GENETICS AND DNA

HEREDITY

CELL

• Cells are the building blocks of human body.

• Different cells have many different functions.

• They all contain the same basic components.

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cells in the Human Body

• Human body contains about 100 trillion cells.

Parts of the Cell

• Nucleus.- Center of the cell.• Control center of the functions of every

other part of the cell .

Parts of the Cell’s Nucleus

• DNA • Spiral shape• Double helix• DNA contains human genome• DNA has all the information required to

make and operate a human being.

DNA

• Sections of DNA that code for genetic traits passed from parents to children are known as GENES.

Chromosomes

• Within the nucleus of a human cell are 23 chromosomes.

• Together chromosomes hold all the person’s genetic information.

• Chromosomes are made up very tightly coiled deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA).

DNA Structure

• Nitrogen bases: • A Adenine• T Thymine• G Guanine NUCLEOTIDE• C Cytosine• Phosphate Molecule• Sugar Molecule

GENE MUTATIONS

• Huntington’s disease , is a mutation on chromosome 4, which affects the brain and the central nervous system.

GENE MUTATIONS

• Mutations on chromosome 17 leads to certain forms of breast cancer.

GENE THERAPY

• Gene therapy aims to connect the errors in mutated genes or damaged genes of sick patients.

• Gene therapy may also be used to prevent genetic diseases.

GENE THERAPY

• Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.

GENE THERAPY

• In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

GENE THERAPY

• Several approaches to gene therapy:• Replacing a mutated gene that causes

disease with a healthy copy of the gene.• Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated

gene that is functioning improperly.• Introducing a new gene into the body to

help fight a disease.

GENE THERAPY

Human Reproductive Cloning

• The nucleus from an adult body cell would be fused with an enucleated egg to create an embryo.

• The genome of the embryo would be identical to the genome of the person who donated the adult cell.

CLONING

CLONING

• The immortal cell. Mystery of Human Aging.• Embryonic cells, stem cells.• Pharmacy and Medicine.• Cloning endangered species.• Clinical laboratories• Therapeutic cloning• Industry and facial products.• Legal rights and ethical issues.• Religion.

Cloning Diagram

CLONING

• 1997, Scottish scientists succeeded in creating ewe Doll, an identical genetic copy of her mother. Since then, scientists around the world have developed various animals - cows, mice, cats, dog, horse, pigs and even ferrets.

Dolly