Geography. 40% of Exam is Geography – Here is Jan 2015

GeographyGeography

40% of Exam is Geography – 40% of Exam is Geography – Here is Jan 2015Here is Jan 2015

Jan 2015 (cont)Jan 2015 (cont)

Jan 2015 (continued)Jan 2015 (continued)

Jan 2015 (cont)Jan 2015 (cont)

Jan 2015 (and if that wasn’t Jan 2015 (and if that wasn’t enough)enough)

Jan 2014 - DBQJan 2014 - DBQ

Other Essay TopicsOther Essay Topics

How has a region’s geography shaped its history?How has a region’s geography shaped its history? How has man adapted his environment to shape How has man adapted his environment to shape

his needs?his needs?• Irrigation (dams, dykes)Irrigation (dams, dykes)• Roads (Romans, Silk, Incan – Suspension Roads (Romans, Silk, Incan – Suspension

Bridges)Bridges)• Walls (Great, Roman)Walls (Great, Roman)• Terrace Farming (Inca, Japan, Yellow)Terrace Farming (Inca, Japan, Yellow)• Houses (Stilt – Indonesia, Yurts - Mongols)Houses (Stilt – Indonesia, Yurts - Mongols)• Chinampas - AztecsChinampas - Aztecs

Typical Multiple Choice QuestionsTypical Multiple Choice Questions

Location of countries/physical features – Location of countries/physical features – England, India, Vietnam, Japan, Suez England, India, Vietnam, Japan, Suez Canal, Andes Mountains, Mediterranean Canal, Andes Mountains, Mediterranean Sea etc.Sea etc.

Types of maps – cartographic, physical, Types of maps – cartographic, physical, politicalpolitical

Geographic feature – archipelago, Geographic feature – archipelago, peninsula, strait, canals, savannah, tundrapeninsula, strait, canals, savannah, tundra

Interpreting Maps – trade, migrationInterpreting Maps – trade, migration

August 2013August 2013

What would a geographer conducting research beWhat would a geographer conducting research be

most likely to do?most likely to do?

(1) use carbon-14 to determine the age of artifacts(1) use carbon-14 to determine the age of artifacts

(2) analyze the reasons women vote for certain (2) analyze the reasons women vote for certain candidatescandidates

(3) observe the effects of wind patterns on regional (3) observe the effects of wind patterns on regional tradetrade

(4) design a survey to determine the online (4) design a survey to determine the online spending habits of young peoplespending habits of young people

June 2013June 2013

• • The Americas are referred to as the “New World.”The Americas are referred to as the “New World.”

• • Eastern Asia is referred to as the “Far East.”Eastern Asia is referred to as the “Far East.”

• • Southwest Asia is referred to as part of the Southwest Asia is referred to as part of the “Middle East.”“Middle East.”

Whose perspective is best represented by theseWhose perspective is best represented by these

regional place names?regional place names?

(1) Chinese (1) Chinese (3) European(3) European

(2) African(2) African (4) Indian (4) Indian

June 2013June 2013

Based on this map of 13th-century world Based on this map of 13th-century world systems, which of these circuits was limited to systems, which of these circuits was limited to one continent?one continent?

(1) I (1) I (3) V(3) V (2) II (2) II (4) VI(4) VI

Which letter identifies the peninsula that is home to Mecca, the religious center of Islam?

(1) A (3) C(2) B (4) D

46 Which letter identifies the peninsula that was the site of the Vietnam conflict and theatrocities of Pol Pot?(1) A (3) C(2) B (4) D

Which of these nations is located Which of these nations is located closet to the Philippines, Malaysia, closet to the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia?and Indonesia?

1.1. Korea Korea

2.2. Vietnam Vietnam

3.3. Somalia Somalia

4.4. Pakistan Pakistan


Which letter represents the Which letter represents the location of a countrylocation of a country

created in part as a result of created in part as a result of the Zionistthe Zionist

movement?movement?

(1) A (1) A (3) C(3) C(2) B (2) B (4) D(4) D

June 2013June 2013

Which geographic feature presented Which geographic feature presented an obstacle to Simón Bolívar’s forces?an obstacle to Simón Bolívar’s forces?

