Geographic Variation of Mercury

and Other Elements in U.S. Coal

Jeffrey Quick1, D. Tabet1, S.

Wakefield1,

R. Bon1, T. Brill2; 1 Utah Geological

Survey, and 2 Utah Division of Public

Utilities,

Salt Lake City, UT, USA

U.S. Department of Energy

National Energy Technology

Laboratory Agreement DE-

FG26-03NT41901 Sara M.

Pletcher, Manager

Air Quality V18 - 21 September

2005 Marriott Crystal Gateway Arlington,

VA

Objective Use available coal quality data to illustrate which coals can be used with existing technology to reduce mercury emissions.

Objective Use available coal quality data to illustrate which coals can be used with existing technology to reduce mercury emissions.

ICR 2 (1999) 25,825 records<epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html>

FERC 423 (1999) 19,507 records (also 2002)<eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/ferc423.html>

CTRDB (1992 - 1999) 5,823 records<eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/ctrdb/database.html>

COALQUAL (1973 - 1989) 5,059 recordsBragg, L.J., and others 1997, U.S. Geological

Survey Open File Report 97-134.

MSHA (1999) 1,342 records<msha.gov/STATS/PART50/P50Y2K/A&I/1999/caim1999.exe>

Data sourcesData sources

EIA 423 (2002) 584 records <eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia423.html>

EIA 906-920 (2004) 476 records<eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia906_920.html>

ICR 3 (1999) 240 records <epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html>

and analysis of ICR 3 data by: SAIC (2003) <netl.doe.gov/coal/E&WR/mercury/pubs/

DOE_Report_v120803.pdf> ENSR (2003) <epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/final_

ensr_multivar.pdf> Roberson (2002) <epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/

epavarifnl.doc>

CRDB (1997)<eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/database.html>

lbs / million(10 ) BTU

FERC 423 datacommercial coalby origin county

Sulfur

6

0.3 - 0.70.7 - 1.21.2 - 1.71.7 - 2.32.3 - 2.92.9 - 3.8

1

Coal quality mapsCoal quality maps2

coal province

lbs / trillion (10 ) BTU12

2 - 44 - 66 - 99 - 15

15 - 3030 - 52

MercuryICR 2 datacommercial coalby origin county

lbs / million (10 ) BTU

estimated,commercial coalby origin county

Moisture*

6

22 -23

32 - 3535 - 4040 - 5555 - 7070 - 97

(anthracite)

* includes H O from fuel hydrogen2

9

ChlorineICR 2 datacommercial coalby origin county

lbs / billion(10 ) BTU

3 - 2525 - 5050 - 7575 - 100100 - 200200 - 326

lbs / billion(10 ) BTU

COALQUAL datain-ground coalby origin county

Fluorine

9

1 - 33 - 55 - 88 - 12

12 - 2020 - 95

9

CalciumCOALQUAL datain-ground coalby origin county

lbs / billion (10 ) BTU

20 - 100100 - 200200 - 400400 - 800800 - 1500

1500 - 2600

Chlorine (ppm, dry)

l

l

l

l

l

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 500 1,000

hot ESP

cold ESP

hot ESP + FGD

cold ESP + FGD

SDA + fabric filterT E C H N O L O G Y R e f e r e n c e

E q u a t i o n t o P r e d i c t M e r c u r y C a p t u r e ( 1 0 0 % c a p t u r e = 1 ) r 2 n

c E S P

R o b e r s o n ( 2 0 0 2 ) 2987.0998.1

1133.0.%,

,

d rywt

d ryp p m

S

ClLn 0 . 5 3 2 8

m o d e l 2 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsEExp 1 22 10309.333.71 0 . 4 7 1 2

m o d e l 1 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) 1 21 1 . 6 3 7 4 0 . 1 8 6 9 3 1 0E x p L n l b s C l p e r B t u 0 . 3 8 1 2

c E S P / F G D

R o b e r s o n ( 2 0 0 2 ) 1438.01157.0 , d ryp p mClLn 0 . 7 0 1 1

m o d e l 1 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsLnExp 1 21027149.08529.11 0 . 7 4 8

m o d e l 3 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 )

d rywt

d ryp p m

S

ClEExp

.%,

,5100

3343.22559.01 0 . 7 3 8

h E S P

m o d e l 1 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsLnEExp 1 22 10995.99451.01 0 . 4 2 7

m o d e l 3 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 )

d rywt

d ryp p m

S

ClEExp

.%,

,6100

169.20611.01 0 . 5 4 7

E N S R ( 2 0 0 3 ) d ryp p mClEExp ,4021.112124.01 0 . 3 9 9

h E S P / F G D

m o d e l 1 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsLnExp 1 21029952.07019.21 0 . 7 5 6

m o d e l 2 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsEEExp 1 262 10358.959.31 0 . 6 7 6

m o d e l 4 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 )

d rywt

d ryp p m

S

ClLnExp

.%,

,100268.05618.21 0 . 4 2 6

S D A / F F

R o b e r s o n ( 2 0 0 2 ) 1302.12854.0 , d ryp p mClLn 0 . 9 1 1 0

m o d e l 1 , S A I C ( 2 0 0 3 ) Bt uperCllbsLnExp 1 21022628.17111.101 0 . 8 9 1 0

