole. Each time the anemometer makes a full rotation, the wind speed is measured by the number of revolutions per minute (RPM). The number of revolutions is recorded over time and an average is determined. Wind rose to record wind A wind rose records the number of days with and without wind, as well as wind direction. The number in the centre records the number of calm days in the month. The rectangles point in the direction the wind is blowing from and the numbers represent the dates in a month in which the wind blew from a particular direction.Barometer to measure air pressureA barometer has two hands. The hand on the inside is called the measuring hand. The hand on the outside directly over the measuring hand is called the movable pointer.The moveable pointer is arranged over the measuring hand to mark the current pressure. The measuring hand will move according to the air pressure. Take the reading to see whether the hand moves to right which is rising or to the left which is falling.The dial expresses mercury in measurements in millibars (Mb).9. Discuss climate change in the last 150 years. Changes in climate Global records since 1881 show a significant, but irregular temperature rise of 0.3oC to 0.6C. Global cooling was recorded after WWII for several decades because of industrial pollution and volcanic activity (global dimming). Global warming over the last century: world is warming on average by 0.74C, with most of that since 1970s. Global temperatures in the last decade reached the highest levels on record.10. Discuss the natural causes of recent climate change.Solar variations - The Sun is the source of energy for the Earths climate system. Some scientists suspect that a portion of the warming in the first half of the 20th century was due to an increase in the output of solar energy. As the sun is the fundamental source of energy that is instrumental in our climate system it would be reasonable to assume that changes in the sun's energy output would cause the climate to change. For instance a decrease in solar activity was thought to have triggered the Little Ice Age between approximately 1650 and 1850, when Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s and glaciers advanced in the Alps.Volcanic eruptions - When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years by increasing planetary reflectivity causing atmospheric cooling. Tiny particles called aerosols are produced by volcanoes. Because they reflect solar energy back into space they have a cooling effect on the world. The greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is also produced.Ocean current - Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Interactions between the ocean and atmosphere can also produce phenomena such as El Nio which occur every 2 to 6 years. Deep ocean circulation of cold water from the poles towards the equator and movement of warm water from the equator back towards the poles. Without this movement the poles would be colder and the equator warmer. Changes in ocean circulation may affect the climate through the movement of CO2 into or out of the atmosphere.Earth orbital changes - The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5 to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. Slow changes in the Earths orbit lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons over tens of thousands of years. Climate feedbacks amplify these small changes, thereby producing ice ages.11. Explain the greenhouse effect.Greenhouse gases (CO2, water vapour, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone and halocarbons) trap heat in the atmosphere resulting in a greenhouse effect.Incoming shortwave radiation from the sun passes through the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Most of the shortwave radiation is absorbed by the earths surface which heats up as a result. The warmed surface of the earth emits longwave radiation to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb longwave radiation and warm the atmosphere.Enhanced greenhouse effect is a rise in global temperatures due to the increase in the concentration of the greenhouse gases.12. Explain how human activities (Anthropogenic factors ) such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, rice cultivation and cattle farming increase greenhouse gases and lead to enhanced greenhouse effect.Burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas release large amount of CO when burnt. Burning of fossil fuel is needed to produce energy for industries, transportation and domestic and commercial activities.Deforestation alters atmospheric composition e.g. carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and affecting hydrological cycle- Forest absorbs CO via photosynthesis. Deforestation lead to increase in CO level in the atmosphere.- Carbon oxidation is a process by which carbon in the soil reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce CO. Deforestation exposes soil to sunlight and increase soil temperature and rate of carbon oxidation which release more CO into the atmosphere.Changing land use- Agriculture Rice cultivation tractors running on fossil fuels release CO. Use of chemical fertilisers increases the amount of nitrous oxide in soil which is then released when soil is ploughed or when rain flows through the soil. Methane is released when dead leaves and manure decompose rapidly in the rice field due to high level of moisture in the soil Cattle ranching cattle releases methane as a waste gas- Industries burning of fossil fuel to produce energy release CO as well as manufacturing of goods release CO as by-product.