(1) Sahara Desert (1) Sahara Desert

(2) Great Rift Valley(2) Great Rift Valley

(3) Andes Mountains (3) Andes Mountains

(4) Strait of Malacca(4) Strait of Malacca

Jan 2014Jan 2014

Charlemagne’s 9th century empire Charlemagne’s 9th century empire covered territory which today covered territory which today would include the countries ofwould include the countries of

(1) Poland and Russia(1) Poland and Russia

(2) Spain and Portugal(2) Spain and Portugal

(3) France and Germany(3) France and Germany

(4) Ireland and the United Kingdom(4) Ireland and the United Kingdom

Which feature would most likely appear on a physical map?

(1) population densities(2) land usage patterns(3) climatic patterns(4) mountain ranges

A geographic similarity between Italy and India is that both of these countries are located

(1) on peninsulas(2) on archipelagos(3) between two oceans(4) south of the equator

Which geographic factor has often made Korea a key region for those seeking to control East Asia?

(1) long coastline (3) mountains(2) location (4) climate

11 Which statement about the trip taken by Emperor Mansa Musa is accurate?

(1) The trip extended beyond North African trade routes.

(2) Mansa Musa used the Mediterranean Sea to reach Mecca.

(3) The route primarily followed major rivers.

(4) Mansa Musa traveled to Fez on his way to Mecca.

12 Which conclusion about trade is best supported by the information on this map?(1) Timbuktu was a center of trade in West Africa.(2) The Sahara Desert prevented trade.(3) Cairo and Mecca were trading partners.(4) West African gold and salt were traded along the Zaire River.

Jan. 2014Jan. 2014Which nation is Which nation is located on a located on a peninsula?peninsula?(1) Brazil(1) Brazil(2) Philippines (2) Philippines (3) Saudi Arabia(3) Saudi Arabia(4) Austria(4) Austria

EgyptEgypt

Key Terms for Essay on EgyptKey Terms for Essay on Egypt Deserts – “Red Lands” – Nubian, Libyan, Deserts – “Red Lands” – Nubian, Libyan,

and Saharaand Sahara Nile River – “Black Lands” surround w/silt; Nile River – “Black Lands” surround w/silt;

floods annually – need to build irrigation, floods annually – need to build irrigation, has cataracts (waterfalls), delta has cataracts (waterfalls), delta (tributaries protect)(tributaries protect)

Impact – protects, stability of dynasties, Impact – protects, stability of dynasties, need for strong central authority, culture need for strong central authority, culture based on Nile “Land of Living” vs. “Land of based on Nile “Land of Living” vs. “Land of Dead”, architecture of sandstone, papyrus Dead”, architecture of sandstone, papyrus for books; build Aswan High Dam (no oil); for books; build Aswan High Dam (no oil); Suez Canal built to capitalize on strategic Suez Canal built to capitalize on strategic location btw Mediterranean and Red seas.location btw Mediterranean and Red seas.

Which geographic feature had the Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the greatest influence on the development of ancient development of ancient civilizations?civilizations?

1.1. Dense forestsDense forests2.2. Mountain passesMountain passes3.3. Smooth coastlinesSmooth coastlines4.4. River valleysRiver valleys

The Suez Canal, the Strait of Hormuz, and The Suez Canal, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Strait of Gibraltar are important the Strait of Gibraltar are important because theybecause they

1.1. prevent attacks on bordering nations prevent attacks on bordering nations 2.2. control access to vital trade routes control access to vital trade routes 3.3. limit Russian access to warm-water points limit Russian access to warm-water points 4.4. prohibit the movement of ships carrying prohibit the movement of ships carrying

nuclear weapons nuclear weapons

MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Key Term for MesopotamiaKey Term for Mesopotamia

Fertile Crescent – two rivers: Tigris Fertile Crescent – two rivers: Tigris and Euphratesand Euphrates

Flood erratically – need to build dams Flood erratically – need to build dams and dykesand dykes

Easy to navigate rivers – lots of Easy to navigate rivers – lots of invasions, cultural diffusion, political invasions, cultural diffusion, political instabilityinstability

Modern – desertification, Oil reserves Modern – desertification, Oil reserves (Persian Gulf War – 1980s – OPEC)(Persian Gulf War – 1980s – OPEC)

Jan 2014Jan 2014

Which geographic region has the Which geographic region has the greatest number of members in the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?Countries (OPEC)?