E N S R ( 2 0 0 3 ) d ryp p mClEExp ,3164.219992.01 0 . 9 4 1 0

The significance of the coal mercury content depends on the emission control technology.The significance of the coal mercury content depends on the emission control technology.

Mer

cury

ou

t S

tack

*

more significant

less significant

The average result of equations that predict mercury capture - applied to coal from 162 U.S. counties.

The average result of equations that predict mercury capture - applied to coal from 162 U.S. counties.

Mer

cury

Cap

ture

1,500 2,000

Mercury emissions for existing technology by coal originMercury emissions for existing technology by coal origin

County-average coal quality from ICR 2 data,six counties with >2,000 ppm Cl not shown

3

4

5

Spray Dry Adsorption + fabric filter

hot-side ESP + Flue Gas Desulfurization

hot-side ESP

cold-side ESP + Flue Gas Desulfurization

cold-side ESP

< 22 - 44 - 66 - 99 - 15

15 - 3030 - 52

lbs mercury per trillion(10 ) BTU12

Maps show the average result from equations (above) applied to ICR 2 coal quality data.

equations derived from ICR 3 data

0

Mercury in Coal*(* lbs per 1012 Btu)

0

5

10

15

5 10 15

46 PC-fired unitsICR 3 data

SDA + fabric filter

cold ESP

hot ESP + FGD

cold ESP + FGD

hot ESP Hgout = 0.9 Hgin; r2 = 0.75

Hgout = 0.8 Hgin; r2 = 0.76

Hgout = 0.7 Hgin; r2 = 0.65

Hgout = 0.6 Hgin; r2 = 0.15

Hgout = 0.4 Hgin; r2 = 0.00

TXIN

OHPAIL

NDKY

WVMO

MIALFLGANCWYTNWIIA

KSOKCOMNLA

NavajoVASCARUTMDAZNENYMTNMMSNV

WAMANJ

ORSDDENHUteCTCAHI

AKME

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tons Mercury

(CAMR 2010)

Hg in Fuel

Hg Allocation

2010 CAMR emission targets 2010 CAMR emission targets

website: http://geology.utah.gov/emp/mercury/index.htm

comments, corrections, questions, ideas, data… welcome!

jeffreyquick@utah.gov

7

11 lbs Hg/1012 BTU in-ground coal(COALQUAL Hg data, CRDB tonnage)

8.3 lbs Hg/1012 BTU commercial coal(ICR 2 Hg data, MSHA tonnage)

Commercial U.S. coal contains less mercury than the in-ground coal …. but not everywhere !Commercial U.S. coal contains less mercury

than the in-ground coal …. but not everywhere !

commercial minus in-ground coal Hgdifference map

Red areas show where commercial coal has more mercury than the in-ground coal resource.

6

8 Ways to reduce mercury emissions Ways to reduce mercury emissions

cold-side ESP + FGD SDA + fabric-filter

hot-side ESP cold-side ESP

parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas

500 to 1,000 ppm fuel chlorine:

low-mercury coal:

selective mining or washing:

This poster was prepared with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Award No. DE-FG26-03NT41901. However, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DOE.

target percent Hg capture (2010)

% capture(coal to stack)

< 1010 - 3030 - 4040 - 5050 - 6060 - 7575 - 94

target Hg emission rate (2010)

1.0 - 1.5

3.5 - 4.54.5 - 6.06.0 - 9.7

2.5 - 3.5

lbs Hg / trillion(10 ) BTU12

1.5 - 2.5

1999 county-average Hg values (ICR 2 data)2002 state-average fuel origins (FERC and EIA 423 data)2004 fuel consumption levels (mostly EIA 906/920 data)2005 Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR)

Assumes no trading, no banking, and no change to the amount, origin, or quality of coal.

5 to 30 lbs less 5+-5 to 33 lbs more

lbs Hg /10 BTU12

No CAMR affected units in Idaho or Vermont (grey)

No CAMR affected units in Idaho or Vermont (grey)