- Urbanisation burning of fossil fuels to produce energy for household activities in urban areas such as heating, cooling, cooking and lighting. More cars, buses and other transportation also increase greenhouse gas emissions. Constructing infrastructure and producing construction materials also release greenhouse gases.13. Explain the impact of climate change such as sea level rise, extreme weather events and human health. Sea level rise - threatens low lying areas and islands, increases risk of damage to homes and buildings from storm surges that accompany tropical cyclones. More frequent extreme weather events e.g. heat waves, flood, drought and tropical cyclones. Increased land and sea surface temperatures resulted in greater amounts of water vapour and latent heat in a warmer atmosphere causing more extreme weather events. Spread of some infectious insect-borne diseases e.g. heavy rainfall allows mosquitoes to grow resulting in spread of malaria and dengue fever. Higher temperatures may lengthen the growing season in certain regions e.g. fruit production in Eastern Canada, vineyards in Europe. Increase in the types of crops such as blackberries and maize that can be grown in UK. However in China, production of fruits such as apples and cherries or nuts such as almonds and walnuts is reduced as these fruits and nuts require cool weather temperature. Similarly in Canada, the production of wheat is reduced17. Describe the responses to climate change. Responses and challenges to climate change International community international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and 2009 Copenhagen ConferenceKyoto Protocol (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Drawn up in Kyoto, Japan on 11 Dec 1997 and came into force on 16 Feb 2005 to reduce levels of greenhouses gases. Countries were obliged to reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below their 1990 level from 2008 to 2012. Greater responsibility placed on 37 developed countries and the European countries as they were mainly responsible for the high levels of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity.Depending on the ability of each developed country, they help less developed countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by providing them with funds.Success: Many countries such as Austria, Finland, Greece, Ireland and Spain met or exceeded target. Countries monitor and report their greenhouse gs emissions to ensure they are on track in keeping to target. Successful in encouraging sustainable development. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) gave Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits to countries which carried our emission-reduction projects such as installing energy-efficient infrastructure in less developed countries.Limitations Countries such as Denmark, Sweden and UK did not achieve their targets. The Kyoto Protocol did not make it compulsory for countries with low greenhouse gas emissions to provide energy-efficient technology to countries with high greenhouse gas emissions. Countries which did not sign the Protocol continued to contribute significantly in the global emissions.Since 1997, global emissions increased by 35%, mainly from China, India and USACopenhagen Conference UN CCC in Copenhagen 2009 Improve on the measures developed for the Kyoto Protocol Copenhagen Accord drawn up with target of keeping any increases in the global mean maximum temperatures to within 2C of the global temperature before 1850.Success: Developed countries committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by various amounts by 2020 e.g. USA & Canada 17%, EU 20-30%, Russia 15-25%, Japan 25% Contribution of US$30 billion to less developed countries for the period between 2010 and 2012 Long-term financial aid of US$100 billion a year by 2020Funds will help less developed countries reduce greenhouse gas emission. Limitations: Targets set are insufficient to reduce emissions to within 2C of the temperatures before 1850. No agreement on how the reduction is to be carried out. Many developed countries have refused to sign the Accord and thus it is not legally bindingMany countries did not keep to their targets as targets set were a guideline rather than a condition that must be fulfilled. Nations e.g. strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions focusing on energy efficiency and energy conservation, new building requirements and technologiesSingaporeSingapore Green Plan 2012 Launch in 2002 by the Ministry of the Environment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using natural gas as an energy source To generate 60% of Singapores energy needs using natural gas by 2012 as it is a cleaner form of energy compare to coal as it does not produce smoke. Success:As early as 2010, about 79% of Singapores electricity generated from natural gas.Exceeded target ahead of schedule.Limitations:Complex treatment plants needed to process natural gasHigh