(1) South America (1) South America (2) sub-Saharan Africa (2) sub-Saharan Africa (3) Southeast Asia(3) Southeast Asia (4) Middle East (Southwest Asia)(4) Middle East (Southwest Asia)


One way in which the ancient Sumerians, One way in which the ancient Sumerians, Egyptians, and Mayas are similar is that Egyptians, and Mayas are similar is that these civilizations developedthese civilizations developed

(1) irrigation systems(1) irrigation systems

(2) iron weapons(2) iron weapons

(3) wheeled vehicles(3) wheeled vehicles

(4) block printing systems(4) block printing systems

ChinaChina

Key Terms for ChinaKey Terms for China

ETHNOCENTRISM – caused by geographic ETHNOCENTRISM – caused by geographic barriers – Gobi Desert, Tien Shen Mts., barriers – Gobi Desert, Tien Shen Mts., Himalayas, Pacific OceanHimalayas, Pacific Ocean

Rivers – Yellow (Huange-He) “River of Rivers – Yellow (Huange-He) “River of Sorrow” – heavy silt, cut deep into mts; Sorrow” – heavy silt, cut deep into mts; Yangtze – both rivers flow west to eastYangtze – both rivers flow west to east

Adaptations – Silk Road, Great Wall, Grand Adaptations – Silk Road, Great Wall, Grand Canal, terrace farming along YellowCanal, terrace farming along Yellow

Which statement best describes an impact Which statement best describes an impact of geography on the history of the of geography on the history of the Korean peninsula?Korean peninsula?

1.1. Large deserts have led to isolationLarge deserts have led to isolation2.2. Location has led to invasion and Location has led to invasion and

occupation by other nationsoccupation by other nations3.3. Lack of rivers has limited food Lack of rivers has limited food

production.production.4.4. Lack of natural resources has prevented Lack of natural resources has prevented

development of manufacturing.development of manufacturing.

January 2014January 2014

China, Korea, and Japan share China, Korea, and Japan share cultural similarities in part due to cultural similarities in part due to theirtheir

(1) clashes with Russian imperialists(1) clashes with Russian imperialists

(2) shared river systems(2) shared river systems

(3) contacts through trade(3) contacts through trade

(4) unification under Mongol rule(4) unification under Mongol rule


““River of Sorrows Floods Again”River of Sorrows Floods Again”

““Thousands Missing After Huang He Overflows”Thousands Missing After Huang He Overflows”

““Over 10 Million Reported Homeless After 1931 Over 10 Million Reported Homeless After 1931 Flooding”Flooding”

These newspaper headlines describe the effectsThese newspaper headlines describe the effects

of geography on the people ofof geography on the people of

(1) China (3) India(1) China (3) India

(2) Japan (4) Vietn(2) Japan (4) Vietnamam

IndiaIndia

Key Terms on IndiaKey Terms on India Sub-continent of AsiaSub-continent of Asia PeninsulaPeninsula MonsoonsMonsoons Indus River – navigable (similar to Tigris)Indus River – navigable (similar to Tigris) Hindu-Kush mts and Himalayas protect and isolateHindu-Kush mts and Himalayas protect and isolate Deccan plateau – center – inhospitable Deccan plateau – center – inhospitable Lots of trade in Indian OceanLots of trade in Indian Ocean British India - Railroad handy to unite large British India - Railroad handy to unite large

landmasslandmass Bengal Famine 1943 – Green RevolutionBengal Famine 1943 – Green Revolution Split in 1948 – Pakistan and India (fight over Split in 1948 – Pakistan and India (fight over

Kashmir)Kashmir)


Which statement can best be supported by the information on Which statement can best be supported by the information on this 2003 map?this 2003 map?

(1) India and Pakistan have agreed on shared borders.(1) India and Pakistan have agreed on shared borders. (2) Several borders are in dispute between India and China.(2) Several borders are in dispute between India and China. (3) India and Nepal are currently involved in border disputes (3) India and Nepal are currently involved in border disputes

with each other.with each other. (4) The inhabitants of the territory claimed by both India and (4) The inhabitants of the territory claimed by both India and

China have little voice in the conflict.China have little voice in the conflict.

June 2013June 2013

Which geographic Which geographic feature would have feature would have most likely hindered most likely hindered the expansion of the the expansion of the Guptas into what is Guptas into what is modern-day China?modern-day China?

