Genetics and Genetics and DevelopmentDevelopment

Embryology & GeneticsEmbryology & Genetics How did the work of Boveri and How did the work of Boveri and

Stevens support the chromosomal Stevens support the chromosomal hypothesis of inheritance?hypothesis of inheritance?

Embryology & GeneticsEmbryology & Genetics In what way were Gluecksohn-In what way were Gluecksohn-

Shoenheimer and Waddington early Shoenheimer and Waddington early pioneers in developmental genetics?pioneers in developmental genetics?

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence

What is meant by a totipotent What is meant by a totipotent nucleus?nucleus?

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence How were Briggs How were Briggs

and King able to and King able to show that a show that a blastula nucleus blastula nucleus was totipotent?was totipotent?

What if more What if more advanced nuclei advanced nuclei were used?were used?

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence How does the potency of somatic How does the potency of somatic

cells from cells from Rana pipens Rana pipens compare compare with those from with those from Xenopus laevis?Xenopus laevis?

How did Gurdon’s transplant How did Gurdon’s transplant technique differ from Briggs and technique differ from Briggs and King?King?

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence How was the first How was the first

mammal cloned?mammal cloned?

Genomic EquivalenceGenomic Equivalence

Differential Gene Differential Gene ExpressionExpression

How do we know How do we know that only a small that only a small part of the part of the genome is genome is expresse in each expresse in each cell?cell?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques How can northern blotting be How can northern blotting be

used to obtain information about used to obtain information about development?development?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques What’s What’s

involved in involved in reverse reverse transcriptase-transcriptase-polymerase polymerase chain chain reaction (RT-reaction (RT-PCR)?PCR)?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques Why is RT-PCR valuable in Why is RT-PCR valuable in

developmental studies?developmental studies?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques For what are DNA microarrays used?For what are DNA microarrays used?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques What is involved in in situ hybridization?What is involved in in situ hybridization?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques

Whole-mount in situ hybridization

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques Transgenic cells & organismsTransgenic cells & organisms

– What techniques are used to insert What techniques are used to insert DNA into cells?DNA into cells? MicroinjectionMicroinjection TransfectionTransfection ElectroporationElectroporation Retroviral vectorRetroviral vector P elementP element

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques

Producing chimeric mice

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques What’s the difference between What’s the difference between

transgenic and “knockout” mice?transgenic and “knockout” mice?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques What is antisense What is antisense

mRNA and how mRNA and how may it be used?may it be used?

Molecular Biology Molecular Biology TechniquesTechniques What is RNA interference and how is it What is RNA interference and how is it

used?used?