maintenance cost for pipelines as they are laid underground and need to be checked regularly for leakages.Green Mark Scheme Launched by the Building Construction Authority (BCA) Buildings evaluated and certified according to how energy-efficient and environmental friendly they are. Encourage more new green buildings which are E.g. buildings which run partly on solar energy.Success: Green Buildings such as Plaza by the Park, Standard Chartered @ Changi and the National Library reported energy savings of 15% to 35% compared to convention buildings. Reduce greenhouse gas emission as less fossil fuels needed to generate electricity.LimitationsConstruction companies and developers too conservative to adopt new ideas and material to build green buildingsMost costly as green materials may be more expensive.Plant-A-Tree Programme Started in 1971 as Tree Planting day by the Garden City Fund and Singapore Environment Council Residents encouraged donating money to buy a tree or take part in tree planting events.Success:Contributed to an estimated 60,000 trees planted yearly throughout Singapore by the National Parks Board.Limitations:Trees take many years to mature, so the positive effects of tree planting will take time to materialise. E.g. Angsanas, Raintrees and Yellow Flames take25 years to reach their full height. India National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) Launched in 206 by the Ministry of Urban Development To reduce number of vehicles on the road by developing public transport and non-motorised means of transportation such as cycling. Use of cleaner technologies and reduce travel distances within major cities.Jawaharial Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) provide funding to enable national and state government to design and implement urban transport networks.Success: Projects such as as improvements in pedestrian infrastructure around transport zones in Hyderabad and development of cycle tracks in Pune; Fare integration between Ahmedabads existing transport systems and a new Bus Rapid Transit system (BRTS) encouraging more people to take public transport. By 2010 68 cities implemented BRTS Rail expansion in Delhi of 186km of metro rail allow transports of over 1.8million passengers per day and thus kept 91.000 vehicles off the citys roads each day and reduced 6.3 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions each year.UN awarded $9.5 million worth of Certified Emission Reductions (CER) credits to Delhis metro rail which allow India to offset its CO emission.Limitations: Plenty of time and human resources needed to establish effective public transport in cities which requires an extensive infrastructure consisting of underground or above-ground rail systems, road networks and comprehensive bus feeder systems. Huge capital costs needed to develop public transport. In one city alone, such infrastructure often costs millions, if not billions, of dollars and construction takes many years to complete.Increasing number of citizens who can afford private vehicles may also reduce the demand for public transport. Energy Labelling Programme Enforced in 2007 by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency authorised by the Indias Energy Conservation Act of 2001 Products that us relatively little energy, and hence emit less CO, are sold at a cheaper price. Encourage consumers to choose products which promote energy conservation and help reduce nations greenhouse gas emissionSuccess: Label is compulsory for frost-free refrigerators, fluorescent lamps and air conditioners, and is optional for other appliances such as ceiling fans, television sets, washing machines and computers. Sales of products with energy labels increased suggesting a rise in demand for energy-efficient products.As of 2011, two major laptop manufacturers have pledged to adopt the labelling system, with other major manufacturers expected to follow.Limitations: Standards and labelling have yet to be developed for many other appliances such as battery chargers, computer monitors, heat pumps and freezers. Majority of public still unaware of the labelling programme, showing a need for a stronger awareness campaign.Indian Governments promise to use coal-fired power stations to increase electricity access for the citizens caused increased emission of CO.The Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) Launched in Oct 2009 A network of 220 scientists from 120 research institutions promoting domestic research on climate change.Research provides data on problems and risks associated with climate change and allow policies to be formulated and implemented.Success: First assessment on predicted climate change impacts in India such as weather, sea levels, ecosystem, biodiversity, agriculture, human health and water supply for the next 20 years released in 20 Nov 2010.Recommended continuous and systematic observation of physical and biological systems as well establishing region-specific committees to monitor effects of climate change and develop action plans for specific areas in India.Limitations: Due to rapid development, large amounts of greenhouse gases are emitted from industrial processes and urbanisation.Recommendations by INCCA might not be taken up by the government as they may hinder the economic development