(1) Thar Desert (1) Thar Desert

(2) Himalaya Mountains(2) Himalaya Mountains

(3) Deccan Plateau (3) Deccan Plateau

(4) Bay of Bengal(4) Bay of Bengal

In India, Bangladesh and much of In India, Bangladesh and much of Southeast Asia, agricultural Southeast Asia, agricultural productivity is most affected by theproductivity is most affected by the

1.1. Seasonal monsoonsSeasonal monsoons

2.2. Unnavigable riversUnnavigable rivers

3.3. Numerous desertsNumerous deserts

4.4. Cold climatesCold climates

Jan. 2014Jan. 2014

The Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra were The Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra were important to ancient India because they wereimportant to ancient India because they were

(1) high mountain ranges that protected India from (1) high mountain ranges that protected India from invasioninvasion

(2) great rivers that flowed through India’s fertile (2) great rivers that flowed through India’s fertile northern plainnorthern plain

(3) Aryan gods to whom the priests prayed for rain(3) Aryan gods to whom the priests prayed for rain

(4) ruling dynasties that united the people of (4) ruling dynasties that united the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Which generalization is best supported by the information on this map?

(1) No trade occurred between East Africa and the Persian Gulf region.

(2) The monsoon winds influenced trade between East Africa and India.

(3) Trading states developed primarily in the interior of East Africa.

(4) Trade encouraged the spread of Islam from East Africa to Arabia.

Jan 2014Jan 2014 What is one way the conflict between India and What is one way the conflict between India and

Pakistan over Kashmir and the conflict between the Pakistan over Kashmir and the conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis in the Middle East are Palestinians and Israelis in the Middle East are similar?similar?

(1) Both conflicts concern territorial and religious issues.(1) Both conflicts concern territorial and religious issues.

(2) Hostilities within these regions were provoked by (2) Hostilities within these regions were provoked by the United Nations.the United Nations.

(3) Both conflicts emerged as a result of the breakup of (3) Both conflicts emerged as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

(4) Tensions in these regions were caused by efforts to (4) Tensions in these regions were caused by efforts to remain nonaligned.remain nonaligned.

GreeceGreece

Key Terms on GreeceKey Terms on Greece

Polis/Poleis will be divided by mountainsPolis/Poleis will be divided by mountains Great natural harbors for fishing and Great natural harbors for fishing and

trade; strength of military is triremes for trade; strength of military is triremes for Athens not hoplitesAthens not hoplites

Few natural rivers/springs – need to import Few natural rivers/springs – need to import food – coloniesfood – colonies

Volcanic area – angry gods (land and sea – Volcanic area – angry gods (land and sea – Zeus/Poseidon)Zeus/Poseidon)

Rich volcanic soil good for olives and Rich volcanic soil good for olives and grapesgrapes

Which was one cause of the development Which was one cause of the development of many small independent city-states in of many small independent city-states in ancient Greece?ancient Greece?

1.1. Greece and Rome were often at WarGreece and Rome were often at War2.2. The mountainous terrain of Greece The mountainous terrain of Greece

resulted in widely scattered settlementsresulted in widely scattered settlements3.3. Military leaders found small Greek Military leaders found small Greek

settlements easy to controlsettlements easy to control4.4. The Greek people had many different The Greek people had many different

languages and religionslanguages and religions


Which geographic factor contributed to Which geographic factor contributed to the formation of independent city the formation of independent city states in ancient Greece?states in ancient Greece?

(1) tropical rainforests(1) tropical rainforests

(2) fertile farmland(2) fertile farmland

(3) navigable rivers(3) navigable rivers

(4) mountainous topography(4) mountainous topography

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Key Terms for Roman EmpireKey Terms for Roman Empire

Italy is PeninsulaItaly is Peninsula Expanded over three continents Expanded over three continents

around Mediterranean Seaaround Mediterranean Sea So large – Roman legions need to So large – Roman legions need to

build roads, aqueducts, bridges, wallsbuild roads, aqueducts, bridges, walls


At the height of its power, which At the height of its power, which ancient civilization controlled the ancient civilization controlled the entire coastal region surrounding the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea?Mediterranean Sea?

