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Genetics… © Amy Brown – Science Stuff EQ: How are our genes passed to our offspring?

Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

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Page 1: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Genetics…

© Amy Brown – Science Stuff

EQ: How are our genes passed to our offspring?

Page 2: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Genetics is the science that studies how genes are transmitted from one generation to the next.

Page 3: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Genes and ChromosomesThe chromosomes are contained in the _______ of the cell.

nucleusChromosomes are

made of:

Gene: A segment of DNA that controls a hereditary trait.

Chromosome: A long chain of genes.

Page 4: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

The characteristics that an organism has, such as hair color, eye color, tall or short, skin color.

Trait:

_________ must be present in order for a trait to show up in the offspring. One must come from _____ and the other from _____. When fertilization occurs, the new offspring will have _________ for every trait.

Two alleles

Mom Dad

2 alleles

Page 5: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who was born in 1822. He is known as the Father of Genetics.

He discovered three laws of genetics that would forever change biology. He conducted a series of experiments in a quiet monastery garden. Mendel spent 14 years growing and experimenting with the pea plants grown in his garden.

Page 6: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel gave us the three basic laws of inheritance which are still used today:

The Law of Dominance and Recessiveness

The Principle of Segregation

The Principle of Independent Assortment

Mendel's great contribution was to demonstrate that inherited characteristics are carried by genes.

Page 7: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel chose for his experiments the garden pea. It was a good choice because:

1. They were readily available.

2. They were easy to grow.

3. They grew rapidly.

The sexual structures of the flower are completely enclosed within the petals so that there would be no accidental cross-pollination between plants.

Page 8: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Before we learn about Mendel’s experiments, let’s review the basics of sexual reproduction in

flowering plants.Flowers contain both male and female reproductive structures.Pistil

Stamen

The female part of the flower:The pistil produces egg cells.

The male part of the flower:The stamen produces pollen which contains sperm cells.

When the pollen is delivered to the pistil, the sperm travels to the egg cell, and the result is _________.fertilization

Fertilization produces:

a tiny embryo, which is enclosed inside a

seed.

Page 9: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel’s Use of Pea Plants for Genetics Experiments

Pea flowers are normally_____________. Since the male

and female reproductive structures are relatively enclosed inside the flower, the sperm of the flower will fertilize the egg of the same flower.

self-pollinating

The resulting embryos will have the same _____________ as the parent plant. Even though sexual reproduction has occurred, there is just one ______.

characteristics

parent

Page 10: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel knew that these pea plants were “true breeding”. This means that if they are allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce:offspring identical to themselves.

For example: If allowed to self-pollinate, tall plants would always produce tall plants. Plants with yellow seeds would always produce offspring with yellow seeds.

These true breeding plants

were the cornerstone of

Mendel’s experiments.

Page 11: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel’sWork

Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining the egg and sperm from _________________. two different plantsTo do this, he had to first prevent the possibility of ______________.self-pollination

Mendel cut away the stamens, the male reproductive parts of the flower, and then dusted the remaining female structure with pollen from a different plant.

This is known as _______________ and produces offspring from two _________ parents.

cross-pollinationdifferent

Now Mendel could easily crossbreed plants and experiment with different characteristics.

Page 12: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Which thumb do you put on top?

Before we proceed, you must be familiar with the

following terms:1. P generation: Parental

generation

2. F1 generation: First generation of offspring

3. F2 generation: Second generation of offspring

4. Hybrids: The offspring of parents with different traits.

Page 13: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding dwarf plants.

Tall x dwarf all tall offspring

1. The F1 hybrids were all tall. 2. All of the offspring had the

appearance of only one of the parents.

3. The trait of the other parent seemed to have disappeared. Mendel thought that the dwarf trait had been lost.

Page 14: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Biological inheritance is determined by “factors” that are passed from one generation to the next.

Today, we know these factors to be ______.

Each of the traits that Mendel observed in the pea plants was controlled by __________ that occurred in:

For example: The gene for the height of pea plants occurs in a ____ form and in a ______ form. The different forms of a gene are called _______.

genes

one gene

two contrasting forms.tall dwarf

alleles

Page 15: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel realized that some alleles are _________ over other alleles.

dominant

Principal of Dominance and Recessiveness:

Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. A dominant allele can cover up or mask a recessive allele.

Dominant allele: If the dominant allele is present in an offspring:the dominant trait will show up in the offspring.

Recessive allele: This trait will show up in the offspring only if:the dominant allele is not present.

Page 16: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel had another question:

Had the dwarf trait (recessive allele) disappeared, or

was it still present in the F1 offspring?

Page 17: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel allowed the _________ offspring from the first generation to ___________.

F1 Tall x F1 Tall offspring: ¾ tall and ¼ dwarf 1. He found that ¾ of the offspring were tall and ¼ of the offspring were dwarf.

2. Evidently the F1 "tall" offspring must have been carrying the dwarf trait, but it had been hidden.

3. The dwarf trait had been passed down to the offspring and it reappeared in the ____________.

hybrid tallself-pollinate

F2 generation

Page 18: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Why did the recessive allele seem to disappear in the F1 generation and then reappear in the F2generation?

Mendel realized that organisms have __________ for every trait. These two alleles are inherited, one from each _______. If the offspring receives a dominant allele from one parent, that dominant trait will _______ in the offspring. Recessive traits show up in the offspring only if:

two alleles

parent

appear

the offspring receives recessive alleles from each parent.

Page 19: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

If a parent has two alleles for a trait, how does the parent pass only one allele to the offspring?

Today, we know that the answer to this lies in the type of cell division known as meiosis, the formation of gametes.

Gametes are: sex cells or egg and sperm cells.

Tt Replication of DNA

TTtt Meiosis I

TT

tt

Meiosis II

T

T

t

t

The capital letter, T, represents a dominant allele.

The lower case letter, t, represents a recessive allele.

During meiosis, the DNA is ________ and then separated into _________.

replicated

4 gametes

In this way, a parent passesone allele for each gene to their offspring.

Page 20: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Mendel’s Principle of Segregation says that

every individual carries 2 alleles for

each trait. These two alleles separate or

segregate during the formation of the egg

and sperm cells.

Page 21: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

An offspring will inherit two alleles for a trait, one allele from each parent. The combination of alleles received by the offspring may be either homozygous or heterozygous.

Homozygous means that……the two alleles are the same: TT or tt

Heterozygous means that……the two alleles are different: Tt

Page 22: Genetics PowerPoint Part 1 - Mr. Hall's Site · 2018. 2. 6. · ( } Á o v } µ D v o [ Æ ] u v U o [ À ] Á Z ] } ( Æ µ o } µ ] } v ] v ( o } Á ] v P o v X)ORZHUV FRQWDLQ ERWK

Left side ActivityDefine the following terms and draw a picture or give an example of each.1. Genetics2. Chromosome3. Trait4. Gene5. Dominant Allele6. Recessive Allele7. Gametes8. Homozygous9. Hetrozygous


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