(1) Phoenician (1) Phoenician (3) Roman(3) Roman

(2) Persian (2) Persian (4) Carthaginian(4) Carthaginian

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire


The strategic location of the Byzantine Empire The strategic location of the Byzantine Empire allowed control of the key trade routes allowed control of the key trade routes between thebetween the

(1) South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca(1) South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca

(2) Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean(2) Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean

(3) North Sea and the English Channel(3) North Sea and the English Channel

(4) Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea(4) Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

Incan EmpireIncan Empire

Key Terms for IncaKey Terms for Inca

Andes MountainsAndes Mountains Incan Trail w/suspension bridgesIncan Trail w/suspension bridges Terrace farmingTerrace farming

Aztec EmpireAztec Empire

Chinampas

An effect of a mountainous topography An effect of a mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development ofwas the development of

1.1. industrialization industrialization

2.2. single-crop economy single-crop economy

3.3. desalinization projects desalinization projects

4.4. terrace farming terrace farming

Which generalization about geography of Latin Which generalization about geography of Latin America is accurate?America is accurate?

1.1. geographic features prevented foreign geographic features prevented foreign imperialism imperialism

2.2. harsh climatic conditions have prevented the harsh climatic conditions have prevented the development of large-scale agriculture development of large-scale agriculture

3.3. the lack of geographic barriers facilitated the the lack of geographic barriers facilitated the development of transportation and development of transportation and communication systems communication systems

4.4. great variations in latitude and landforms great variations in latitude and landforms resulted in a diversity of climates resulted in a diversity of climates


The Encounter occurred as a result of The Encounter occurred as a result of European explorers crossing theEuropean explorers crossing the

(1) Atlantic Ocean(1) Atlantic Ocean

(2) Sahara Desert(2) Sahara Desert

(3) Andes Mountains(3) Andes Mountains

(4) Mediterranean Sea(4) Mediterranean Sea

AfricaAfrica

Key Terms for AfricaKey Terms for Africa Deserts – Sahara (north), Kalahari in southDeserts – Sahara (north), Kalahari in south Continent is plateau – all rivers (Nile and Congo) have Continent is plateau – all rivers (Nile and Congo) have

cataractscataracts Savannahs – high grasses where animals live – hard to Savannahs – high grasses where animals live – hard to

farm, little urbanization, dispersed tribesfarm, little urbanization, dispersed tribes Rainforest (Congo)Rainforest (Congo) Natural resources – gold, diamonds, rubber (Congo – Natural resources – gold, diamonds, rubber (Congo –

King Leopold) – needs saltKing Leopold) – needs salt

Livingstone will map out countryLivingstone will map out country Cape to Cairo Railroad – Cecil RhodesCape to Cairo Railroad – Cecil Rhodes Berlin Conference – strategic breakupBerlin Conference – strategic breakup Pan-Africanism – impossible to unitePan-Africanism – impossible to unite Desertification – Sahara growing causing famine in Desertification – Sahara growing causing famine in

EthiopiaEthiopia


Which area of the world was most Which area of the world was most directly affected by the decisions directly affected by the decisions made at the Berlin Conference?made at the Berlin Conference?

(1) Africa (3) India(1) Africa (3) India

(2) China (4) South America(2) China (4) South America

June 2013June 2013

What was a major reason European nationsWhat was a major reason European nations

competed for control of Africa during the secondcompeted for control of Africa during the second

half of the 1800s?half of the 1800s?

(1) Africa had a wealth of natural resources.(1) Africa had a wealth of natural resources.

(2) Slave labor was needed in the Americas.(2) Slave labor was needed in the Americas.

(3) African nations offered religious and political (3) African nations offered religious and political freedom.freedom.

(4) Europeans needed land for their excess (4) Europeans needed land for their excess population.population.

Which statement about the geography of Which statement about the geography of Africa is most accurate?Africa is most accurate?

1.1. Much of the land in Africa is below sea Much of the land in Africa is below sea levellevel

2.2. The variety of geographic barriers had The variety of geographic barriers had served to promote cultural diversityserved to promote cultural diversity

3.3. Africa had an irregular coastline with Africa had an irregular coastline with many natural harborsmany natural harbors

4.4. Much of the land in Africa is tundra and Much of the land in Africa is tundra and forest.forest.

In Africa, an effect of topography and In Africa, an effect of topography and climate has been toclimate has been to

1.1. encourage rapid industrialization of the encourage rapid industrialization of the interior interior

2.2. prevent the development of kingdoms prevent the development of kingdoms

3.3. promote large-scale trade between promote large-scale trade between African and Asia African and Asia

4.4. promote the growth of diverse societies promote the growth of diverse societies

June June 20132013

Which conclusion about the Which conclusion about the geography of these continents is geography of these continents is best supported by this passage?best supported by this passage?

(1) Europe and Africa have the (1) Europe and Africa have the same climate.same climate.

(2) Europe and Africa have (2) Europe and Africa have many deep major ports.many deep major ports.

(3) Waterways are a geographic (3) Waterways are a geographic blessing in bothblessing in both

Europe and Africa.Europe and Africa.

(4) River systems have helped (4) River systems have helped development in Europe and development in Europe and hindered it in Africa.hindered it in Africa.

JapanJapan

Key Terms on JapanKey Terms on Japan

ArchipelagoArchipelago Mountains (Fuji) – forced to terrace farmMountains (Fuji) – forced to terrace farm Volcanic/Tsunami – nature spirits (kami) Volcanic/Tsunami – nature spirits (kami)

worshiped in Shinto religionworshiped in Shinto religion Protected by location and kamikaze winds Protected by location and kamikaze winds

(Mongols)(Mongols) Used Korea as landbridge to ChinaUsed Korea as landbridge to China Lacks natural resources – forced to Lacks natural resources – forced to

imperialize to gain resources during Meiji imperialize to gain resources during Meiji RestorationRestoration

In Japan, a major economic problem In Japan, a major economic problem has been the lack ofhas been the lack of

1.1. natural resources natural resources

2.2. investment capital investment capital

3.3. skilled labor skilled labor

4.4. experienced management experienced management


• • Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895

• • Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905

• • Annexation of Korea 1910Annexation of Korea 1910

These events in the history of Japan reflect itsThese events in the history of Japan reflect its

(1) resistance to trade(1) resistance to trade

(2) abundance of natural resources(2) abundance of natural resources

(3) vulnerability to attack by neighbors(3) vulnerability to attack by neighbors

(4) emergence as an imperialistic country(4) emergence as an imperialistic country

EnglandEngland

Key Terms on EnglandKey Terms on England

Great natural harbors – makes it Great natural harbors – makes it prime for naval supremacy (Armada, prime for naval supremacy (Armada, WW2), and imperialismWW2), and imperialism

Natural resources – coal, tin, timber – Natural resources – coal, tin, timber – sparks Industrial Revolutionsparks Industrial Revolution


Which geographic feature most aided Which geographic feature most aided England during the Industrial England during the Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

(1) desert climate(1) desert climate

(2) natural harbors(2) natural harbors

(3) mountainous terrain(3) mountainous terrain

(4) monsoon winds(4) monsoon winds

RussiaRussia

Key Terms on RussiaKey Terms on Russia EurAsia – two continentsEurAsia – two continents Lacks warm water portLacks warm water port Blocked by Turkey/Ottomans from Black Sea Blocked by Turkey/Ottomans from Black Sea

entrance to Mediterraneanentrance to Mediterranean Cold and Large – difficult to conquer (Napoleon, Cold and Large – difficult to conquer (Napoleon,

Hitler) – center area is vast steppeHitler) – center area is vast steppe Used scorched-earth policy to deter invadersUsed scorched-earth policy to deter invaders Lacked sufficient oil and natural resources – build Lacked sufficient oil and natural resources – build

Tran-Siberian Railroad to get to Asia; fought Tran-Siberian Railroad to get to Asia; fought Afghanistan War 1979 for oil; refuse to let Afghanistan War 1979 for oil; refuse to let Chechnya go because of oil needChechnya go because of oil need

Which geographic factor has most Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia’s foreign strongly influenced Russia’s foreign policies and economic policies and economic development?development?

1.1. lack of natural resources lack of natural resources 2.2. vast desert regions vast desert regions 3.3. limited access to warm-water ports limited access to warm-water ports 4.4. extensive mountain ranges extensive mountain ranges

The Russian steppe is most similar The Russian steppe is most similar in topography to thein topography to the

1.1. mountains in Switzerland mountains in Switzerland

2.2. deserts in the Middle East deserts in the Middle East

3.3. rainforests in South America rainforests in South America

4.4. savannas in Africa savannas in Africa

August 2013 – trick oneAugust 2013 – trick one

One reason the Russian Empire was One reason the Russian Empire was difficult to unite was that itdifficult to unite was that it

(1) had many diverse ethnic groups(1) had many diverse ethnic groups

(2) possessed limited natural resources(2) possessed limited natural resources

(3) served as a crossroads for trade(3) served as a crossroads for trade

(4) lacked a navy(4) lacked a navy

IMPACTS OF IMPACTS OF MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS

DIVIDE PEOPLE DIVIDE PEOPLE – creates cultural – creates cultural diversity (Andes Mts for Incas, diversity (Andes Mts for Incas, Greece) even isolation (China)Greece) even isolation (China)

PROTECTS PEOPLEPROTECTS PEOPLE – Alps for Italy, – Alps for Italy, Himalayas for China and India, Andes Himalayas for China and India, Andes for Incafor Inca

DIFFICULT TO FARM DIFFICULT TO FARM – have to – have to introduce introduce terrace farming terrace farming – Japan, – Japan, Incan, Yellow River (China)Incan, Yellow River (China)

IMPACTS OF IMPACTS OF RIVERSRIVERS

UNITES PEOPLE UNITES PEOPLE – unifies cultures, – unifies cultures, ease of communication, increases ease of communication, increases tradetrade

HELPS FARMING HELPS FARMING – creates fertile soils – creates fertile soils (early river civs – Nile (Egypt), (early river civs – Nile (Egypt), Mesopotamia, Indus, and Yellow Mesopotamia, Indus, and Yellow (China), may need to build (China), may need to build dams/dykes/irrigationdams/dykes/irrigation

SACREDSACRED – Ganges (Hindus) – Ganges (Hindus)

IMPACTS OF IMPACTS OF DESERTSDESERTS

DIVIDES PEOPLE DIVIDES PEOPLE – hard to cross, – hard to cross, creates cultural diversity and creates cultural diversity and isolation (Sahara in Africa)isolation (Sahara in Africa)

LACK OF RESOURCES LACK OF RESOURCES – no food can – no food can cause famines, need for tradecause famines, need for trade

IMPACTS OF IMPACTS OF CLIMATECLIMATE

MONSOONSMONSOONS – India, China, Indonesia need – India, China, Indonesia need rains to make food grow – if drought – rains to make food grow – if drought – famine, if floods – famine (build houses on famine, if floods – famine (build houses on stilts to protect from floods) // monsoon stilts to protect from floods) // monsoon winds also help sailboats to travel Indian winds also help sailboats to travel Indian OceanOcean

COLDCOLD – Russian steppes frozen – Russian steppes frozen (permafrost) – can not farm, need special (permafrost) – can not farm, need special houses, need access to warm water portshouses, need access to warm water ports

IMPACTS OF IMPACTS OF NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCESRESOURCES

OILOIL – needed by many countries like US and Russia – needed by many countries like US and Russia – will have to import from Middle East (– will have to import from Middle East (OPECOPEC – – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) – wars will take place over accessing oil (Afghanistan wars will take place over accessing oil (Afghanistan War, Iran-Iraq War, War, Iran-Iraq War, Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War, etc), , etc), Suez Suez Canal Canal will be used to access region.will be used to access region.

LACKING IT LACKING IT – Japan will have to imperialize China – Japan will have to imperialize China because lacks natural resources and wants to because lacks natural resources and wants to industrializeindustrialize

HAVING IT HAVING IT – England will dominate Industrial – England will dominate Industrial Revolution early on because of access to water, Revolution early on because of access to water, timber, and coal.timber, and coal.

Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns

Deforestation due to logging, farming, Deforestation due to logging, farming, development and acid rain in Amazon (Brazil) and development and acid rain in Amazon (Brazil) and Congo rainforestsCongo rainforests

Desertification – spreading of deserts – especially Desertification – spreading of deserts – especially in Sahara – due to farming along savannahs, in Sahara – due to farming along savannahs, causes famine in Ethiopiacauses famine in Ethiopia

Global Warming, Acid Rain, Pollution (outgrowth Global Warming, Acid Rain, Pollution (outgrowth of Industrial Revolution) – attempts to handle with of Industrial Revolution) – attempts to handle with Kyoto AccordsKyoto Accords


Which global issue is a primary Which global issue is a primary threat to biodiversity in the tropical threat to biodiversity in the tropical regions of Central Africa, Southeast regions of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon basin?Asia, and the Amazon basin?

(1) deforestation (3) acid rain(1) deforestation (3) acid rain (2) oil spills (4) drought(2) oil spills (4) drought

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Geography. 40% of Exam is Geography – Here is Jan 2015